International Relations - Trade Relations
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This document discusses various instruments of trade policy used by governments, including tariffs, subsidies, and quotas. It provides details on different types of tariffs (specific vs. ad valorem), subsidies (consumption, export, employment, agriculture), quotas (absolute, tariff rate), and dumping (sporadic, predatory, persistent, reverse). Anti-dumping policies, which impose tariffs on imports priced below fair market value, are also examined.
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tariff
This document discusses tariffs and their types. It defines a tariff as a tax levied on products when they cross national boundaries, and can be import or export tariffs. The main types of tariffs discussed are specific tariffs which charge a fixed fee per unit, ad valorem tariffs which charge a percentage of the product value, and compound tariffs which use a combination. Protection of domestic industries and revenue generation are described as the main reasons countries implement tariffs. Non-tariff barriers like import quotas, voluntary export restraints, licenses and embargoes are also outlined. The effects of tariffs on domestic prices, consumption, government revenue, terms of trade and balance of payments are summarized.
Tariff and non tarif measures
This document provides information on tariff and non-tariff measures used to control international trade. It begins with an introduction to international trade and its effects. It then discusses the positives and negatives of trade barriers before explaining different types of tariff measures such as import tariffs and ad valorem tariffs. Non-tariff measures are also outlined, including import quotas, standards, and government procurement policies. The impacts of tariff and non-tariff barriers on supply and demand are illustrated using graphs. Finally, key differences between tariff and non-tariff measures are highlighted.
Lecture 4 tariff chapter 6
This document provides an overview of topics related to tariffs and global agri-food trade, including:
- Types of commercial policies such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and non-tariff barriers.
- Definitions and effects of tariffs, including consumer surplus, producer surplus, deadweight costs for small countries.
- Maximum bound tariff rates that countries can impose according to the World Trade Organization, which generally are lower for high-income countries and higher for developing countries.
Dumping and Anti-Dumping Measures
Dumping refers to selling goods in foreign markets at prices below what is charged in the home market, in order to gain market share. There are three types of dumping: intermittent, when production exceeds domestic demand; persistent, when a monopolist continuously sells excess production abroad cheaply; and predatory, when a company sells at a loss initially to drive out competitors. Countries employ anti-dumping measures like tariffs, import quotas, or bans to counter the objectives of dumping, which include entering new markets, selling surplus production, expanding trade, and growing industries.
Tariff and non tariff barriers
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, while non-tariff barriers are other restrictions that make importing goods difficult. [Tariffs are used to restrict imports and protect domestic industries, while common non-tariff barriers include quotas, product standards, labeling requirements, and packaging rules.] The document outlines different types of tariffs such as specific duties based on weight or volume, ad valorem duties as a percentage of value, and countervailing duties. It also discusses non-tariff barriers such as quota systems, domestic content rules, and other regulations.
A Study on Influence of Tariff Barrier on Indian Economy
This document is a project report submitted by a student to the University of Mumbai on the topic of the influence of tariff barriers on the Indian economy. It includes sections on the types of tariff and non-tariff barriers, their effects on agricultural imports and exports, and India's industrial performance with protection. The student declares that the work is their own and thanks various individuals for their support and guidance.
Lecture 2 - Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers to International Trade
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. It defines trade barriers as taxes or regulations imposed on goods crossing national borders that increase import and export costs. It outlines different types of tariff barriers like ad valorem duties and specific duties. Non-tariff barriers include quotas and regulations. The document also discusses dumping, calculating effective protection rates, and provides examples of import duties and taxes in Bangladesh.
Tariff & non tariff barriers
Trade barriers are restrictions imposed on imports and exports between countries. They can be divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. Tariff barriers involve customs duties imposed on imported goods, and can take several forms including specific duties based on weight or size, ad valorem duties based on percentage of value, and combined duties involving both. Non-tariff barriers do not affect price directly but restrict quantities of imports, and include quotas, product standards, domestic content rules, labeling requirements, and preferential trade agreements. Both tariff and non-tariff barriers aim to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
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tariff
This document discusses tariffs and their types. It defines a tariff as a tax levied on products when they cross national boundaries, and can be import or export tariffs. The main types of tariffs discussed are specific tariffs which charge a fixed fee per unit, ad valorem tariffs which charge a percentage of the product value, and compound tariffs which use a combination. Protection of domestic industries and revenue generation are described as the main reasons countries implement tariffs. Non-tariff barriers like import quotas, voluntary export restraints, licenses and embargoes are also outlined. The effects of tariffs on domestic prices, consumption, government revenue, terms of trade and balance of payments are summarized.
Tariff and non tarif measures
This document provides information on tariff and non-tariff measures used to control international trade. It begins with an introduction to international trade and its effects. It then discusses the positives and negatives of trade barriers before explaining different types of tariff measures such as import tariffs and ad valorem tariffs. Non-tariff measures are also outlined, including import quotas, standards, and government procurement policies. The impacts of tariff and non-tariff barriers on supply and demand are illustrated using graphs. Finally, key differences between tariff and non-tariff measures are highlighted.
Lecture 4 tariff chapter 6
This document provides an overview of topics related to tariffs and global agri-food trade, including:
- Types of commercial policies such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and non-tariff barriers.
- Definitions and effects of tariffs, including consumer surplus, producer surplus, deadweight costs for small countries.
- Maximum bound tariff rates that countries can impose according to the World Trade Organization, which generally are lower for high-income countries and higher for developing countries.
Dumping and Anti-Dumping Measures
Dumping refers to selling goods in foreign markets at prices below what is charged in the home market, in order to gain market share. There are three types of dumping: intermittent, when production exceeds domestic demand; persistent, when a monopolist continuously sells excess production abroad cheaply; and predatory, when a company sells at a loss initially to drive out competitors. Countries employ anti-dumping measures like tariffs, import quotas, or bans to counter the objectives of dumping, which include entering new markets, selling surplus production, expanding trade, and growing industries.
Tariff and non tariff barriers
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, while non-tariff barriers are other restrictions that make importing goods difficult. [Tariffs are used to restrict imports and protect domestic industries, while common non-tariff barriers include quotas, product standards, labeling requirements, and packaging rules.] The document outlines different types of tariffs such as specific duties based on weight or volume, ad valorem duties as a percentage of value, and countervailing duties. It also discusses non-tariff barriers such as quota systems, domestic content rules, and other regulations.
A Study on Influence of Tariff Barrier on Indian Economy
This document is a project report submitted by a student to the University of Mumbai on the topic of the influence of tariff barriers on the Indian economy. It includes sections on the types of tariff and non-tariff barriers, their effects on agricultural imports and exports, and India's industrial performance with protection. The student declares that the work is their own and thanks various individuals for their support and guidance.
Lecture 2 - Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers to International Trade
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. It defines trade barriers as taxes or regulations imposed on goods crossing national borders that increase import and export costs. It outlines different types of tariff barriers like ad valorem duties and specific duties. Non-tariff barriers include quotas and regulations. The document also discusses dumping, calculating effective protection rates, and provides examples of import duties and taxes in Bangladesh.
Tariff & non tariff barriers
Trade barriers are restrictions imposed on imports and exports between countries. They can be divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. Tariff barriers involve customs duties imposed on imported goods, and can take several forms including specific duties based on weight or size, ad valorem duties based on percentage of value, and combined duties involving both. Non-tariff barriers do not affect price directly but restrict quantities of imports, and include quotas, product standards, domestic content rules, labeling requirements, and preferential trade agreements. Both tariff and non-tariff barriers aim to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
chapter 3 Tariff
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
Dumping its impact and measures in india
Dumping reflects a distorted market where production is supported independently of demand leading to depressed international agricultural prices, dumping causes unfair competition for small farmers in rural areas of developing countries, where 70% of the world’s poor live. The main causes for continuing dumping in international markets are export subsidies and support payments to producers that allow production without controlling supply.
Dumping final ppt
Dumping occurs when a company exports goods to another country at a price lower than what it charges in its own domestic market. There are three main forms of dumping: persistent, predatory, and sporadic. Companies dump goods to gain market share abroad, sell surplus production, expand their industry, and establish new trade relations. Dumping can positively increase supply but negatively hurt domestic industries in importing countries. Importing countries use tariffs, quotas, embargoes, and voluntary export restraints to counter dumping.
Dumping
This document discusses dumping, which is price discrimination between markets where a product is sold at a lower price in the importing country than in the exporting country. It outlines reasons for dumping like price discrimination and surplus stock. The objectives of dumping include disposing excess stock and driving out competitors. Forms include sporadic, predatory, and persistent dumping. Dumping affects importing countries through cheap goods but reduced domestic production, and exporting countries through increased exports but reduced domestic trade. Management includes price undertakings and antidumping measures like tariffs and quotas. Recent news examples impose duties on steel, paper, and tire imports.
Dumping
Dumping refers to exporting goods at a price lower than their normal value. There are different types of dumping like persistent and predatory dumping which aim to drive foreign competitors out of business. Anti-dumping measures impose duties on dumped imports to counteract the trade distorting effects and re-establish fair trade. Investigations consider various factors to determine if dumping has occurred and calculate appropriate duties. While protectionism is debated, anti-dumping aims to ensure fair competition in international trade according to WTO agreements.
Ppt
This presentation discusses various barriers to international business. The three main types of trade barriers are tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs directly affect the prices of traded goods and come in several forms, such as import/export tariffs and transit tariffs. Non-tariff barriers also impact prices and quantities of international trade through means besides tariffs, including subsidies, tied aids, minimum sale prices, quotas, embargoes, and policies favoring local producers. In summary, the document outlines the most common barriers to international trade and the ways in which tariffs and non-tariff barriers can obstruct the flow of goods between countries.
basic economics-tariff analysis
This document provides an overview of tariffs and international trade concepts. It defines tariffs as taxes on imported goods that make them more expensive for consumers. It then discusses key economic concepts related to international trade such as market price, consumer surplus, producer surplus, supply and demand curves. The document outlines different types of tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It also provides justifications for tariffs and discusses their analysis from both small and large economy perspectives. Finally, it briefly summarizes the role of the GATT and its replacement by the World Trade Organization.
Tariff and non tariff barriers
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. It defines tariff barriers as taxes or duties imposed on goods crossing national borders. It outlines various types of tariff barriers including specific duties, ad valorem tariffs, combined duties, and protective tariffs. Non-tariff barriers are any other barriers besides tariffs, such as quotas, licenses, product standards, labeling requirements, and voluntary export restraints. The document provides examples of different tariff and non-tariff barriers and explains how governments use these barriers to promote domestic industries and restrict imports.
Non tariff barrier
Non-Tariff Barriers such as import quotas can benefit domestic industries but hurt consumers. Import quotas fix the quantity of a good that can be imported, which raises the domestic price above the world price. This benefits domestic producers but harms consumers who face higher prices and less choice. The government also benefits from import quotas through increased tax revenue. However, free trade overall benefits consumers the most through lower prices and more options. There is an ongoing balance between protecting domestic jobs and pursuing economic efficiencies through open trade.
Instruments of trade policy
Tariffs and non-tariff barriers are implemented by governments to restrict or control trade. Tariffs include specific tariffs which are fixed charges on imports and ad valorem tariffs which are a proportion of the value of imports. Non-tariff barriers include quotas which limit import quantities, subsidies which reduce costs of domestic production, anti-dumping and countervailing duties which provide protections against foreign subsidies and dumping, as well as voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and embargoes which restrict trade in various ways. These barriers affect the flow of trade between nations.
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Tariff and Non-tariff barrier
Barriers to international trade are common in every country and impose a major threat to any company planning international business.
Unit- 2: lecture-9 (forms of protection)
Forms of protection against imports include tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, administrative policies, and anti-dumping policies. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, either as an ad valorem percentage of the good's value or as a specific fee. Subsidies provide domestic producers cash payments or tax breaks to lower production costs. Import quotas set physical limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported in a given time period. Voluntary export restraints are agreements between countries to limit exports. Administrative policies use bureaucratic rules to restrict imports. Anti-dumping policies punish foreign firms that sell goods in foreign markets below production costs or fair market value.
Non - tariff barriers
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Subject: International Business Management-Unit- 2: lecture-8 (free trade-adv...
This document discusses international trade theories, specifically free trade and protectionism. It provides background on free trade, noting that free trade involves no government restrictions on imports or exports between countries. The document then covers several international trade agreements that promote free trade to varying degrees, such as NAFTA and the WTO. Both the advantages and disadvantages of free trade are summarized. The document also discusses protectionism and various forms it can take, such as tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and anti-dumping policies. Protectionism aims to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.
Tariff restriction ppt
This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
Instrument of trade policy
Trade policy uses seven main instruments: tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping law. Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods and come in two main forms - specific tariffs which are a set amount per unit, and ad valorem tariffs which are a percentage of the total value. While tariffs raise government revenue and protect domestic industries, they can also lead to higher prices for consumers and retaliation from other countries.
global businee managemetn:tariffs and non tariffs barriers
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers faced by India's seafood export industry. It provides an overview of India's seafood export performance and details some of the key markets. While tariffs are generally low, non-tariff barriers like sanitary standards and rejections due to antibiotic residues present challenges. Adopting standards like ISO 9000 can help address some non-tariff barriers and provide export privileges. Overall, the industry has grown but still faces obstacles that international trade agreements and regulations can impact.
Lecture 2 - Types of Trade Barriers - supplementary
This document discusses different types of trade barriers including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and para-tariffs. It defines tariffs as duties imposed on imports and exports that raise consumer prices and typically benefit domestic producers. Non-tariff barriers include quotas, regulations on product quality or content, and customs procedures that hinder imports. Para-tariffs are charges instead of tariffs, such as excise duties or special countervailing duties. The document also outlines different types of tariffs like ad-valorem, specific, simple, and compounding duties.
IE Presentation
Trade policy refers to the rules and regulations that govern a country's trade. The main instruments of trade policy are tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping duties. Tariffs are taxes on imports or exports, subsidies are government payments to domestic producers, and quotas directly limit the quantity of goods that can be imported. The goal of these policies is typically to protect domestic industries and increase government revenues, but they can also help domestic producers gain export markets.
Instrument of trade policies
This document provides an overview of a course on the political economy of international trade. It discusses various policy instruments governments use to restrict imports and promote exports, and why governments intervene in international trade. The course will cover tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, export restraints, antidumping policies, and arguments for and against government intervention in trade. It will also discuss implications for businesses and provide examples.
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chapter 3 Tariff
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
Dumping its impact and measures in india
Dumping reflects a distorted market where production is supported independently of demand leading to depressed international agricultural prices, dumping causes unfair competition for small farmers in rural areas of developing countries, where 70% of the world’s poor live. The main causes for continuing dumping in international markets are export subsidies and support payments to producers that allow production without controlling supply.
Dumping final ppt
Dumping occurs when a company exports goods to another country at a price lower than what it charges in its own domestic market. There are three main forms of dumping: persistent, predatory, and sporadic. Companies dump goods to gain market share abroad, sell surplus production, expand their industry, and establish new trade relations. Dumping can positively increase supply but negatively hurt domestic industries in importing countries. Importing countries use tariffs, quotas, embargoes, and voluntary export restraints to counter dumping.
Dumping
This document discusses dumping, which is price discrimination between markets where a product is sold at a lower price in the importing country than in the exporting country. It outlines reasons for dumping like price discrimination and surplus stock. The objectives of dumping include disposing excess stock and driving out competitors. Forms include sporadic, predatory, and persistent dumping. Dumping affects importing countries through cheap goods but reduced domestic production, and exporting countries through increased exports but reduced domestic trade. Management includes price undertakings and antidumping measures like tariffs and quotas. Recent news examples impose duties on steel, paper, and tire imports.
Dumping
Dumping refers to exporting goods at a price lower than their normal value. There are different types of dumping like persistent and predatory dumping which aim to drive foreign competitors out of business. Anti-dumping measures impose duties on dumped imports to counteract the trade distorting effects and re-establish fair trade. Investigations consider various factors to determine if dumping has occurred and calculate appropriate duties. While protectionism is debated, anti-dumping aims to ensure fair competition in international trade according to WTO agreements.
Ppt
This presentation discusses various barriers to international business. The three main types of trade barriers are tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs directly affect the prices of traded goods and come in several forms, such as import/export tariffs and transit tariffs. Non-tariff barriers also impact prices and quantities of international trade through means besides tariffs, including subsidies, tied aids, minimum sale prices, quotas, embargoes, and policies favoring local producers. In summary, the document outlines the most common barriers to international trade and the ways in which tariffs and non-tariff barriers can obstruct the flow of goods between countries.
basic economics-tariff analysis
This document provides an overview of tariffs and international trade concepts. It defines tariffs as taxes on imported goods that make them more expensive for consumers. It then discusses key economic concepts related to international trade such as market price, consumer surplus, producer surplus, supply and demand curves. The document outlines different types of tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It also provides justifications for tariffs and discusses their analysis from both small and large economy perspectives. Finally, it briefly summarizes the role of the GATT and its replacement by the World Trade Organization.
Tariff and non tariff barriers
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. It defines tariff barriers as taxes or duties imposed on goods crossing national borders. It outlines various types of tariff barriers including specific duties, ad valorem tariffs, combined duties, and protective tariffs. Non-tariff barriers are any other barriers besides tariffs, such as quotas, licenses, product standards, labeling requirements, and voluntary export restraints. The document provides examples of different tariff and non-tariff barriers and explains how governments use these barriers to promote domestic industries and restrict imports.
Non tariff barrier
Non-Tariff Barriers such as import quotas can benefit domestic industries but hurt consumers. Import quotas fix the quantity of a good that can be imported, which raises the domestic price above the world price. This benefits domestic producers but harms consumers who face higher prices and less choice. The government also benefits from import quotas through increased tax revenue. However, free trade overall benefits consumers the most through lower prices and more options. There is an ongoing balance between protecting domestic jobs and pursuing economic efficiencies through open trade.
Instruments of trade policy
Tariffs and non-tariff barriers are implemented by governments to restrict or control trade. Tariffs include specific tariffs which are fixed charges on imports and ad valorem tariffs which are a proportion of the value of imports. Non-tariff barriers include quotas which limit import quantities, subsidies which reduce costs of domestic production, anti-dumping and countervailing duties which provide protections against foreign subsidies and dumping, as well as voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and embargoes which restrict trade in various ways. These barriers affect the flow of trade between nations.
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Tariff and Non-tariff barrier
Barriers to international trade are common in every country and impose a major threat to any company planning international business.
Unit- 2: lecture-9 (forms of protection)
Forms of protection against imports include tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, administrative policies, and anti-dumping policies. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, either as an ad valorem percentage of the good's value or as a specific fee. Subsidies provide domestic producers cash payments or tax breaks to lower production costs. Import quotas set physical limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported in a given time period. Voluntary export restraints are agreements between countries to limit exports. Administrative policies use bureaucratic rules to restrict imports. Anti-dumping policies punish foreign firms that sell goods in foreign markets below production costs or fair market value.
Non - tariff barriers
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Subject: International Business Management-Unit- 2: lecture-8 (free trade-adv...
This document discusses international trade theories, specifically free trade and protectionism. It provides background on free trade, noting that free trade involves no government restrictions on imports or exports between countries. The document then covers several international trade agreements that promote free trade to varying degrees, such as NAFTA and the WTO. Both the advantages and disadvantages of free trade are summarized. The document also discusses protectionism and various forms it can take, such as tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and anti-dumping policies. Protectionism aims to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.
Tariff restriction ppt
This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
Instrument of trade policy
Trade policy uses seven main instruments: tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping law. Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods and come in two main forms - specific tariffs which are a set amount per unit, and ad valorem tariffs which are a percentage of the total value. While tariffs raise government revenue and protect domestic industries, they can also lead to higher prices for consumers and retaliation from other countries.
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Subject: International Business Management-Unit- 2: lecture-8 (free trade-adv...
Subject: International Business Management-Unit- 2: lecture-8 (free trade-adv...
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global businee managemetn:tariffs and non tariffs barriers
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers faced by India's seafood export industry. It provides an overview of India's seafood export performance and details some of the key markets. While tariffs are generally low, non-tariff barriers like sanitary standards and rejections due to antibiotic residues present challenges. Adopting standards like ISO 9000 can help address some non-tariff barriers and provide export privileges. Overall, the industry has grown but still faces obstacles that international trade agreements and regulations can impact.
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This document discusses different types of trade barriers including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and para-tariffs. It defines tariffs as duties imposed on imports and exports that raise consumer prices and typically benefit domestic producers. Non-tariff barriers include quotas, regulations on product quality or content, and customs procedures that hinder imports. Para-tariffs are charges instead of tariffs, such as excise duties or special countervailing duties. The document also outlines different types of tariffs like ad-valorem, specific, simple, and compounding duties.
IE Presentation
Trade policy refers to the rules and regulations that govern a country's trade. The main instruments of trade policy are tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping duties. Tariffs are taxes on imports or exports, subsidies are government payments to domestic producers, and quotas directly limit the quantity of goods that can be imported. The goal of these policies is typically to protect domestic industries and increase government revenues, but they can also help domestic producers gain export markets.
Instrument of trade policies
This document provides an overview of a course on the political economy of international trade. It discusses various policy instruments governments use to restrict imports and promote exports, and why governments intervene in international trade. The course will cover tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, export restraints, antidumping policies, and arguments for and against government intervention in trade. It will also discuss implications for businesses and provide examples.
Trade barriers-zuki
This document discusses trade barriers and their objectives and types. It notes that trade barriers can be tariff barriers like taxes or duties on imports, or non-tariff barriers like quotas, licenses, and sanctions. The objectives of trade barriers are to protect domestic industries, promote development, maintain a favorable balance of payments, and generate government revenue. The key types of tariff barriers are import duties, export duties, specific duties, and preferential tariffs under single, double, or triple column tariff systems. Non-tariff barriers include quotas, embargoes, licenses, and sanctions.
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This document discusses instruments of trade control used by governments, including tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs directly influence prices of imports and exports, while non-tariff barriers directly limit quantities traded. Examples of non-tariff barriers provided include quotas, voluntary export restraints, embargoes, buy local legislation, and standards/labeling requirements. The document concludes that different trade control instruments are used to improve economic relations, but also notes they can promote inefficiencies and hardship and provoke retaliation if not established within a framework of international trade rules and regulations.
dumping and conditons for anti-dumping
This document discusses dumping and the conditions for imposing anti-dumping duties. It defines dumping as exporting a product at a lower price in a foreign market than in the domestic market. Dumping can have advantages like penetrating new markets, but also disadvantages like retaliation. Anti-dumping measures aim to counter the trade-distorting effects of dumping and include tariffs and import quotas. For a country to impose anti-dumping duties, there must be evidence of dumping, injury to a domestic industry, and a causal link between the dumping and injury. The effects of anti-dumping laws can be both positive in protecting domestic industries, and negative in creating trade barriers.
Governmental influence on trade
Governments intervene in trade for economic and noneconomic reasons. Economically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs through measures like tariffs and quotas. Noneconomically, reasons include national security, cultural preservation, and political influence. However, intervention can backfire and harm consumers through higher prices. It may also lead to retaliation. While companies initially seek government protection, they must also innovate and adjust to global competition over time. Measures include relocating production, focusing on market niches, and internal efficiency gains. Overall, the effects of subsidies, quotas and other policies on trade are complex, with both benefits and unintended consequences requiring consideration.
TARIFF
A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they cross national boundaries. There are import tariffs levied on goods entering a country and export tariffs levied on goods leaving, though export tariffs are less common. Tariffs can be imposed for protective or revenue-generating purposes. Protective tariffs aim to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, while revenue tariffs aim to generate tax income for the government. Tariffs may be specific amounts per unit of goods, ad valorem which is a percentage of the goods' value, or compound which combines the two. Other non-tariff barriers include quotas, subsidies, embargoes, and currency controls. Tariffs have various economic effects such as raising domestic prices,
Trade barriers
Tariffs and non-tariff barriers are used by some countries to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Tariffs include import tariffs, export tariffs, and transit tariffs which are taxes on goods involved in international trade. Non-tariff barriers include quotas, subsidies, embargoes, local content rules, administrative delays, currency controls, and product standards. Quotas set a numerical limit on imports while subsidies provide government payments to domestic producers. Other non-tariff barriers make trade more restrictive through complete bans, domestic supply requirements, regulatory hurdles, and currency or standard rules.
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This document discusses anti-dumping measures under the World Trade Organization (WTO). It defines dumping as exporting a product at a price below what it sells for domestically or below the cost of production. There are different types of dumping like intermittent, persistent, and predatory dumping. Dumping can affect importing countries by hurting sales and profits of domestic industries. Importing countries implement anti-dumping measures like tariffs and import quotas to counter the negative effects of dumping. India investigates dumping allegations and imposes anti-dumping duties through its Directorate of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties.
international pricing decisions
International pricing decisions involve complex issues due to economic, financial, and mathematical implications. Firms must consider objectives like controlling end prices across broad product lines and numerous countries. They also face challenges like parallel imports and price escalation due to exchange rate fluctuations and higher costs. Approaches to international pricing include cost-plus, skimming, and penetration pricing. Firms try to minimize price increases through measures such as lowering production costs, reducing tariffs and distribution costs, and using foreign trade zones or countertrade agreements.
Nontariff trade barriers
This document discusses various types of non-tariff trade barriers including import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, orderly marketing agreements, domestic content requirements, subsidies, and dumping. Quotas restrict the quantity of goods that can be imported, while tariff-rate quotas establish two tiers of tariffs for imports below and above a quota limit. Orderly marketing agreements involve voluntary export restraints between trading partners. Domestic content requirements mandate a certain percentage of a product be domestically produced. Subsidies and dumping can also distort trade flows.
suny 1.docx
Governments intervene in trade for the benefit of their citizens. Their policies aim to regulate the economy, protect domestic industries, and increase standards of living. These policies directly impact international trade and investment. Governments use protectionist policies like restrictions and subsidies to help domestic firms compete at home and abroad. They also intervene in trade for noneconomic reasons like maintaining essential industries, dealing with unfriendly countries, and preserving national culture. Governments use tariffs, quotas, subsidies and other tools to influence and control trade.
Development of economies
This document discusses free trade versus protectionism and tariffs. It provides definitions and examples of free trade, tariffs, quotas, licenses and non-tariff barriers. Graphs are included to illustrate the effects of free trade versus trade with tariffs. Advantages and disadvantages of both free trade and protectionism are outlined. Bangladesh's average tariff rate is provided. The conclusion supports the use of tariffs in developing countries like Bangladesh to benefit local industries and reduce unemployment.
Trade protectionism categories of trade.pptx
The document outlines the key objectives of a chapter on trade protectionism. It aims to explain why governments restrict and enhance trade through policies, how pressure groups influence these policies, and the potential economic effects of intervention in trade. It will also illustrate the major ways trade is restricted, how businesses may respond to import competition, and how increasing trade complexity may shape the future. The document then provides an overview of various rationales governments use to justify restricting or supporting trade, including economic reasons like protecting jobs and promoting industrialization, as well as non-economic rationales like national security and cultural preservation. It also describes several common tools used in trade protectionism and regulation, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and standards.
Commercial policy
Commercial policy refers to the regulations and policies that determine how a country conducts international trade. It includes tariffs and other trade barriers that restrict what goods can be imported or exported and which countries goods can be traded with. Countries in economic unions often have a single commercial policy governing trade with non-member countries. The objectives of commercial policy are to regulate trade flows while protecting domestic markets and industries and managing foreign exchange. Both advantages like protecting infant industries and disadvantages like increased costs to consumers can result from a country's commercial policy.
internationaltradeppt-110207041415-phpapp02.ppt
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It makes up a large portion of many national economies. Some benefits of international trade include job creation, increased consumption, and access to natural resources not available domestically. However, it also faces challenges such as trade deficits and surpluses, currency differences between nations, and barriers like tariffs and quotas that countries impose on imports. Organizations like the World Trade Organization help establish rules and resolve disputes related to international trade.
internationaltradeppt-110207041415-phpapp02.ppt
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It makes up a large percentage of GDP for many nations and involves exports, imports, trade balances, and trade partners. There are economic benefits to international trade like job creation and consumption, but also challenges such as trade deficits, currency differences, and policy barriers like tariffs and quotas. Countries engage in trade to benefit from comparative advantages in production and access broader markets.
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International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It makes up a large portion of many national economies and involves exports, imports, trade balances, and trade partners. There are economic benefits to international trade through job creation and consumption, but it also faces challenges such as trade deficits, restrictions, and cultural barriers between countries. Nations establish organizations and policies to facilitate and regulate global trade.
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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International Relations - Trade Relations
- 1. 5. Trade Relations Prof. Anita Rathod
- 2. 5.1 Instruments of trade policy: This chapter examines the policies that governments adopt toward international trade, policies that involve a number of different actions. These actions include taxes on some international transactions, subsidies for other transactions, legal limits on the value or volume of particular imports, and many other measures. The chapter thus provides a framework for understanding the effects of the most important instruments of trade policy
- 3. 5.1.1Tariffs: Tariff also known as custom duties are basically taxes or duties imposed on goods and services which are imported or exported. It is the oldest form of trade policy. Tariffs give a price advantage to locally produce goods over similar goods which are imported.
- 4. Specific Tariffs: A specific tariff is an import duty that assigns a fixed monetary tax per physical unit of the good imported. It is calculated on the unit of measure, such as weight, volume, etc, of the imported good. Ad valorem tariff: An ad valorem tariff is levied as a constant percentage of the monetary of one unit of the imported good. While ad valorem tariff preserves the protective value of tariff on home producer, it gives incentives to deliberately undervalue the good’s price on invoices and bills of lading to reduce the tax burden.
- 5. 5.1.2 Subsidies Government payment to a domestic producer in order to encourage the production of goods and services at less cost and help domestic exporters have competitive pricing in the international market. Subsides aim to encourage production, boost exports, promote research, reduce unemployment. Types of subsidies: ● Consumption subsidy ● Export subsidy ● Employment subsidy ● Agriculture subsidy
- 7. 5.1.3 Quotas: Quotas are limitation on the imported goods, Government impose limit on the quantity or in Exceptional cases the value of the goods or services That may be exported or imported over the specified Period of time. Quotas are more effective in restricting trade than tariffs. Types of import quotas: ● Absolute quota ● Tariff rate quota
- 8. 5.2 Dumping - Meaning and Anti dumping policies Dumping means selling goods in a foreign market below their cost of production or selling goods in a foreign market below their “Fair” market value. Types of dumping: ● Sporadic dumping. ● Predatory dumping ● Persistent dumping ● Reverse dumping
- 9. Types of dumping: Sporadic dumping - Manufactures practise this type of dumping to get rid of excess merchandise, also avoids starting a price war in the domestic market, or reduce their own merchandise price by destroying the excess supplies. Predatory dumping (Intermittent dumping) - It involves the sale of goods in overseas market at a price lower than the home market price. Persistent dumping (Long period dumping) - Consistently selling at lower prices in one market than in the rest of the market. Reverse dumping - It is followed in the overseas market where the demand is less elastic. Such markets tolerate a higher price. Thus, dumping is done in the manufactures home market by selling locally at a lower price.
- 10. Anti-dumping policies - Anti-dumping policy is a tariff imposed on imports manufactured in foreign countries that are priced below the fair market value of the similar goods in the domestic market. The government imposes anti-dumping duty on the foreign imports when it believes that the goods are being dumped.