Tariff barriers are import duties that create obstacles to international trade by limiting the flow of imported goods. Non-tariff barriers also restrict imports but through means other than tariffs, such as quotas, import licensing requirements, product standards, and government procurement policies. International commodity agreements aim to stabilize prices of primary commodities through quotas, buffer stocks maintained by international organizations, or bilateral contracts between major importers and exporters.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of TradeShubham Parsekar
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
This document discusses methods of exchange control used in international economics. Direct methods of exchange control involve government intervention in foreign exchange markets through pegging exchange rates, imposing exchange restrictions, using multiple exchange rates, and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. Indirect methods include exchange clearing agreements, payment agreements, export bounties, and manipulating interest rates to influence capital flows and the external value of a country's currency. The overall goal of exchange control methods is for governments to regulate foreign exchange markets rather than leaving them to free market forces.
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
The document discusses various types of tariff and non-tariff barriers that governments use to control and restrict international trade, such as tariffs, quotas, standards, and dumping practices. It also examines arguments for and against protectionism. Finally, it provides an overview of international economic organizations that aim to promote free trade such as the WTO, NAFTA, and the EU.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
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Tariff barriers are import duties that create obstacles to international trade by limiting the flow of imported goods. Non-tariff barriers also restrict imports but through means other than tariffs, such as quotas, import licensing requirements, product standards, and government procurement policies. International commodity agreements aim to stabilize prices of primary commodities through quotas, buffer stocks maintained by international organizations, or bilateral contracts between major importers and exporters.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of TradeShubham Parsekar
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
This document discusses methods of exchange control used in international economics. Direct methods of exchange control involve government intervention in foreign exchange markets through pegging exchange rates, imposing exchange restrictions, using multiple exchange rates, and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. Indirect methods include exchange clearing agreements, payment agreements, export bounties, and manipulating interest rates to influence capital flows and the external value of a country's currency. The overall goal of exchange control methods is for governments to regulate foreign exchange markets rather than leaving them to free market forces.
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
The document discusses various types of tariff and non-tariff barriers that governments use to control and restrict international trade, such as tariffs, quotas, standards, and dumping practices. It also examines arguments for and against protectionism. Finally, it provides an overview of international economic organizations that aim to promote free trade such as the WTO, NAFTA, and the EU.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. The BOP presents a summary of a nation's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of time. It differs from the balance of trade in that it includes invisible items like services, investment income, and expenditures by tourists, not just goods trade. The components of the BOP include the current account, capital account, unilateral transfers account, and official reserves account. A BOP surplus or deficit represents disequilibrium that can be corrected through automatic market forces or deliberate measures like monetary policy changes, trade policy adjustments, and promoting foreign investment.
This document summarizes Pakistan's balance of trade. It discusses the history and types of trade in Pakistan. It outlines key exports such as rice, cotton, and fruits and key imports such as petroleum and consumer goods. It also analyzes Pakistan's main trading partners and shows that Pakistan has experienced a trade deficit for many years. The balance of trade deficit for 2013-2014 was 1.18 trillion Pakistani rupees.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
Import Substitution in India: Issues, Challenges and PromotionAakriti Agarwal
This document provides an overview of import substitution in India. It discusses India's economic situation in the pre-liberalization and post-liberalization eras, including factors that led to India's balance of payments crisis in 1991. It then defines import substitution industrialization and explains how India has extensively launched its Make in India program to reduce imports and promote domestic production. The document goes on to analyze opportunities for import substitution in India's top four import commodities: oil, gold, electronics, and machinery.
The document discusses the concepts of public goods and private goods and the need for government intervention in economies. It defines public goods as indivisible goods like national defense and street lighting that cannot be priced or exclude users. Private goods are divisible and can be priced so users can be excluded. It also discusses the "free rider" problem where individuals may not voluntarily pay for public goods. The document argues that government intervention is needed to address issues like inequality, monopolies, unemployment, instability, and externalities in free market systems. It provides examples of fiscal, monetary, and supply management measures taken by the Indian government to stabilize the economy and reduce inequality.
CENVAT is an input duty credit scheme designed to reimburse manufacturers for duties paid on inputs. It prevents cascading of duties on final products. CENVAT covers most inputs and capital goods, and applies across India except Jammu and Kashmir. Under CENVAT, manufacturers can claim credit for eligible duties paid when clearing final products. The CENVAT Credit Rules outline provisions for availing, transferring, and recovering credit, as well as penalties for non-compliance.
India's import-export policy aims to promote exports and regulate imports in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade. Major reforms in the early 1990s liberalized trade, replacing import and export restrictions with a free market system. Exports have grown significantly since reforms were implemented, reaching over $100 billion in recent years, though the trade balance remains negative due to high oil import costs. Current policy focuses on further expanding global market opportunities and developing internationally competitive industries.
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document discusses four measures that countries use to stop dumping of goods: tariff duties, import quotas, import embargoes, and voluntary export restraints. It explains how each measure works to increase the price of imported goods or restrict their quantity. However, the conclusion argues that these anti-dumping measures may actually harm rather than help the countries that adopt them, as domestic producers pressure governments to restrict competition from better quality, cheaper imported goods by claiming they are dumped.
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
This document provides an overview of international capital movements. It discusses various types of capital movements including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and official flows. Foreign direct investment involves direct ownership in companies overseas, while portfolio investment is a passive investment in securities abroad. Official flows include loans and grants from governments and international organizations. The document also examines determinants of capital flows and the role of foreign capital in economic development for countries.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
The document discusses import substitution as a strategy for economic development. It defines import substitution as restricting imports that compete with domestic products in order to promote local production. The objectives of import substitution include promoting domestic industries, generating employment, and improving the balance of payments. While import substitution can increase employment and resilience, the industries may become inefficient without international competition. Effective import substitution requires industries that utilize local resources and demand.
Interest Rate Parity and Purchasing Power ParityMAJU
The document discusses interest rate parity (IRP) and purchasing power parity (PPP). IRP states that interest rate differences between countries equal the forward exchange rate minus the spot rate. PPP holds that currency exchange rates adjust so goods cost the same across countries when prices are converted to the same currency. Violations of IRP create arbitrage opportunities. Factors like inflation rates, economic conditions, and monetary policies influence IRP and PPP over time. Formulas are provided for calculating IRP and expected future exchange rates under PPP.
Classical Theory Of International TradeKRN_KPR2010
The document discusses theories of international trade, including:
1) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which states that countries should specialize in goods they have a comparative cost advantage in.
2) Absolute and comparative differences in costs as bases for international trade according to Adam Smith and Ricardo respectively.
3) Equal differences in costs not providing a basis for trade between countries with equal production ratios.
This document discusses various indirect taxes in India including central sales tax, value added tax, central excise duty, and customs duty. It defines key terms related to these taxes such as incidence and impact of direct vs indirect taxes. It also covers the classification of taxes, authorities that levy different taxes, taxable events, and calculation of taxes. The key highlights are that indirect taxes are imposed on goods and services while direct taxes are imposed on individuals, and indirect tax burden can be shifted to consumers.
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, while non-tariff barriers are other restrictions that make importing goods difficult. [Tariffs are used to restrict imports and protect domestic industries, while common non-tariff barriers include quotas, product standards, labeling requirements, and packaging rules.] The document outlines different types of tariffs such as specific duties based on weight or volume, ad valorem duties as a percentage of value, and countervailing duties. It also discusses non-tariff barriers such as quota systems, domestic content rules, and other regulations.
Trade policy refers to the rules and regulations that govern a country's trade. The main instruments of trade policy are tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping duties. Tariffs are taxes on imports or exports, subsidies are government payments to domestic producers, and quotas directly limit the quantity of goods that can be imported. The goal of these policies is typically to protect domestic industries and increase government revenues, but they can also help domestic producers gain export markets.
This document discusses trade barriers, including their meaning, classification, and reasons for implementation. It provides an overview of the different types of trade barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, import licensing, and subsidies. The document also outlines some of the economic, political, and social reasons why countries continue to use trade barriers, such as protecting domestic industries and providing government revenue. Both the positive impacts of trade barriers, like increased domestic employment, and negative impacts, such as higher costs for consumers and businesses, are presented at a high level.
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. The BOP presents a summary of a nation's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of time. It differs from the balance of trade in that it includes invisible items like services, investment income, and expenditures by tourists, not just goods trade. The components of the BOP include the current account, capital account, unilateral transfers account, and official reserves account. A BOP surplus or deficit represents disequilibrium that can be corrected through automatic market forces or deliberate measures like monetary policy changes, trade policy adjustments, and promoting foreign investment.
This document summarizes Pakistan's balance of trade. It discusses the history and types of trade in Pakistan. It outlines key exports such as rice, cotton, and fruits and key imports such as petroleum and consumer goods. It also analyzes Pakistan's main trading partners and shows that Pakistan has experienced a trade deficit for many years. The balance of trade deficit for 2013-2014 was 1.18 trillion Pakistani rupees.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
Import Substitution in India: Issues, Challenges and PromotionAakriti Agarwal
This document provides an overview of import substitution in India. It discusses India's economic situation in the pre-liberalization and post-liberalization eras, including factors that led to India's balance of payments crisis in 1991. It then defines import substitution industrialization and explains how India has extensively launched its Make in India program to reduce imports and promote domestic production. The document goes on to analyze opportunities for import substitution in India's top four import commodities: oil, gold, electronics, and machinery.
The document discusses the concepts of public goods and private goods and the need for government intervention in economies. It defines public goods as indivisible goods like national defense and street lighting that cannot be priced or exclude users. Private goods are divisible and can be priced so users can be excluded. It also discusses the "free rider" problem where individuals may not voluntarily pay for public goods. The document argues that government intervention is needed to address issues like inequality, monopolies, unemployment, instability, and externalities in free market systems. It provides examples of fiscal, monetary, and supply management measures taken by the Indian government to stabilize the economy and reduce inequality.
CENVAT is an input duty credit scheme designed to reimburse manufacturers for duties paid on inputs. It prevents cascading of duties on final products. CENVAT covers most inputs and capital goods, and applies across India except Jammu and Kashmir. Under CENVAT, manufacturers can claim credit for eligible duties paid when clearing final products. The CENVAT Credit Rules outline provisions for availing, transferring, and recovering credit, as well as penalties for non-compliance.
India's import-export policy aims to promote exports and regulate imports in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade. Major reforms in the early 1990s liberalized trade, replacing import and export restrictions with a free market system. Exports have grown significantly since reforms were implemented, reaching over $100 billion in recent years, though the trade balance remains negative due to high oil import costs. Current policy focuses on further expanding global market opportunities and developing internationally competitive industries.
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document discusses four measures that countries use to stop dumping of goods: tariff duties, import quotas, import embargoes, and voluntary export restraints. It explains how each measure works to increase the price of imported goods or restrict their quantity. However, the conclusion argues that these anti-dumping measures may actually harm rather than help the countries that adopt them, as domestic producers pressure governments to restrict competition from better quality, cheaper imported goods by claiming they are dumped.
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
This document provides an overview of international capital movements. It discusses various types of capital movements including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and official flows. Foreign direct investment involves direct ownership in companies overseas, while portfolio investment is a passive investment in securities abroad. Official flows include loans and grants from governments and international organizations. The document also examines determinants of capital flows and the role of foreign capital in economic development for countries.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
The document discusses import substitution as a strategy for economic development. It defines import substitution as restricting imports that compete with domestic products in order to promote local production. The objectives of import substitution include promoting domestic industries, generating employment, and improving the balance of payments. While import substitution can increase employment and resilience, the industries may become inefficient without international competition. Effective import substitution requires industries that utilize local resources and demand.
Interest Rate Parity and Purchasing Power ParityMAJU
The document discusses interest rate parity (IRP) and purchasing power parity (PPP). IRP states that interest rate differences between countries equal the forward exchange rate minus the spot rate. PPP holds that currency exchange rates adjust so goods cost the same across countries when prices are converted to the same currency. Violations of IRP create arbitrage opportunities. Factors like inflation rates, economic conditions, and monetary policies influence IRP and PPP over time. Formulas are provided for calculating IRP and expected future exchange rates under PPP.
Classical Theory Of International TradeKRN_KPR2010
The document discusses theories of international trade, including:
1) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which states that countries should specialize in goods they have a comparative cost advantage in.
2) Absolute and comparative differences in costs as bases for international trade according to Adam Smith and Ricardo respectively.
3) Equal differences in costs not providing a basis for trade between countries with equal production ratios.
This document discusses various indirect taxes in India including central sales tax, value added tax, central excise duty, and customs duty. It defines key terms related to these taxes such as incidence and impact of direct vs indirect taxes. It also covers the classification of taxes, authorities that levy different taxes, taxable events, and calculation of taxes. The key highlights are that indirect taxes are imposed on goods and services while direct taxes are imposed on individuals, and indirect tax burden can be shifted to consumers.
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, while non-tariff barriers are other restrictions that make importing goods difficult. [Tariffs are used to restrict imports and protect domestic industries, while common non-tariff barriers include quotas, product standards, labeling requirements, and packaging rules.] The document outlines different types of tariffs such as specific duties based on weight or volume, ad valorem duties as a percentage of value, and countervailing duties. It also discusses non-tariff barriers such as quota systems, domestic content rules, and other regulations.
Trade policy refers to the rules and regulations that govern a country's trade. The main instruments of trade policy are tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping duties. Tariffs are taxes on imports or exports, subsidies are government payments to domestic producers, and quotas directly limit the quantity of goods that can be imported. The goal of these policies is typically to protect domestic industries and increase government revenues, but they can also help domestic producers gain export markets.
This document discusses trade barriers, including their meaning, classification, and reasons for implementation. It provides an overview of the different types of trade barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, import licensing, and subsidies. The document also outlines some of the economic, political, and social reasons why countries continue to use trade barriers, such as protecting domestic industries and providing government revenue. Both the positive impacts of trade barriers, like increased domestic employment, and negative impacts, such as higher costs for consumers and businesses, are presented at a high level.
Trade policy uses seven main instruments: tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping law. Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods and come in two main forms - specific tariffs which are a set amount per unit, and ad valorem tariffs which are a percentage of the total value. While tariffs raise government revenue and protect domestic industries, they can also lead to higher prices for consumers and retaliation from other countries.
global businee managemetn:tariffs and non tariffs barriersShashank Singh
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers faced by India's seafood export industry. It provides an overview of India's seafood export performance and details some of the key markets. While tariffs are generally low, non-tariff barriers like sanitary standards and rejections due to antibiotic residues present challenges. Adopting standards like ISO 9000 can help address some non-tariff barriers and provide export privileges. Overall, the industry has grown but still faces obstacles that international trade agreements and regulations can impact.
This document provides information on tariff and non-tariff measures used to control international trade. It begins with an introduction to international trade and its effects. It then discusses the positives and negatives of trade barriers before explaining different types of tariff measures such as import tariffs and ad valorem tariffs. Non-tariff measures are also outlined, including import quotas, standards, and government procurement policies. The impacts of tariff and non-tariff barriers on supply and demand are illustrated using graphs. Finally, key differences between tariff and non-tariff measures are highlighted.
Tariffs and non-tariff barriers are implemented by governments to restrict or control trade. Tariffs include specific tariffs which are fixed charges on imports and ad valorem tariffs which are a proportion of the value of imports. Non-tariff barriers include quotas which limit import quantities, subsidies which reduce costs of domestic production, anti-dumping and countervailing duties which provide protections against foreign subsidies and dumping, as well as voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and embargoes which restrict trade in various ways. These barriers affect the flow of trade between nations.
This document discusses instruments of trade control used by governments, including tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs directly influence prices of imports and exports, while non-tariff barriers directly limit quantities traded. Examples of non-tariff barriers provided include quotas, voluntary export restraints, embargoes, buy local legislation, and standards/labeling requirements. The document concludes that different trade control instruments are used to improve economic relations, but also notes they can promote inefficiencies and hardship and provoke retaliation if not established within a framework of international trade rules and regulations.
Governments intervene in trade for the benefit of their citizens. Their policies aim to regulate the economy, protect domestic industries, and increase standards of living. These policies directly impact international trade and investment. Governments use protectionist policies like restrictions and subsidies to help domestic firms compete at home and abroad. They also intervene in trade for noneconomic reasons like maintaining essential industries, dealing with unfriendly countries, and preserving national culture. Governments use tariffs, quotas, subsidies and other tools to influence and control trade.
This document provides an overview of a course on the political economy of international trade. It discusses various policy instruments governments use to restrict imports and promote exports, and why governments intervene in international trade. The course will cover tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, export restraints, antidumping policies, and arguments for and against government intervention in trade. It will also discuss implications for businesses and provide examples.
Trade protectionism categories of trade.pptxWanwan791232
The document outlines the key objectives of a chapter on trade protectionism. It aims to explain why governments restrict and enhance trade through policies, how pressure groups influence these policies, and the potential economic effects of intervention in trade. It will also illustrate the major ways trade is restricted, how businesses may respond to import competition, and how increasing trade complexity may shape the future. The document then provides an overview of various rationales governments use to justify restricting or supporting trade, including economic reasons like protecting jobs and promoting industrialization, as well as non-economic rationales like national security and cultural preservation. It also describes several common tools used in trade protectionism and regulation, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and standards.
This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
This document discusses free trade versus protectionism and tariffs. It provides definitions and examples of free trade, tariffs, quotas, licenses and non-tariff barriers. Graphs are included to illustrate the effects of free trade versus trade with tariffs. Advantages and disadvantages of both free trade and protectionism are outlined. Bangladesh's average tariff rate is provided. The conclusion supports the use of tariffs in developing countries like Bangladesh to benefit local industries and reduce unemployment.
Governments intervene in trade for economic and noneconomic reasons. Economically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs through measures like tariffs and quotas. Noneconomically, reasons include national security, cultural preservation, and political influence. However, intervention can backfire and harm consumers through higher prices. It may also lead to retaliation. While companies initially seek government protection, they must also innovate and adjust to global competition over time. Measures include relocating production, focusing on market niches, and internal efficiency gains. Overall, the effects of subsidies, quotas and other policies on trade are complex, with both benefits and unintended consequences requiring consideration.
Forms of protection against imports include tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, administrative policies, and anti-dumping policies. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, either as an ad valorem percentage of the good's value or as a specific fee. Subsidies provide domestic producers cash payments or tax breaks to lower production costs. Import quotas set physical limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported in a given time period. Voluntary export restraints are agreements between countries to limit exports. Administrative policies use bureaucratic rules to restrict imports. Anti-dumping policies punish foreign firms that sell goods in foreign markets below production costs or fair market value.
This document discusses various instruments of trade policy used by governments, including tariffs, subsidies, and quotas. It provides details on different types of tariffs (specific vs. ad valorem), subsidies (consumption, export, employment, agriculture), quotas (absolute, tariff rate), and dumping (sporadic, predatory, persistent, reverse). Anti-dumping policies, which impose tariffs on imports priced below fair market value, are also examined.
Subject: International Business Management-Unit- 2: lecture-8 (free trade-adv...Dr.B.B. Tiwari
This document discusses international trade theories, specifically free trade and protectionism. It provides background on free trade, noting that free trade involves no government restrictions on imports or exports between countries. The document then covers several international trade agreements that promote free trade to varying degrees, such as NAFTA and the WTO. Both the advantages and disadvantages of free trade are summarized. The document also discusses protectionism and various forms it can take, such as tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and anti-dumping policies. Protectionism aims to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.
This document discusses tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. It defines tariff barriers as taxes or duties imposed on goods crossing national borders. It outlines various types of tariff barriers including specific duties, ad valorem tariffs, combined duties, and protective tariffs. Non-tariff barriers are any other barriers besides tariffs, such as quotas, licenses, product standards, labeling requirements, and voluntary export restraints. The document provides examples of different tariff and non-tariff barriers and explains how governments use these barriers to promote domestic industries and restrict imports.
Commercial policy refers to the regulations and policies that determine how a country conducts international trade. It includes tariffs and other trade barriers that restrict what goods can be imported or exported and which countries goods can be traded with. Countries in economic unions often have a single commercial policy governing trade with non-member countries. The objectives of commercial policy are to regulate trade flows while protecting domestic markets and industries and managing foreign exchange. Both advantages like protecting infant industries and disadvantages like increased costs to consumers can result from a country's commercial policy.
This document discusses different types of trade barriers including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and para-tariffs. It defines tariffs as duties imposed on imports and exports that raise consumer prices and typically benefit domestic producers. Non-tariff barriers include quotas, regulations on product quality or content, and customs procedures that hinder imports. Para-tariffs are charges instead of tariffs, such as excise duties or special countervailing duties. The document also outlines different types of tariffs like ad-valorem, specific, simple, and compounding duties.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It makes up a large portion of many national economies. Some benefits of international trade include job creation, increased consumption, and access to natural resources not available domestically. However, it also faces challenges such as trade deficits and surpluses, currency differences between nations, and barriers like tariffs and quotas that countries impose on imports. Organizations like the World Trade Organization help establish rules and resolve disputes related to international trade.
Retail Image refers to how a retailer is perceived by customers and others.To succeed, a retailer must communicate a distinctive, clear, and consistent image.
Store layout is an arrangement of the store that include space management, product display, network of passages, arrangement for amenities and customer convenience and other facilities required.
Hypothesis is a formal statement that represents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
It is an assumption about the relationship between two or more variables and is predictive in nature
This document discusses the stages of internationalization that companies go through as they expand globally. It begins by outlining several drivers of corporate internationalization including cost drivers, government drivers, competitive drivers, and market drivers. It then describes 5 stages of internationalization that companies typically progress through: 1) Domestic Company, 2) International Company, 3) Multinational Company, 4) Global Company, and 5) Transnational Company. For each stage, it provides details on the company's strategy, view of world markets, orientation, key assets, and the role of country units. It concludes by summarizing the differences between each stage in a chart.
Douglas Wind and Pelmutter advocated four approaches to international business: the ethnocentric approach, polycentric approach, regiocentric approach, and geocentric approach. The ethnocentric approach involves exporting the same products designed for the domestic market to foreign countries. The polycentric approach decentralizes decision-making to foreign executives. The regiocentric approach markets similar products designed for a region to neighboring countries. The geocentric approach operates subsidiaries globally as independent companies coordinated by the headquarters.
International Business Environment- Domestic, Foreign & Global Environment Vijyata Singh
The document discusses the influence of domestic, foreign, and global environments on international business. It identifies controllable variables such as finance, production, human resources, and marketing. It also identifies uncontrollable variables including the domestic environment, foreign environment, and global environment. The global environment encompasses factors like the international economic environment, regional economic groups and agreements, and international financial institutions. Understanding the business environments is important for businesses to determine market potential, how to enter foreign markets, production scale, labor deployment, financing operations, marketing strategies, and compensation.
This document provides an overview of tools for analyzing a company's marketing environment, including SWOT analysis and Porter's Five Forces model. SWOT analysis involves examining a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Porter's Five Forces model analyzes the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants, and rivalry among existing competitors. The document was created by an assistant professor to provide guidance on marketing environment analysis.
This document discusses various retail formats categorized by ownership. It identifies the main ownership models as independent stores, chain stores, franchising, leased department stores, vertical marketing systems, and consumer cooperatives. Independent stores are owned and operated by a single retailer, while chain stores have two or more outlets owned under joint control. Franchising involves a contractual agreement where a franchisee pays fees to a franchiser in exchange for using their brand name and operating format. Leased department stores involve renting space within a larger store. Vertical marketing systems integrate manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers to facilitate product flow. Consumer cooperatives are owned by their customers.
This document discusses different types of retail formats, dividing them into store-based retailing and non-store-based retailing. Some examples of non-store-based retailing discussed are direct marketing, which involves exposing customers to goods through non-personal media and allowing them to order by mail, phone or online; direct selling, which involves personal contact with customers in their homes; and vending machines, which allow 24-hour automated sales without sales personnel. The document also briefly outlines other non-traditional retail formats such as electronic retailing (e-commerce), mobile van retailing, video kiosks, event retailing, trade parks, and forecourt retailing at gas stations.
This document discusses different store-based retail formats. It identifies convenience stores, supermarkets, food-based superstores, and limited-line stores as food-based retailers. For general merchandise retailers it outlines specialty stores, full-line discount stores, factory outlets, membership clubs, flea markets, off-price chains, and traditional department stores. The document provides brief descriptions of each retail format's characteristics including store size, product assortments, pricing, and target customers.
The document discusses various retail formats categorized by ownership. Independent stores are owned by a single retailer, while chain stores have two or more outlets owned under joint control. Franchising involves a contractual agreement where a franchisee pays fees to the franchiser in exchange for using their brand name and operating format. Leased department stores section off areas of a larger store to outside retailers paying monthly rent. Vertical marketing systems integrate manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers to different degrees to facilitate product flow from creation to consumer. Formats provide options for retailers based on their resources and target markets.
This document discusses rural consumers in India. It provides information on the profile of rural consumers, including their low literacy and income levels, scattered population across many villages, and principal occupations in farming and trades. It describes the types of rural consumers as household consumers, rural industrial users, and rural resellers. It also outlines different groups of rural consumers based on their buying behavior, such as habitual, cognitive, emotional, and impulsive groups. Finally, it briefly discusses factors that influence rural consumer behavior, including stimuli, perception, attitudes, needs, demographics, culture, and social influences.
The document compares rural and urban marketing in India, noting key differences in their philosophies, buyer motivations, marketing objectives, mix, research methods, technologies used, and development strategies. Rural marketing focuses on inclusive growth and uses simple research methods, while urban marketing emphasizes fashion, lifestyle, and sophisticated research. The marketing mix also differs, with rural using the basic 4 P's and urban utilizing an expanded 7 P's approach.
The document discusses the rural environment and is divided into several sections. It covers the demographic environment including changes in rural population, family structures, age, education, and occupation. The physical environment discusses rural settlements and housing patterns. The socio-cultural environment examines socio-cultural regions, village communities, and the caste system. The political environment analyzes panchayati raj institutions and gram sabhas. The technological environment addresses rapid mechanization and the growth of information and communication technology. Finally, the rural economic environment describes the transitioning rural economy, economic structure, rural enterprises, income disparity, and spending.
This document outlines the evolution of rural marketing in India through four phases:
Phase I (prior to 1960) consisted of agricultural marketing and exchanges of crafts and utensils; Phase II (1960-1980) saw the entry of consumer goods companies and changes in rural demand due to the Green Revolution; Phase III (1990-2000) included new service sectors, pro-rural government initiatives, and companies launching rural-focused products; Phase IV (after 2000) featured financial inclusion, media expansion, hiring of rural staff, and improved standards of living through various government programs.
This document provides an overview of rural marketing in India. It defines rural marketing as developing, pricing, promoting, and distributing rural-specific goods and services to satisfy consumer demand in rural areas. Some key points:
- Rural markets have consumers located in rural areas with different behaviors than urban consumers. Transactions can be rural-to-urban or urban-to-rural.
- Rural marketing focuses more on development than transactions, customer satisfaction, and increasing living standards through a mutually beneficial process.
- Rural markets are large and diverse but scattered, with low incomes mainly from agriculture. They face challenges like high distribution costs, seasonal demand, and lack of infrastructure.
Efficient Website Management for Digital Marketing ProsLauren Polinsky
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The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
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Occurrence of technical errors on QuickBooks is common but it can be resolved with the use of QuickBooks Sync Manager Tool . With the help of this too, users can sync the QuickBooks Desktop company file with the Intuit online server. It is compatible with versions QuickBooks Pro, Premier, or Enterprise. In case a user faces sync-related errors then they simply need this repair tool.
The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
Lily Ray - Optimize the Forest, Not the Trees: Move Beyond SEO Checklist - Mo...Amsive
Lily Ray, Vice President of SEO Strategy & Research at Amsive, explores optimizing strategies for sustainable growth and explores the impact of AI on the SEO landscape.
In this humorous and data-heavy session, join us in a joyous celebration of life honoring the long list of SEO tactics and concepts we lost this year. Remember fondly the beautiful time you shared with defunct ideas like link building, keyword cannibalization, search volume as a value indicator, and even our most cherished of friends: the funnel. Make peace with their loss as you embrace a new paradigm for organic content: Pillar-Based Marketing. Along the way, discover that the results that old SEO and all its trappings brought you weren’t really very good at all, actually.
In this respectful and life-affirming service—erm, session—join Ryan Brock (Chief Solution Officer at DemandJump and author of Pillar-Based Marketing: A Data-Driven Methodology for SEO and Content that Actually Works) and leave with:
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The advent of AI offers marketers unprecedented opportunities to craft personalized and engaging customer experiences, evolving customer engagements from one-sided conversations to interactive dialogues. By leveraging AI, companies can now engage in meaningful dialogues with customers, gaining deep insights into their preferences and delivering customized solutions.
Susan will present case studies illustrating AI's application in enhancing customer interactions across diverse sectors. She'll cover a range of AI tools, including chatbots, voice assistants, predictive analytics, and conversational marketing, demonstrating how these technologies can be woven into marketing strategies to foster personalized customer connections.
Participants will learn about the advantages and hurdles of integrating AI in marketing initiatives, along with actionable advice on starting this transformation. They will understand how AI can automate mundane tasks, refine customer data analysis, and offer personalized experiences on a large scale.
Attendees will come away with an understanding of AI's potential to redefine marketing, equipped with the knowledge and tactics to leverage AI in staying competitive. The talk aims to motivate professionals to adopt AI in enhancing their CX, driving greater customer engagement, loyalty, and business success.
In this dynamic session titled "Future-Proof Like Beyoncé: Syncing Email and Social Media for Iconic Brand Longevity," Carlos Gil, U.S. Brand Evangelist for GetResponse, unveils how to safeguard and elevate your digital marketing strategy. Explore how integrating email marketing with social media can not only increase your brand's reach but also secure its future in the ever-changing digital landscape. Carlos will share invaluable insights on developing a robust email list, leveraging data integration for targeted campaigns, and implementing AI tools to enhance cross-platform engagement. Attendees will learn how to maintain a consistent brand voice across all channels and adapt to platform changes proactively. This session is essential for marketers aiming to diversify their online presence and minimize dependence on any single platform. Join Carlos to discover how to turn social media followers into loyal email subscribers and ultimately, drive sustainable growth and revenue for your brand. By harnessing the best practices and innovative strategies discussed, you will be equipped to navigate the challenges of the digital age, ensuring your brand remains relevant and resonant with your audience, no matter the platform. Don’t miss this opportunity to transform your approach and achieve iconic brand longevity akin to Beyoncé's enduring influence in the entertainment industry.
Key Takeaways:
Integration of Email and Social Media: Understanding how to seamlessly integrate email marketing with social media efforts to expand reach and reinforce brand presence. Building a Robust Email List: Strategies for developing a strong email list that provides a direct line of communication to your audience, independent of social media algorithms. Data Integration for Targeted Campaigns: Leveraging combined data from email and social media to create personalized, targeted marketing campaigns that resonate with the audience. Utilization of AI Tools: Implementing AI and automation tools to enhance efficiency and effectiveness across marketing channels. Consistent Brand Voice Across Platforms: Maintaining a unified brand voice and message across all digital platforms to strengthen brand identity and user trust. Proactive Adaptation to Platform Changes: Staying ahead of social media platform changes and algorithm updates to keep engagement high and interactions meaningful. Conversion of Social Followers to Email Subscribers: Techniques to encourage social media followers to subscribe to email, ensuring a direct and consistent connection. Sustainable Growth and Minimized Platform Dependence: Strategies to diversify digital presence and reduce reliance on any single social media platform, thereby mitigating risks associated with platform volatility.
The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
Trust Element Assessment: How Your Online Presence Affects Outbound Lead Gene...Martal Group
Learn how your business's online presence affects outbound lead generation and what you can do to improve it with a complimentary 13-Point Trust Element Assessment.
In the face of the news of Google beginning to remove cookies from Chrome (30m users at the time of writing), there’s no longer time for marketers to throw their hands up and say “I didn’t know” or “They won’t go through with it”. Reality check - it has already begun - the time to take action is now. The good news is that there are solutions available and ready for adoption… but for many the race to catch up to the modern internet risks being a messy, confusing scramble to get back to "normal"
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Dive deep into the cutting-edge strategies we're employing to revolutionize our web presence in the age of AI-driven search. As Gen Z reshapes the digital realm, discover how we can bridge the generational divide. Unlock the synergistic power of PPC, social media, and SEO, driving unparalleled revenues for our projects.
Can you kickstart content marketing when you have a small team or even a team of one? Why yes, you can! Dennis Shiao, founder of marketing agency Attention Retention will detail how to draw insights from subject matter experts (SMEs) and turn them into articles, bylines, blog posts, social media posts and more. He’ll also share tips on content licensing and how to establish a webinar program. Attend this session to learn how to make an impact with content marketing even when you have a small team and limited resources.
Key Takeaways:
- You don't need a large team to start a content marketing program
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Dynamic Web Designing involves creating interactive and adaptable web pages that respond to user input and change dynamically, enhancing user experience with real-time data, animations, and personalized content tailored to individual preferences.
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2. Introduction
In order to curb free trade and to promote
the well – being of domestic markets,
Government intervenes in trade policy by
means of barriers. These Barriers can be :
Tariff Barriers
Non- Tariff Barriers
3. TARIFF BARRIERS
Tariff barriers refer to the tax imposed by the
government on goods that are imported into
the country.
Tariff barrier increases the price of imported goods
in comparison to domestic goods which makes the
imported goods costlier giving the domestic goods a
relative advantage over foreign goods
4. TYPES OF TARIFF BARRIERS
• Specific tariffs:
Specific tariffs are levied as fixed charge for each unit of
good imported. For example, Rs. 10 per unit of good imported.
• Advalorem tariffs:
Advalorem tariffs are levied as a percentage of the value of
goods imported. For example, 10% of the value of goods. If value of
goods is Rs. 1000, the ad valorem tariff would be Rs. 100.
• Compound tariffs:
Compound tariffs are assessed as both a specific tariff and an
ad valorem tariff on the same product.
5. NON- TARIFF BARRIER
Non-tariff barriers refer to any other
government regulation, policy or
procedure other than a tariff that has
the impact of minimizing imports.
Non –tariff barriers can control price as
well as quantity of the imported goods
6. TYPES OF NON- TARIFF BARRIER
1. Direct Price Influence
Subsidies : Subsidies are the direct payments made by the
government to domestic producers. Subsidies help in lowering
down the cost of production of domestic goods , which means
cheaper products in comparison to imported goods as well as
surplus production. It can take form of cash payments, low
interest loans, government participation in ownership, tax
incentives, etc.
7. TYPES OF NON- TARIFF BARRIER
2. Quantity Control influence
Quotas: Quota refers to the direct restriction on the quantity of goods that
can be imported into a country during any period of time. The quotas help
the government to reduce the consumption of any particular commodity in
the country.
Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs): VERs are bilateral agreements
instituted to restrain the rapid growth of exports of specific goods.
Essentially, the government of country X asks the government of country Y
to reduce its companies’ exports to country X voluntarily to help the
importing country X to protect its domestic industry.
8. Local Content Requirement :A local content requirement is a
requirement that some fraction of the product must be produced
locally or in the domestic market. The requirement can either be
expressed in physical terms (x% of the parts of the product) or in
value terms (x% of the value of the product)
“Buy Local” Legislation: Under this form of trade policy the
government makes its purchases from domestic producers only.
This legislation forbids the government departments to make use
of imported goods.
9. Effects of alternative trade barriers
Tariff
Export
Subsidy
Import
quota
Voluntary
export
restraint
Product
Profit
Increases Increases Increases Increases
Consumer
Welfare
Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases
Government
Net
Revenue
Increases Decreases No Change No Change
10. Other Non-Tariff Barriers
• Labelling and Testing Standard: Labeling and testing standards
are insisted upon for ensuring quality of goods seeking an access
to into the domestic markets but many countries use them as
protectionist measures. Such measures are complex and
discriminatory barriers to international trade.
• Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Sanitary and Phytosanitary
(SPS) measures are taken to protect against risks linked to food
safety, animal health and plant protection or to prevent or limit
damage within the territory of a country from the entry,
establishment and spread of pests from a foreign country
11. Specific Permission Requirements: This measure requires that
potential importers or exporters secure permission from
governmental authorities. This involves the issuing of import or
export licences which may be costly and time consuming.
Administrative Barriers to Trade: Administrative barriers to trade
are a special category of non tariff barriers which restrict trade
using administrative regulations and procedures. Legal barriers are
caused by different laws and administrative regulation in domestic
economies and Procedural barriers are related to trade procedures
and formalities involved in international movement of goods.
12. Rationale behind Trade Barriers
Tariffs help in raising revenues for the domestic
government especially in case of developing
countries.
They protect domestic producers from foreign
competition.
They promote local Research and development
in domestic market.