This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
Curves are of different types and for different purposes. Some of the curves are utility curve, margin curves, demand and supply curve, offer curves, etc. International trade is based on international specialization. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Offer Curves:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/international-economics/analytical-tools/offer-curves.aspx
Curves are of different types and for different purposes. Some of the curves are utility curve, margin curves, demand and supply curve, offer curves, etc. International trade is based on international specialization. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Offer Curves:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/international-economics/analytical-tools/offer-curves.aspx
Lecture slides for an undergraduate course on Basic Macroeconomics that I taught in the Fall of 2007.
This lecture goes over the difference between real and nominal GDP.
2. Theories of International Trade, Tariff and Non-tariff barriers and Trade ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation starts with an overview of the initial theories of international trade like mercantilism, theory of absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage and factor proportions theory. It goes on to discuss trade barriers, tariff and non-tariff barriers and trade blocks.
Lecture slides for an undergraduate course on Basic Macroeconomics that I taught in the Fall of 2007.
This lecture goes over the difference between real and nominal GDP.
2. Theories of International Trade, Tariff and Non-tariff barriers and Trade ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation starts with an overview of the initial theories of international trade like mercantilism, theory of absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage and factor proportions theory. It goes on to discuss trade barriers, tariff and non-tariff barriers and trade blocks.
The term import is derived from the conceptual meaning as to bring in the goods and services into the port of a country. The buyer of such goods and services is referred to an "importer" who is based in the country of import where the overseas based seller is referred to as an "exporter". Thus an import is any good(e.g. a commodity) or service brought in from one country to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good that is brought in from another country for sale. Imported goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country.
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A tariff is a charge a nation imposes on imports of goods and services from another nation. Certain tariffs, which are set by the government and collected by the customs authorities, stipulate a fixed fee on a specific kind of commodity.
In the present era, tariffs have less of an impact on global trade. The emergence of international organisations aimed at enhancing free trade, such as the World Trade Organization, is one of the main causes of the drop (WTO). Such groups can lessen the risk of retaliatory levies and make it more difficult for a nation to impose tariffs and taxes on imported goods. As a result, nations have switched to non-tariff barriers including quotas and export restrictions.
There are always issues that are taken into consideration when creating foreign policy. History and public opinion had a role in the trade conflict that erupted between South Korea and Japan. The decision-makers take this into account when determining their foreign policy toward Japan. The historical element that the South Korean side of the two countries still views the World War II era as unsolved is a frequent source of friction in the bilateral relations. The topic of compensation demands for South Korean forced labourers today still has a connection to the past.
The problem of recompense for the World War II era and official acknowledgement or an apology from Japan, according to Holsti, is one of the internal elements that makes South Korea most commonly used against Japan. Every year, the public's perception of Japan's previous atrocities against South Korea likewise tends to worsen. However, internal forces still outweigh external ones, which tend to deteriorate relations between the two nations.
Series of lectures from Brian Butler, given during fall 2008 session at Thunderbird Global MBA, Miami campus:
This lecture 06: continue learning the basics of trade economics, by looking at the negative impacts of trade barriers (tariffs, subsidies, etc) from an economics point of view
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
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USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
2. Tariff
It is tax charged by import of commodity traded
it across national boundary
It is important type of trade restriction
Tariff can be ad valorem, specific or compound
Ad valorem is fixed % of the value of traded
commodity
Specific tariff is fixed sum per physical unit
A combination of an ad valorem and specific
tariff
4. Effects of imposing Tariff
Consumption effect
Reduction in domestic consumption
Production effect
Expansion of domestic production
Trade effect
Decline in imports
Revenue effect
Revenue collected by the government
5. Partial equilibrium analysis
Before tariff
For nation 2 at price $1
consumption was 70X
domestic production was 10X
import was 60 X
No tariff on import
After 100% ad valorem
price is $2
$1 is tariff and $1 is import price
consumption is 50x (GH)
30X import and 20X produced domestically
tariff revenue is $30 ($1 per unit)
6. Effects of imposing Tariff
Resulting Effects ofTariff
Consumer surplus is the difference between what
consumers would be willing to pay and what they
actually pay.
Imposition of a tariff reduces consumer surplus.
Increase in producer surplus, or rent, is the
payment that need not be made in the long run to
induce domestic producers to supply additional
goods with the tariff.
Also called subsidy effect of tariff.
7. General equilibrium analysis in a
small country
Small country which impose a tariff but not
affect the process of world market
Domestic price of the importable commodity will
rise by the amount of the tariff for individual
producer and consumer in a small nation.
The nation itself collect tariff. E.g. price is $1 and
ad volerom is 100% so consumer will pay $2 if it
is domestically produced of imported.
The price of X for individual and world market
are same i-e $2.
8. Measuring of effective cost
We can find the effective cost by following formula
ai=imported input/final price
g=the rate of effective protection to producers of the final
commodity
t= the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity
ti=the nominal tariff rate on the imported input
ai = the ratio of the cost of the imported input to the price of the
final commodity in the absence of
g =
t - aiti
1 - ai
9. Stolper-samulelson theorem
An increase in the relative price of a commodity
(for example, as the result of a tariff) raises the
return of the factor used intensively in production
of the commodity.
Thus, the real return to the nation’s scarce factor
of production will rise with the imposition of a
tariff.
Scare factor (which a country is imported) will
raise the return of production with the
imposition of tariff.
10. Stolper-samulelson theorem
E.g. N-2 (scare of labor) impose a tariff on X.
commodity (labor intensive) so prices of X
(px/py) will raise and so labor wages (w/r) will
rise.
Because increase in wages will leads the prices
higher.
The share of labor in N2 increase but because of
increasing in wages (income of labor) decrease
the national income (reduced by tariff).
Thus demand of capital decrease and the k price.
I-e interest decrease.
11. General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a
Large Country
Here we utilize the offer curves
A tariff causes the imposing nation’s offer curve to shift
or rotate toward the axis measuring the importable
commodity by the amount of the tariff.
After tariff, importer want to charge tariff in high prices
High prices affect world market prices (large nation)
The rise and fall of welfare depends on the effect of
trade.
In small country the trade curves remains unchanged
thus the welfare also decline.
13. General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large
Country
Under these circumstances, for a large nation:
A reduction in trade volume will reduce welfare
An improvement in terms of trade will increase
welfare
Whether welfare actually rises or falls depends on
net effect.
15. Nontariff trade barriers
Quota
Quota has important restriction of trade
it is a direct quantitative restriction on the amount of a
commodity allowed to be imported or exported.
western nations used quota to protect agriculture and stimulate
the export of manufactured products
16. Quota
Before quota Price was $1 while consumption was 70X
After tariff
price goes to $2
consumption reduce to 50X
Import reduces to 30X and domestically 20X are
producing
if demand increase the price will increase and
domestically production will increase and the import will
remains unchanged
17. Comparison of quota with tariff
Quota increase domestic price
increase domestic production with improvement in demand.
Tariff leaves price and production, but increase in import and
consumption.
Import quotas limit import to a specialized level while import
doesn’t specify the import and uncertain the import.
Import level is distributed by Govt on official judgment and
action to avoid the monopoly.
In import foreign exporter increases their efficiency (price) or
by accepting lower profit which falls import.
But they can’t reduce the export in quota which is less than
anticipated.
18. Other Nontariff Barriers and the New Protectionism
Voluntary export
It is the most important trade barriers
In this case the importing countries induce (under the
threat of higher around trade restriction) the exporter country
to limit their export that country
US negotiated with Japan in 1980 to limit their
export in which US save 44000 jobs in auto industry.
But the total cost of consumer was $15.7bn from
1981—1981
The cost of one job was more than $100,000
19. Technical, Administrative, and
Other Regulations
Safety regulations:
for automobiles and electronics
Health regulations:
for hygienic production and packaging of imported food
products
Labeling requirements:
showing origin
Many regulations serve legitimate purposes, some thinly veiled
disguises for restricting imports.
20. International cartels
International cartels are organizations of suppliers and
exporters located in different countries
They are agree to restrict output and exports
aiming to increase the price or total profits of
organization
It is not only under the control of domestic country
Examples are
OPEC: a cartel of major oil countries which restricts
production and exports of oil.
International transport association
21. Dumping
It is the export of a commodity at a lower price than abroad or
price below then cost.
Dumping may be persistent, predatory and sporadic
Persistent dumping or international price discrimination is
continues tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize
total profits by selling the commodity in a higher price in
domestic market
Predatory is temporary sale of a commodity at a lower price
abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business.
Sporadic dumping is the occasional sale of commodity at
below cost or at a lower price abroad than domestically in
order to unload temporary surplus of the commodity
22. Export subsidies
It is payment of relief in tax in order to
stimulate export.
It is illegal in international agreement.
24. Economic integration
Economic integration refers the commercial policy
of discriminately reducing or eliminating barriers
to trade between a select group of countries
25. Dimensions of economic
integration
It is an agreement among countries in which
member countries provide lowest barriers to
each other
The loosest form of economic integration
They give preferential access to certain products
from the participating countries which is done by
reducing tariffs.
E.g. Pakistan- Indonesia (PAT), British common
wealth preference scheme.
26. Free trade areas
In which removed all trade to member’s
countries but still barriers to nonmembers of
each member.
The North American FreeTrade Agreement
(NAFTA) is a free trade area
Custom unions
It is Agreement between two or more
countries to remove trade barriers and to
reduce or eliminate custom duties on mutual
trade
27. Common market
It also allows the free movement of labor and capital
among member nations.
EU achieve the status of common market.
Economic unions
It is harmonization of economic and fiscal policies
Economic unions can also require the coordination
of various social, fiscal and monetary policies among
participating countries
It is a most advanced type of economic integration.
28. Trade creation
It occurs when some domestic production in a
nation that is a member of the customs unions is
replaced by lowest-cost imports from another
member nation
If a nation which is member of union import from
another member country, there will be no tariff
revenue and consumer welfare will increase
The consumption will remain same.
It also increase the welfare of greater
specialization based on comparative advantage
30. Illustration
Before formation of unions,
N2 consumer (GH) 50X with the price of $2 in which
import was (JH) and domestic production was (JG).
Nation2 collect $30 revenue before formation of
custom union
N-2 doesn’t import from N-3 because the domestically
price there is 1.5 and after 100% ad veleorm and tariff
inclusive price will be Px>2.
After joining union N-2 will consumer 70X with the
price of $1.
The tariff revenue will be disappearing and the
domestic consumer welfare will increase.
31. Trade diversion
It is when a member country replaced an import of
lowest-cost from outside the union by the higher-cost
import from member country.
It reduces the welfare by itself because it shifts
production from more efficient producers outside to less
efficient user inside union
The welfare of nonmember can be expected to decline
because their economic resources can only be utilized
less efficiently
than before trade was diverted away from them
33. Trade diversion
Before diverting of N2 from N1 to N3
N2 consumption was 50X (20 domestically and 30 import)
Price was $2 (price with 100% tariff ad-velerom)
Price of X in N! is $1 but 100% ad velorem
Revenue of N-2 was $ 30
After custom union with N3
No tariff, no revenue
Price domestically is $1.5
Consumption is 60X, (15X domestically produced and 45X imported)
N2 divert import from N1 to N3 (less efficient producer)
N1 discrimination for union
Trade diverting also create some trade creation
34. Theory of second best
It states that if all the conditions required
maximizing welfare or reach Pareto optimum
can’t be satisfied, trying to satisfy as many of
these conditions as possible doesn’t
necessarily or usually lead to the second best
position.
35. Conditions likely to increase
welfare
The greater probability will be of trade custom union to
create trade among countries rather than divert trade from
nonmembers to members, if higher pre-union trade barrier
is.
The lower are the custom union barrier with other countries
The greater of the countries forming unions. Probability of
falling low-cost producer within unions.
The union is more competitive (benefit to consumers
because of cut down prices)
Countries should be closed geographically to each other
(cost will be low)
36. Static welfare effects of custom unions
Administration cost saving from eliminating customs3
Dynamic welfare effects
Increased competition (cut down pricing, innovations)
Stimulus to investment (to take advantage of large
market and met the increased competition)
Free community of labor and capital (efficient utilization
of resources of the entire community)
Dynamic is much better the static