Dumping refers to exporting goods at a price lower than their normal value. There are different types of dumping like persistent and predatory dumping which aim to drive foreign competitors out of business. Anti-dumping measures impose duties on dumped imports to counteract the trade distorting effects and re-establish fair trade. Investigations consider various factors to determine if dumping has occurred and calculate appropriate duties. While protectionism is debated, anti-dumping aims to ensure fair competition in international trade according to WTO agreements.