International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
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International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
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www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Trade is voluntary and non-fraudulent, exchange of goods and services among people and countries.
When a trade occurs between nations or cross-border it is called International Trade.
The Barrier is any hurdle which creates resistance. Or a structure or object that blocks free movement. simply it is Hinderance in the flow of something.
A trade barrier is defined as “any hurdle, obstacle or roadblock that hampers the smooth flow of goods, services, and payments from one destination to another”.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
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2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
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What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
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1. Branch - MBA
International Business Management
DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
By
Dr. B. B.Tiwari
Professor
Department of Management
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Group of Professional Colleges, Lucknow
Unit-2: Lecture – 9
International Trade Theories:
Forms of Protection
2. • Protection on trade occurs when countries impose restrictions on imports into the
economy. It can be defined as nation or a group of nations working in conjunction as
a trade bloc, creating trade barriers with the specific goal of protecting its economy
from the possible perils of international trading.
• Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition
by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed
on the imports of foreign competitors.
• The main aim of protectionism is to cushion domestic businesses and industries
from overseas competition and prevent the outcome resulting solely from the
interplay of free market forces of supply and demand.
Forms of Protection
4. Tariffs:
• A tariff is a duty or tax imposed by the government of a country upon the traded
commodity as it crosses the national boundaries. Tariff can be levied both upon
exports and imports. The tariff or duties imposed upon the goods originating in the
home country and scheduled for abroad are called as the export duties.
• There are two basic types of tariffs imposed by governments on imported goods.
First is the ad valorem tax which is a percentage of the value of the item.
An example is a 20 percent tariff levied on imported automobiles
• The second is a specific tariff which is a tax levied based on a set fee per number of
items or by weight. for example- Rs. 300 per ton of imported steel.
5. Cont….
• Consider the following example, which analyzes the UK market for US-made shoes. Due
to the imposition of tariffs, the price for the product increases from GBP100 (P1) to
GBP120 500 (P2). The demand for US-made shoes in the UK market decreases (from
Q2 to Q4).
6. Subsidies:
• Subsidies are government payments to domestic producers and are
aimed to provide the producer an extra-cash so that they can produce
goods at low manufacturing costs and access foreign markets. The
subsidies can be in the form of cash payments, low-to-no-interest loans,
tax breaks and government ownership of common stock in domestic
companies.
• An example of an export subsidy is the one offered by the Indian
government. This involves offering export incentives for 1.4 million tonnes
of raw sugar as mills start sales of surplus sugar overseas to pay cane
7. • Import subsidies consist of subsidies on goods and services that
become payable to resident producers when the goods cross the frontier
of the economic territory or when the services are delivered to resident
institutional units.
• Example: When the government gives money to a farmer or Consumers
for consuming the agriculture product in case of low production in home
country i.e. Onion, rice, wheat etc.
Cont….
8. Import Quotas
• An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good
that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. Quotas, like other trade restrictions,
are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy.
• For example, until 2014, South Korea maintained strict quotas on imported rice. It has now replaced
a quota with import tariffs designed to protect South Korean rice farmers.
• Quotas do not normally bring in any immediate tax revenue for the government although if they
cause domestic production and incomes to expand, there will be a beneficial impact on taxes paid.
• absolute quota: A limitation of the quantity of certain goods that may enter commerce during a
specific period.
• tariff-rate quota: Allows a specified quantity of imported goods to be entered at a reduced rate of
duty during the quota period, with quantities entered in excess of the quota limit subject to a higher
duty rate.
9. Voluntary Export Restraints
• This is where two countries make an agreement to limit the volume of their exports to one
another over an agreed time period. Sometimes this is enforced by a government for
example the USA enforced VER on Japan during the late 1980s.
• Voluntary export restraints (VER) are arrangements between exporting and importing
countries in which the exporting country agrees to limit the quantity of specific exports
below a certain level in order to avoid imposition of mandatory restrictions by the importing
country. The arrangement may be concluded either at the industry or government level.
• They became a popular form of protection during the 1980s, perhaps in part because they
did not violate countries' agreements under the GATT. As a result of the Uruguay round of
the GATT, completed in 1994, WTO members agreed not to implement any new VERs and
to phase out any existing VERs over a four year period.
10. Administrative Policy
• Administrative trade policies are bureaucratic rules that are almost always
deliberately designed to restrict the flow of a particular import into a
country. The Japanese are considered masters of this trade barrier.
• The Netherlands exports tulip bulbs toal most every country of the world
except Japan. The reason is that Japanese customs inspectors insist on
checking every tulip bulb by cutting it vertically down the middle, which in
effect ruins the bulb
11. Anti-dumping Policy
• Dumping is defined as selling goods in a foreign market at below their costs of
production, or as selling goods in a foreign market at below their "fair" market value.
Antidumping policies are designed to punish foreign firms that engage in dumping. If
a firm is found to be dumping, countervailing duties may be imposed. These duties
can be fairly substantial and stay in place for up to five years.
• The government imposes anti-dumping duty on foreign imports when it believes that
the goods are being “dumped” – through the low pricing – in the domestic
market. Anti-dumping duty is imposed to protect local businesses and markets from
unfair competition by foreign imports.