International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 β-estradiol, 17 α – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 β- estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 β-estradiol, 17 α – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 β- estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
AEEG - Schiavo Ciaccia - Interventi regolatori per le FERANIE Energia
Il cambio di paradigma della generazione elettrica impone un ripensamento integrale del modello operativo
del mercato e del sistema elettrico (inter)nazionale: nuove tecnologie, nuovi modelli organizzativi, nuovi
servizi e nuovi operatori. L’obiettivo del convegno è quello di analizzare e dibattere con gli operatori tutti
quegli aspetti che partecipano a diversi livelli al cambio di paradigma: generazione distribuita, smart grid,
sistemi di accumulo, smart cities e smart buildings.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Introduction
The food and water contamination with heavy metals is increasing due to the environmental pollutions. Heavy metals are the elements with the density of more than 5 g/cm3 and have become a serious problem as a result of the urbanization and industrialization. These toxic metals pollute water, soil, plants, and eventually foodstuffs and our bodies. Several methods exist to remediate heavy metal pollution in waters such as membrane filtration, ion exchange mechanisms, or by precipitation. Yet, these techniques are not cost effective, in some cases, and do produce wastes that need to be properly disposed of. Microbial bioremediation could be an alternative. The use of microbes for remediation of heavy metals has been well studied. Some microorganisms, especially soil bacteria, have the ability to tolerate these contaminants. In addition, certain bacterial strains are capable of binding to heavy metals or transforming them into less toxic forms. Low operating costs, usable in foodstuffs, selective removal for specific toxic metals, minimal use of chemicals (resulting in low sludge production) and high efficiencies at very low levels of heavy metals are some of the advantages of biosorption methods. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of active and passive absorption of heavy metals by a number of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains in laboratory environment and food.
Materials and Methods
Seven LAB isolates including Lacticaseibacillus casei (RTCC 1296-3), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (RTCC 1293-2), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (RTCC 1290), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (RTCC 1303), Enterococcus faecium (RTCC 2347), Lactobacillus helveticus (RTCC 1304) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (RTCC 1299) were obtained from Razi type culture collection (RTCC), located at Razi vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran. All isolates were cultured in MRS (Scharlau, Spain) broth medium, at 37 °C for 24 hours, under anaerobic conditions. Pure cultures were preserved for long term by freezing at -70°C with 20% Glycerol. Heavy metals including Nitrate of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All standard solutions were prepared from the stock solutions containing 1000 mgl-1 in distilled water. Other chemicals used in study including Nitric acid (65%) and Hydrogen peroxide (37%), were also purchased from Merck, Germany. This study was conducted in two in- vitro and in-vivo phases; in the in- vitro phase, seven strains of bacteria with probiotic properties (L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, Ent. facium, L. helveticus and L. acidofilous) were screened and then their ability to bind to cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in aqueous solution was investigated. Then, in the in-vivo stage, three probiotic strains that had the highest biosorption efficiency in the previously stage were selected and their effect with a ratio of 1:1:1 and contact time of 15 and 30 min
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using chemically modified oran...IOSR Journals
The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET. The characterization of the orange peel biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Cr (VI) biosorption. Chemically modified orange peel exhibited more adsorption potential as compared to the raw orange peel. The biosorption efficiency of the orange peel was dependent on the pH of the Cr (VI) solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The removal rate of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in contact time and remained constant after an equilibrium time of 180 min. The removal of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in biosorbent concentration with the optimal adsorbent dosage at 4.0 mg/L. The increase in initial Cr (VI) ion concentration led to an increase in the percentage removal of Cr (VI). The adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.987 for the raw orange peel and R2 = 0.995 for the modified orange peel. The Freundlich constants Kf and n were 97.07 [mg/g (L/mg)n] and 0.79 (g/L) for the raw orange peel and 139.0 [(mg/g)(L/mg)n] and 0.815 (g/L) for modified orange peel respectively. The present study revealed that orange peel which is a low cost agricultural material could be used as an efficient sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and that chemical modification of the biosorbent using sodium hydroxide enhanced adsorption capacity
Removal of Cr (VI) Through the Use of the Agroindustrial Residue of the Perse...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
We analyzed the Chromium (VI) removal capacity in aqueous solution by the Persea americana biomass, using the diphenyl carbazide method to evaluate the metal concentration. Biosorption at different pH (1, 2, 3, and 4) was evaluate for different times. We too studied the effect of temperature in the range of 28 to 60 °C and the removal at different initial concentrations of Cr (VI) of 200 to 1000mg/L. Therefore, the highest biosorption of the metal (50mg/L) occurs within 270 minutes, at pH of 1.0 and 28 °C. According to temperature, the highest removal was observing at 60 °C, in 45 minutes, when the metal is completely adsorbed. At the analyzed concentrations of Cr (VI), fungal biomass, showed excellent removal capacity, besides it removes efficiently the metal in situ (100% removal in earth and water contaminated, after 5 and 6 days of incubation, 5 and 10g of biomass, 10g of earth and 100mL of water; so, it can be used to eliminate it from industrial wastewater.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000570.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Isothermal, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of the Adsorption of Erythrosin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of erythrosine dye onto activated carbon from Periwinkle shell was carried out. The Periwinkle shell were washed, dried, carbonized at 400oC, crushed, sieved, chemically activated at 800oC, cooled, washed and dried at 110oC. Variable influencing factors, such as contact time, temperature and concentration were studied through single-factor experiment, while other factors are kept constant (at 30min, 30oC and 50mg/L) in each adsorption experiment. From the adsorption isotherms, the correlation coefficient for Redlich-Peterson is closer to unity than others used in the adsorption. The adsorption kinetic followed pseudo-second order reaction, while the thermodynamic parameters, (∆H) = 13.49KJ/mol, (∆S) = 43.48J/mol.K and (∆G) = 0.4, 0.06, -0.15, -0.27, -0.54, -7.30KJ/mol. These results obtained show that activated carbon from Periwinkle shell will be a good low-cost adsorbent for the removal of erythrosine from aqueous solution.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
Magnesite formulated as MgCO3 is the primary source for magnesium and magnesium derivates. In Turkey, many magnesite deposits cannot be worked out because of high CaCO3 content. Therefore, there are many researchers have applied physical and chemical methods to improve the quality of magnesite.
While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as biotechnological procedures.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Similar to International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) (20)
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 4(April 2013), PP.29-39
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 29 | Page
Utilization of Pleurotus ostreatus in the Removal of Cr(VI) from
Chemical Laboratory Waste
Arbanah M., Miradatul Najwa M. R., Ku Halim K. H
Departmen of Chemical Engineering, University of Technoloy MARA,
Selangor, Malaysia.
ABSTRACT : The presence of Cr(VI) in the chemical waste have the potential to pose significant risks to
human health and environments. However, the conventional heavy metal removal have limitations where there
are need to introduce alternative treatments. Recently, there have been considerable interests in biosorption of
heavy metal using fungus. In the present study, the effectiveness of Cr(VI) removal from chemical waste was
evaluated by utilizing living white root fungus (mushroom) viz., Pleurotus ostreatus. Pleurotus ostreatus was
best growth at pH 9 and 25°C. The effects of pH, temperature and contact time were evaluated during the
treatment. The best operating treatment process was found at pH 5.0 with agitation speed of 150 rpm and
temperature of 25°C. Throughout the research, the percentage of removal was found increased with the
increasing of contact time between P.ostreatus and liquid laboratory chemical waste. The percentage removal
of Cr(VI) at pH 5 is the highest with 20.71% followed by pH 7, 18.89% and pH 9, 18.42%. FTIR analysis
proved the involvement of carboxylic (-COOH) and amide (-NH2) groups on the cell wall of P.ostreatus were
known involved in the adsorption process. This validates that Pleurotus ostreatus is a potential biosorbent for
laboratory chemical waste treatment.
Key words - Biosorption; Chemical Laboratory Waste Treatment; Pleurotus ostreatus; Heavy Metals
I. INTRODUCTION
The rising interest in research activities has lead to the increasing disposal of chemical waste in the
environment. In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DOE) had notified that that the generation of
schedule waste was steeply increased from 1.1 million tonnes to 1.7 million tonnes from 2006 to 2009 [1]. This
figure can be expected to be increase with the growing of research activities. Obviously, chemical waste
contains heavy metals and classified as hazardous waste which cannot be eliminated by physical and chemical
treatment but only stabilized [2]. The difficulty in the treatment of chemical waste was because of their complex
compositions as compared to industrial wastewater [3]. The difficulty was contributed by wide variation of
chemicals involve, the difference in chemical waste generation and operations which always changing
depending on research objectives [4].
The stricter regulation on maximum acceptable concentrations of toxic heavy metals in wastewater
discharged into water and drinking waters set up by government had lead researchers to search for suitable
treatment methods. Previously, removal of heavy metal from liquid laboratory chemical waste usually achieved
through physical chemical process or incineration before discharging into natural body water system [2, 5]. It
was including of chemical precipitation [4], electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, ion exchange and
adsorption on adsorbents [6]. Unfortunately, the available treatments have drawbacks such as generating toxic
sludge product from treatment which require another special treatment with great difficulty [7]. Other than that,
the removal was ineffectiveness when involving low metals ion concentrations in the range 1-100 mg/L [8] as
well as high cost adsorbent.
Therefore, the present study had came out with a novel technologies in developing an alternative
treatment process by biological treatment to treat chemical waste in a more environmentally friendly,
economical and effective way [9]. Biological treatment utilized natural materials of biological origin such as
microbial including bacteria, algae or fungi. Fungi are significantly in reducing the concentration of heavy
metals from ppm to ppb level and had emerged as potential treatment methods [8]. Recently, microbial potential
have been utilized extensively in wastewater treatment mainly in the removal of metal contaminated effluent
[10] and few biomaterials had been recognized as highly potential in chemical waste treatment including
coconut coir [11]. P.ostreatus is one of the potential biomass for heavy metal removal from synthetics solutions
as well as wastewater effluent from electroplating industry [12, 13]. However, P.ostreatus is not yet being
applied in the removal of heavy metal from liquid laboratory chemical waste. Therefore, the aims of this study
2. Utilization Of Pleurotus Ostreatus In The Removal Of Cr(VI)From Chemical Laboratory Waste
www.irjes.com 30 | Page
were to evaluate the potential of P.ostreatus in the removal of heavy metal from liquid laboratory chemical
waste treatment and to study the influences of pH, temperature and contact time on the heavy metals removal.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Sample and microorganism preparation
Sample of chemical waste was taken from undegraduate student activities in laboratory and was kept in
refrigerant at 4°C prior to characterize and treat (APHA, 2005). Microorganism P.ostreatus was purchased from
C&C Mushroom Cultivated Farm located in southern state of Johor, Malaysia and periodically grows.
P.ostreatus was cultivate in a Petri dish containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)(Merck) at pH 7 until
sporulation for 7 days. Then, the inoculums were prepared by transfering three mycelium agar plugs (8 mm
diameter) taken from the edge of white colony PDA into 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of malt
extract (ME) solution. ME was prepared by adding 20g of ME powder into 1000 mL of distilled water at pH 5.
Then, P.ostreatus was incubated at 28°C for 15 days and agitated in orbital shaker at 150 rpm. During the
course of growing, the activties were done under laminar flow cabinet to prevent external microbial influence.
The growth medium and glassware used in the cultivation were sterelized at 121°C and 124kPa for 2 hours in
autoclave. Disinfection of the counter space and laboratory surfaces was achieved by wipping with a solution of
70% ethanol to ensure quality of the cultures. Apparatus were exposed under UV light for 15 minutes before
every use. After incubation period, P.ostreatus’s mycelium was harvested and separated from culture broth by
filtration before washed several time with distilled water until it was free from culture broth. The used
P.ostreatus was sterilized for 30 minutes at 121°C and 124kPa as a post-treatment before sending to respective
authorities for disposal.
2.2 Growing study on P.ostreatus
In order to study the effect of pH and temperature on the growth of P.ostreatus, the pH of ME broth
was adjusted to pH 5, 7 and 9 using 1M HCl and 1M NaOH. The effect of temperature on P.ostreatus growth
was evaluated between 25, 35 and 45°C. In the growth study of P.ostreatus, the observation was done by three
phases which are first, fifth and tenth days. The growth study curve was measured by weight of mycelium
P.ostreatus versus growing day. The growing day was conducted until the growth phase decline.
2.3 Chemical waste characterization
The involvement of functional groups in heavy metal uptake was evaluated by fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured according to standard method
using Hach spectrophotometer DR/2800 in mg/L. Heavy metal concentration in chemical waste was determined
using Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (PerkinElmer Analyst 700, USA) with deuterium background
corrector. All measurements were carried out in an air/acetylene flame. A 10 cm long slot-burner head, a lamp
and an air-acetylene flame were used. Waste sample from Chemistry Laboratory at Faculty of Chemical
Engineering was characterized and compared with standard B guideline set up by Department of Environment
(DOE) Malaysia (Table 1). The liquid laboratory chemical sample was from the undergraduate student’s
laboratory experiment known as ‘Determination of Chromium’.
Table 1: Characteristics liquid laboratory chemical waste
Test Parameter Unit Sample 1 Standard B*
Temperature °C 28 40
pH 3.03 9
BOD5 at 20°C mg/L 20.22 50
COD mg/L 15, 000 100
Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI) mg/L 2.9 1.00
*Environmental Quality Act, 1974 Environmental Quality Regulations (Sewage and Industrial effluents), 1979
2.4 Batch biosorption study
Heavy metals uptake was performed in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL desired
concentration of liquid laboratory chemical waste at 25°C and 150 rpm in the incubator shaker. The effect of pH
was studies by varying pH 5, 7 and 9 by adding 1M HCl and 1M NaOH which was adjusted at the beginning of
experiment and not controlled afterwards. 0.2 g wet weight with average size 4-5 mm of living P.ostreatus
pallete was added into 100 mL synthetic metal ions solution and shaking at 150 rpm. About 5 mL of sample
were collected at definite time intervals (2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours) while others parameters (agitation speed:
150 rpm, temperature: 25°C, pH 5 ) were kept constants. Experiments were repeated with temperatures 25 and
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35°C and pH 5, 7 and 9. Each experiment was followed by centrifugation and filtration through Whatman filter
paper No.1. The residual filtrates were placed in incubator at 20°C before being analyze by using AAS (Model,
Varian AA 1275 series). For each of experiment blank, 100 mL of chemical waste without P.ostreatus was
shaken simultaneously to determine any adsorption of metal onto the wall of flasks and a control of water with
0.2 g mycelium P.ostreatus was shaken to determine any leaching of metals from mushrooms.
2.6 Analysis of biosorption efficiency
The amount Cr(VI) ions adsorbed by each gram of biosorbent (q) in mg/g and the efficiency of
biosorption (E) in % were calculated using following Equations 1 and 2
q = V (1)
E = (
(2)
Where is the initial concentration (mg/L); is the final concentration (mg/L); is wet weight of the
biosorbent in the aqueous solution (g) and V is volume of aqueous soultion (mL). Experiments were carried out
in triplicates and control experiments were also conducted.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Identification of carboxylic and amide group in P.ostreatus
During the studies, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out to
identify the involvement of functional groups on P.ostreatus cell wall during the removal of Cr(VI) from liquid
laboratory chemical waste. Usually, the cell wall of fungal compromise of carboxyl(COOH), phosphate(PO4),
amide(NH2), thiol(SH) and hydroxide(OH) which are important functional groups during heavy metal ions
binding [14]. Figs. 1 and 2 show the FTIR analysis which pointed out the broad adsorption band wavelength of
NH (3292.7 to 3337.7) cm-1
and COOH (1636.6 to 1630.6) cm-1
. Based on the FTIR result obtained, it can be
concluded that the NH and COOH groups were involved during Cr(VI) removal. According to Javaid et al.
(2011), the involvement of –NH group was contributed from chitin and chitosan as the major donor at the
P.ostreatus cell wall [12].
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
19.5
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
112.7
cm-1
%T
3855.5
3749.2
3733.4
3688.9
3292.7
2362.9
2335.9
2088.5
1636.6
1366.3
1217.0
638.1
612.5
595.0
564.4
542.2
Figure 1: FTIR analysis of Cr(VI) adsorption by P.ostreatus before liquid laboratory chemical waste treatment
4. Utilization Of Pleurotus Ostreatus In The Removal Of Cr(VI)From Chemical Laboratory Waste
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4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
30.7
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
108.5
cm-1
%T
3751.1
3337.7 1630.6
595.2
568.2
555.7
543.7
Figure 2: FTIR analysis of Cr(VI) adsorption by P.ostreatus after liquid laboratory chemical waste treatment.
3.2 Growth study of P.ostreatus
The pH and temperature plays major roles in the growth of living P.ostreatus. A visual examination of
the growth culture of P.ostreatus on the PDA was shown in Figs. 3. On the first day, P.ostreatus was cultivated
on PDA at 28°C Fig. 3(a) and after fifth days, white hype P.ostreatus was quarterly covered on the PDA Petri
dish and is ready to be transferred into 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask for inoculation as shown in the
Fig. 3(c).
Figures 3: The cultivation of P.ostreatus on PDA agar slant. (a) day-1, (b) day-5, (c) day-10
After 10 days, three mycelium agar plugs from PDA containing P.ostreatus culture were transferred into
Erlenmeyer flask containing ME medium and was growth for 13 days in the incubator shaker at 150rpm and
25°C (Fig. 4 (a)). P.ostreatus was grown in the form of spherical pellets of dull white color (Fig. 4(b)).
(a) (b) (c)
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Figure 4: The inoculation of P.ostreatus (a) ME broth on rotator shaker (b) P.ostreatus in ME
The growth study of P.ostreatus was measured by weight of mycelium growth and it is shown from Fig. 5 that
P.ostreatus exhibits a typical S-shaped curve. The growth curve of P.ostreatus is similar to Wu et al. (2003) on
Pleurotus tuber-regium [15]. Typically, the growing of fungi is rapidly in the beginning and followed with an
exponential growth phase and plateau or known as stationary phase. However, after that the growing was
declined. The P.ostreatus mycelium experienced lagged phase growth for period four days where the rate of
growth or cell division was slower. However, the growth increased rapidly until seven days during exponential
growth phase until fixed nutrient was enough for growth. During that time, no noticeable change in P.osteatus
mycelium concentration in the flask or the growing was stationary. Finally, the growth was declined due to the
limited nutrient when the oxygen becomes depleted or metabolic by-products accumulate to toxic level which
inhibited the P.ostreatus growing.
Figure 5: The growth phase study on P.ostreatus
Cell age of biosorbent will influence on metal biosorption when involving living microorganism [16].
It was believed that the cell at lag phase or early stage growth phase has a higher biosorptive capacity for metal
ion compare to the stationary phase [17]. The inoculation of P.ostreatus at different temperature and pH were
found to produce different palletize size of P.ostreatus. The growing of P.ostreatus as effect of pH between 5, 7
and 9 were shown in Fig. 6 at constant temperature but different pH. The inoculated P.ostreatus resulted in
(a) (b)
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different mean size diameter of 3.8 mm, 4.2 mm and 5.2 mm for pH 5, 7 and 9, respectively. It can be observed
that the P.ostreatus growth size was smaller at lower pH compared to higher pH. The largest palletize
P.ostreatus size was found at pH 9 which indicated that the P.ostreatus highly growth in basic condition. Figs.
6(a, b, c) show the diameter size of inoculated fungi at different pH and constant temperature of 25°C.
Figure 6: Diameter size of P.ostreatus inoculated at constant temperature 25⁰C and different pH a) pH5 b)
pH7 c) pH9
The study on the effect of pH 5, 7 and 9 at constant temperature of 35⁰C on the inoculation of P.ostreatus was
shown in Fig. 7. The inoculation of P.ostreatus produced different mean size diameter of 3.4, 3.6 and 4.0 mm
for pH 5, 7 and 9. The effect of pH towards the inoculation at 35⁰C shows the same behavioral pattern with the
inoculation at 25⁰C where the largest growth was found at pH 9.
Figure 7: Diameter size of P.ostreatus inoculated at constant temperature 35⁰C and different pH a) pH 5 b) pH 7
c) pH 9
To study the effect of temperature on the inoculation of P.ostreatus, the growth temperature was set up at higher
temperature than 35⁰C which is at 45⁰C. It can be seen in Figure 8 that there is no existence of P.ostreatus
growth was found at 45⁰C and at varying pH 5, 7 and 9, respectively.
3.8mm
4.2mm 5.2mm
a b c
3.4mm
m
3.6mm
4.0mm
(a) (b) (c)
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Figure 8: Inoculation of P.ostreatus at constant temperature 45⁰C and different pH a) pH 5 b) pH 7 c) pH 9
Therefore, batch biosorption studies were not conducted at a temperature higher than 45⁰C. This can be
concluded that the suitable inoculation condition for P.ostreatus was at 25⁰C and pH 9. The best growth
temperature for P.ostreatus was similar with Nwokoye et al. (2006) who observed the best growing temperature
for P.ostreatus was found at 28⁰C and pH 9 [18].
3.3 Effect of pH in the treatment of liquid laboratory chemical waste
It was found that as the pH increased from 5 to 9 as the biosorption capacity decreased. The highest
removal was observed when initial pH of liquid laboratory chemical waste was at 5 with 13.36% removal
compared to pH 7 (9.46%) and pH 9 (8.90%) at an early 2 hours contact time (Fig. 9). The maximum removal of
Cr(VI) was observed at pH 5 which approached 17.02% comparing to pH 7 (15.10%) and pH 9 (12.59%). The
fact of pH 5 is the best biosorption of metal ions approved by the study of Huang et al. (1988) who found that
metal ions removal was increased with pH greater than 4. At pH 5, the removal of Cr(VI) is faster because the
proton competition between Cr(VI) and H3O+
are lower thus increase the potential of Cr(VI) bind to P.ostreatus
active sites. At this time the affinity of the P.ostreatus surface for Cr(VI) also increase. It was proved from the
studied of Romera et al. (2007)[19]. It was observed at pH 9, the percentage removal of Cr(VI) is the lowest
which maximum uptake at 48 and 72 hours contact time was only 12.59% from 8.90% (Fig. 9). Less biosorption
of Cr(VI) was observed at higher pH of 7 and 9 because of the high competition between metal ions and
hydrogen ions for biosorption available sites [20]. During this pH, the lower removal was caused by the metal
hydrolysis process where formation of hydroxylated complexes of Cr(VI) [21, 22]. During this time, the
competition between H3O+
is lower thus adsorption increase as ionic competition for active sites increased [20].
Nemr et al. (2011) stated that at pH higher than 3 the biosorbent posses more functional group carrying a net
negative charge, which tends to repulse the anions from aqueous solution [9]. It can be seen that pH is one of the
important parameter need to be considered in the biosorption process of heavy metal in liquid laboratory
chemical waste. The selection of pH must be suitable, wherein it is not toxic to P.ostreatus. Based on the result
obtained, the optimum pH in biosorption process was found to be 5.
(a) (b) (c)
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Figure 9: Efficiency removal of Cr(VI) from liquid laboratory chemical waste at different pH 5,7 and 9 by
P.ostreatus at 25⁰C and 150 rpm
3.4 Effect of contact time between P.ostreatus and liquid laboratory chemical waste
It was observed that the rapid uptake of Cr(VI) from liquid laboratory chemical waste at temperature
25⁰C and pH 5 during the first 2 hours with 190 mg/g biosorption capacity (13.36% removal efficiency) (Fig.
10). Almost similar percentage removal reduction (13.36 % and 13.46%) was observed from 2 hours to 4 hours
because of slower diffusion of metal ions into the interior of the P.ostreatus cell wall [23]. However, the
increasing biosorption capacity and efficiency was observed at contact time 6 hours to 48 hours. It was because
the available sites of biosorption increase as Cr(VI) had adsorb into intracellular of P.ostreatus [24].
Insignificant uptake of Cr(VI) concentration was observed at 48 hours and remained nearly constant until 72
hours where it suggested that the equilibrium condition was achieved. After this period, the amount of Cr(VI)
adsorbed did not significantly change with time.
Figure 10: Biosorption capacity (mg/g) Cr(VI) concentration removal by P.ostreatus at temperatue at 25⁰C and
agitation speed at 150 rpm
3.5 Effect of temperature on biosorption by P.ostreatus
It was observed that the biosorption of metal ions decreased with increasing temperature from 25 to 35
°C (Figs. 11, 12, 13). The similar trend on biosorption decreased with increasing temperature which also
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observed by Huiping et al. (2007). It was because of exothermic nature of biosorption process [17]. The pH 5
was observed the highest biosorption capacity at temperature 25°C (189.95 mg/g) as compared to 35°C (104.26
mg/g) at early 2 hours contact (Fig. 11). It was found that during 2 hours contact time, at pH 7 the biosorption
difference was 33.6 mg/g (Fig. 12) and pH 9 was 124.09 mg/g (Fig. 13). The highly difference biosorption
capacity was observed at pH 9 where at 25°C the Cr(VI) biosorption capacity at 129.08 mg/g and only 4.98
mg/g observed at 35°C at early 2 hours (Fig. 13). The decrease in biosorption capacity is due to damage of
active binding sites at higher temperature [25]. The pH 9 and temperature 35⁰C showed lowest biosorption
capacity of Cr(VI) (Fig. 13). High pH showed lowest biosorption but too high temperature decreased metal
sorption due to distortion of some sites of the cell surface for Cr(VI) biosorption [26]. Based on the result,
biosorption of Cr(VI) is exothermic process. As a whole, Cr(VI) were effectively adsorbed by P.ostreatus in the
temperature range of 25 to 35°C and maximum absorption was observed at 25°C at all pH (Figs. 11,12,13).
Figure 11: Graph bar of final concentration of Cr(VI) versus contact time at temperature 25 and 35°C; agitation
speed 150 rpm; pH 5
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Figure 12: Graph bar of final concentration of Cr(VI) versus contact time at temperature 25 and 35°C; agitation
speed 150 rpm; pH 7
Figure 13: Graph bar of final concentration of Cr(VI) versus contact time at temperature 25 and 35°C; agitation
speed 150 rpm; pH 9
IV. CONCLUSION
On the basis of data presented above, P.ostreatus employed in this study is a potential fungus to be
applied for removal of toxic heavy metals from liquid laboratory chemical waste. It was observed that there are
involvement of two important functional groups, COOH and NH on P.ostreatus in Cr(VI) adsorption. As pH
increased from 5 to 9, the biosorption efficiency decreased. The highest biosorption efficiency was observed at
pH 5 with 17.02% and the lowest was at pH 9 with 12.60% and only 15.11% for pH 7. The best pH condition
for the treatment was at 5 and temperature 25°C. These treatment condition were significantly proven towards
treatment of liquid laboratory chemical waste particularly Cr(VI). Therefore, the research is significant in
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helping to reduce heavy metals content in liquid laboratory chemical waste. However, research is also need to be
exploring the possibilities P.ostreatus of recovery and regeneration of precious metal ions. If it can happen, it
can protect the environment and hence, contribute to the valuable treatment. Lastly, the research work should be
extended to longer biosorption day for liquid laboratory chemical waste to remove heavy metals at the lowest
concentration.
V. Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Research Management Institute (RMI), UiTM Shah Alam for the financial
support to carry out this project through Research Intensive Faculty Excellent Fund and Faculty of Chemical
Engineering for research collaboration.
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