Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
Improved Firefly Algorithm for Unconstrained Optimization ProblemsEditor IJCATR
in this paper, an improved firefly algorithm with chaos (IFCH) is presented for solving unconstrained optimization
problems. Several numerical simulation results show that the algorithm offers an efficient way to solve unconstrained optimization
problems, and has a high convergence rate, high accuracy and robustness.
Improved Firefly Algorithm for Unconstrained Optimization ProblemsEditor IJCATR
in this paper, an improved firefly algorithm with chaos (IFCH) is presented for solving unconstrained optimization
problems. Several numerical simulation results show that the algorithm offers an efficient way to solve unconstrained optimization
problems, and has a high convergence rate, high accuracy and robustness.
Combining Neural Network and Firefly Algorithm to Predict Stock Price in Tehr...Editor IJCATR
In the present research, prediction of stock price index in Tehran stock exchange by using neural
networks and firefly algorithm in chaotic behavior of price index stock exchange are studied. Two data sets
are selected for neural network input. Various breaks of index and macro economic factors are considered
as independent variables. Also, firefly algorithm is used to [redict price index in next week. The results of
research show that combining neural networks and firefly optimization algorithm has better performance
than neural network to predict the price index. In addition, acceptable value of error-sequre means for
network error in test data show that there are chaotic mevements in behaviour of price index.
Modified Discrete Firefly Algorithm Combining Genetic Algorithm for Traveling...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Firefly Algorithm (FA) has a few disadvantages in solving the constrained global optimization
problem, including that it is difficult to produce initial population, the size of relative attractiveness has
nothing to do with the absolute brightness of fireflies, the inertia weight does not take full advantage of the
information of objective function, and it cannot better control and constrain the mobile distance of firefly. In
this paper, we propose a novel method based on discrete firefly algorithm combining genetic algorithm for
traveling salesman problem. We redefine the distance of firefly algorithm by introducing swap operator and
swap sequence to avoid algorithm easily falling into local solution and accelerate convergence speed. In
addition, we adopt dynamic mechanism based on neighborhood search algorithm. Finally, the comparison
experiment results show that the novel algorithm can search perfect solution within a short time, and
greatly improve the effectiveness of solving the traveling salesman problem, it also significantly improves
computing speed and reduces iteration number.
A brief introduction on the principles of particle swarm optimizaton by Rajorshi Mukherjee. This presentation has been compiled from various sources (not my own work) and proper references have been made in the bibliography section for further reading. This presentation was made as a presentation for submission for our college subject Soft Computing.
Particle swarm optimization is a heuristic global optimization method and also an optimization algorithm, which is based on swarm intelligence. It comes from the research on the bird and fish flock movement behavior. The algorithm is widely used and rapidly developed for its easy implementation and few particles required to be tuned. The main idea of the principle of PSO is presented; the advantages and the shortcomings are summarized. At last this paper presents some kinds of improved versions of PSO and research situation, and the future research issues are also given.
The Chaos and Stability of Firefly Algorithm Adjacent IndividualTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, in order to overcome the defect of the firefly algorithm, for example, the slow
convergence rate, low accuracy and easily falling into the local optima in the global optimization search,
we propose a dynamic population firefly algorithm based on chaos. The stability between the fireflies is
proved, and the similar chaotic phenomenon in firefly algorithm can be simulated.
Combining Neural Network and Firefly Algorithm to Predict Stock Price in Tehr...Editor IJCATR
In the present research, prediction of stock price index in Tehran stock exchange by using neural
networks and firefly algorithm in chaotic behavior of price index stock exchange are studied. Two data sets
are selected for neural network input. Various breaks of index and macro economic factors are considered
as independent variables. Also, firefly algorithm is used to [redict price index in next week. The results of
research show that combining neural networks and firefly optimization algorithm has better performance
than neural network to predict the price index. In addition, acceptable value of error-sequre means for
network error in test data show that there are chaotic mevements in behaviour of price index.
Modified Discrete Firefly Algorithm Combining Genetic Algorithm for Traveling...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Firefly Algorithm (FA) has a few disadvantages in solving the constrained global optimization
problem, including that it is difficult to produce initial population, the size of relative attractiveness has
nothing to do with the absolute brightness of fireflies, the inertia weight does not take full advantage of the
information of objective function, and it cannot better control and constrain the mobile distance of firefly. In
this paper, we propose a novel method based on discrete firefly algorithm combining genetic algorithm for
traveling salesman problem. We redefine the distance of firefly algorithm by introducing swap operator and
swap sequence to avoid algorithm easily falling into local solution and accelerate convergence speed. In
addition, we adopt dynamic mechanism based on neighborhood search algorithm. Finally, the comparison
experiment results show that the novel algorithm can search perfect solution within a short time, and
greatly improve the effectiveness of solving the traveling salesman problem, it also significantly improves
computing speed and reduces iteration number.
A brief introduction on the principles of particle swarm optimizaton by Rajorshi Mukherjee. This presentation has been compiled from various sources (not my own work) and proper references have been made in the bibliography section for further reading. This presentation was made as a presentation for submission for our college subject Soft Computing.
Particle swarm optimization is a heuristic global optimization method and also an optimization algorithm, which is based on swarm intelligence. It comes from the research on the bird and fish flock movement behavior. The algorithm is widely used and rapidly developed for its easy implementation and few particles required to be tuned. The main idea of the principle of PSO is presented; the advantages and the shortcomings are summarized. At last this paper presents some kinds of improved versions of PSO and research situation, and the future research issues are also given.
The Chaos and Stability of Firefly Algorithm Adjacent IndividualTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, in order to overcome the defect of the firefly algorithm, for example, the slow
convergence rate, low accuracy and easily falling into the local optima in the global optimization search,
we propose a dynamic population firefly algorithm based on chaos. The stability between the fireflies is
proved, and the similar chaotic phenomenon in firefly algorithm can be simulated.
Research on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm and the Application in Optimal Reactive...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Firefly algorithm (FA) is a newly proposed swarm intelligence optimization algorithm. Like many other general swarm intelligence optimization algorithms, the original version of FA is easy to trap into local optima. In order to overcome this drawback, the chaotic firefly algorithm (CFA) is proposed. The methods of chaos initialization, chaos population regeneration and linear decreasing inertia weight have been introduced into the original version of FA so as to increase its global search mobility for robust global optimization. The CFA is calculated in Matlab and is examined on six benchmark functions. In order to evaluate the engineering application of the algorithm, the reactive power optimization problem in IEEE 30 bus system is solved by CFA. The outcomes show that the CFA has better performance compared to the original version of FA and PSO.
A Study of Firefly Algorithm and its Application in Non-Linear Dynamic Systemsijtsrd
Firefly Algorithm (FA) is a newly proposed computation technique with inherent parallelism, capable for local as well as global search, meta-heuristic and robust in computing process. In this paper, Firefly Algorithm for Dynamic System (FADS) is a proposed system to find instantaneous behavior of the dynamic system within a single framework based on the idealized behavior of the flashing characteristics of fireflies. Dynamic system where flows of mass and / or energy is cause of dynamicity is generally represented as a set of differential equations and Fourth Order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method is one of used tool for numerical measurement of instantaneous behaviours of dynamic system. In FADS, experimental results are demonstrating the existence of more accurate and effective RK4 technique for the study of dynamic system. Gautam Mahapatra | Srijita Mahapatra | Soumya Banerjee"A Study of Firefly Algorithm and its Application in Non-Linear Dynamic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8393.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/8393/a-study-of-firefly-algorithm-and-its-application-in-non-linear-dynamic-systems/gautam-mahapatra
Firefly Algorithm based Optimal Reactive Power Flowijceronline
The optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) helps to effectively utilize the existing reactive power sources for minimizing the network loss. Firefly Algorithm (FA), inspired by social flashing behavior of fireflies, is one of the evolutionary computing models for solving multimodal optimization problems. This paper attempts to obtain global best solution of ORPF using FA. The results of IEEE 57 bus system are presented to demonstrate its performance.
A Comparison of Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolutionijsc
Two modern optimization methods including Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution are compared on twelve constrained nonlinear test functions. Generally, the results show that Differential Evolution is better than Particle Swarm Optimization in terms of high-quality solutions, running time and robustness.
A COMPARISON OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTIONijsc
Two modern optimization methods including Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution are
compared on twelve constrained nonlinear test functions. Generally, the results show that Differential
Evolution is better than Particle Swarm Optimization in terms of high-quality solutions, running time and
robustness.
Enriched Firefly Algorithm for Solving Reactive Power Problemijeei-iaes
In this paper, Enriched Firefly Algorithm (EFA) is planned to solve optimal reactive power dispatch problem. This algorithm is a kind of swarm intelligence algorithm based on the response of a firefly to the light of other fireflies. In this paper, we plan an augmentation on the original firefly algorithm. The proposed algorithm extends the single population FA to the interacting multi-swarms by cooperative Models. The proposed EFA has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
A New Transistor Sizing Approach for Digital Integrated Circuits Using Firefl...VLSICS Design
Due to the fact that, the power consumption and speed of a VLSI circuit are dependent on the transistor
sizes, efficient transistor sizing is a new challenge for VLSI circuit designers. However, evolutionary
computation can be successfully used for complex VLSI transistor sizing which reduces the time to market
and enables the designer to find the optimized solutions for a non-linear and complex circuit design
process. In this paper, a new digital integrated circuit design approach is proposed based on the firefly
artificial intelligence optimization algorithm. In order to justify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm
in the design of VLSI circuits, an inverter (NOT gate) is designed and optimized by the proposed algorithm.
As the simulation results show, the inverter circuit has a very good performance for power and delay
parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
AN IMPROVED MULTIMODAL PSO METHOD BASED ON ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION USING NN...ijaia
In this paper, an improved multimodal optimization (MMO) algorithm,calledLSEPSO,has been proposed. LSEPSO combinedElectrostatic Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) algorithm and a local search method and then madesome modification onthem. It has been shown to improve global and local optima finding ability of the algorithm. This algorithm useda modified local search to improve particle's personal best, which usedn-nearest-neighbour instead of nearest-neighbour. Then, by creating n new points among each particle and n nearest particles, it triedto find a point which could be the alternative of particle's personal best. This methodprevented particle's attenuation and following a specific particle by its neighbours. The performed tests on a number of benchmark functions clearly demonstratedthat the improved algorithm is able to solve MMO problems and outperform other tested algorithms in this article.
An improved ant colony algorithm based onIJCI JOURNAL
This paper presents an improved chaotic ant colony system algorithm (ICACS) for solving combinatorial
optimization problems. The existing algorithms still have some imperfections, we use a combination of two
different operators to improve the performance of algorithm in this work. First, 3-opt local search is used
as a framework for the implementation of the ACS to improve the solution quality; Furthermore, chaos is
proposed in the work to modify the method of pheromone update to avoid the algorithm from dropping into
local optimum, thereby finding the favorable solutions. From the experimental results, we can conclude
that ICACS has much higher quality solutions than the original ACS, and can jump over the region of the
local optimum, and escape from the trap of a local optimum successfully and achieve the best solutions.
Therefore, it’s better and more effective algorithm for TSP.
Optimal Layout of Leather Rectangular Parts based on Firefly Simulated Anneal...IJRES Journal
In the mass customization of Leather products (such as sofa) , the intelligent layout is the key to improve material utilization.For optimal layout of leather rectangular parts problem,firefly simulated annealing algorithm is proposed .Applied to continuous space optimization of Firefly algorithm extended to rectangular pieces combinatorial optimization.For features of Optimal layout of leather rectangular parts , redefined Firefly algorithm of kinds relevant characteristics discrete it.Radius search field of Firefly algorithm was improved to eliminate the limitations ,which brought its value remains unchanged.Improving location update operation of Firefly algorithm was to accelerate the convergence rate.Meanwhile, in order to enhance local search ability and accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm ,adding the simulated annealing algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm make appropriate improvements.Finally, the best nesting way and discharge order of rectangular leather samples was obtained by the algorithm, using the remaining rectangle algorithm for automatic nesting.Examples show that the algorithm of leather fabrics nesting is effective and a substantial increase in the utilization of leather fabric.
Recent research in finding the optimal path by ant colony optimizationjournalBEEI
The computation of the optimal path is one of the critical problems in graph theory. It has been utilized in various practical ranges of real world applications including image processing, file carving and classification problem. Numerous techniques have been proposed in finding optimal path solutions including using ant colony optimization (ACO). This is a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm, which is inspired by the foraging behavior of ants in nature. Thus, this paper study the improvement made by many researchers on ACO in finding optimal path solution. Finally, this paper also identifies the recent trends and explores potential future research directions in file carving.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated Condition
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 4, Issue 7 (July 2015), PP.31-37
www.irjes.com 31 | Page
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters
Under Non-Lubricated Condition
S.K. Rajesh kanna1
P. Sethuramalinmga2
, Kanagaraja3
, Jei Sakthi Sree4
1 2 3 4
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, India)
Abstract:- Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
Keywords: - Constraints, Firefly Algorithm, Optimization, Spur gear
I. INTRODUCTION
Optimization is the process of identifying the better solution from the predefined solution space by
considering the constraints. i.e. all the suitable parameter values influencing the problem are possible solutions,
which used to form the solution space and the best value in the solution space is the optimum solution [1]. Often
optimization problems are solved through deterministic algorithms and stochastic algorithms. As the name
implies, the former algorithm follows a rigorous procedure to identify the optimal solution, but it might not be
best suitable for all kinds of optimization problems. Later algorithm is further sub-divided into heuristic and
meta-heuristic algorithms. Heuristic algorithms are the more efficient and effective algorithm for solving a
particular category of the optimization problems and cannot be the best suitable for all category of the problems.
On the other hand, nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms can be used to solve global optimization problems.
Because, these algorithms use random values to identify the best suitable path and to avoid the stagnation at
local optimal points, similar to the nature. In contradict, the random values can also deviated the convergence
path away from the solution. Thus there exists a tradeoff between randomization and local search [1, 2, 3]. So
the meta-heuristic optimization algorithms are having a deterministic component and random component for
randomly sampling the search space and for random walk along the path. One of the best meta-heuristic
algorithm commonly used by the researchers is the Genetic Algorithm (GA) [4, 5]. In recent years, many
modern meta-heuristic algorithms were developed based on swarm intelligence like PSO and AFSA [6, 7].
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging meta-heuristic algorithms developed by Xin-She Yang, which
shows its superiority over some traditional algorithms [8, 9]. Firefly algorithm is inspired by the natural
behavior of fireflies in identifying their mating pair. Fireflies are the flying insects capable of producing light
through its special photogenic organs in their body surface [10]. The intensity of the light generated from them
is attracted by the other fireflies. Also the firefly does not memorize any history of better situation and they
move regardless of it, thereby it searches in the global space instead of local search. So the similar concept was
simulated in firefly algorithm for solving optimization problems.
This paper aims to identify the optimal parameters for the spur gear pair by considering the design and
manufacturing constraints in an non-lubricated conditions. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section
II and Section III outlines the Firefly algorithm and Spur gear design respectively. Experimental procedure and
results are presented in section IV. Section V concludes the research.
II. FIREFLY ALGORITHM
Firefly algorithm was first introduced by Xin-She Yang [2] and it is mimicking the behavior of
identifying the mating pair by its flashing characteristics. Some of the assumptions to be considered for
simulating the firefly algorithms as=re as follows.
1. All fireflies are unisex.
So that, any firefly can be attracted towards other fireflies regardless of their sex.
2. Attractiveness is proportional to their light intensity.
The fireflies are attracted and move towards the brighter firefly. Also the brightness decreases with increase
in distance, so no one is permanently brighter.
3. The light intensity of a firefly is affected by the environmental condition.
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The brightness of a firefly can be influenced by the environmental conditions like clear sky, mist, foggy
surrounding, rain, etc.
As the light intensity decides the firefly movement, in this research, the objective function value used
to decide the light intensity. The combined objective function for optimizing the spur gear parameter is given in
the Equation 1.
COF = { [(F1 / max. F1) + (F2 / min. F2) + (F3 / max. F3) + (F4 / min. F4)] / 4} (1)
Whereas,
F1 is power transmitted by the gear given in the Equation 2.
F1 = P where, P (L) ≤
P ≤ P (U)
(2)
P is Power transmitting capacity and between lower and upper limit.
F2 is the weight of the gear and is given in the Equation 3.
F2 = {[
4
d1
2
×b × ρ] + [
4
d2
2
× b × ρ]} (3)
d1, d2 = Pitch circle diameter of pinion and gear in mm
b = Thickness of pinion and gear in mm
ρ = Density of the material in kg/mm3
F3 is the efficiency of the gear given in the Equation 4.
F3 = 100 – PL (4)
PL = Power loss which is calculated by the Equation 5.
PL =
Cos
50 f
×
)HH(
)HH(
ts
2
t
2
s
(5)
Hs = Specific sliding velocity at start of approach action
Ht = Specific sliding velocity at end of recess action
f = Coefficient of friction
= Pressure angle in degrees
Hs and Ht are calculated by the Equations 6 & 7.
Ht =
i
1)i(
×
2
2
0
cos
r
r
– sin (6)
Hs = (i + 1) ×
2
2
0
cos
R
R
– sin (7)
Where, R & Ro = Pitch and Outside circle radius of gear in mm.
R & ro = Pitch and Outside circle radius of pinion in mm
R0 = R + one addendum
One addendum for 20o
full depth involute system = one module = m.
ro = r + m = m
d
2
1
Ro = R +m = m
d
2
2
F4 is minimization of center distance and is given in Equation 8.
F4 =
2
)d(d 21
=
2
m
(Z1+Z2) (8)
Where, z1, z2 = Number of teeth in pinion and gear respectively.
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For solving an optimization problem, Firefly algorithm has to be applied iteratively. Initially the
solution space „S‟ should be created and „n‟ fireflies need to be allowed for searching the optimal path in „S‟.
For the first iteration, fireflies are dislocated randomly in S and for forthcoming iterations, firefly movements
can employed with some deterministic strategies. Attractiveness of a firefly by the other fireflies is determined
by its light intensity which in turn is proportional to the objective function. i.e. the light intensity „I‟ of a firefly
at a particular distance „x‟ can be chosen from the Equation 9.
I(x) α COF (9)
However, the attractiveness „β‟ is relative with respect to distance „rij‟. „rij‟ is the distance between ith
firefly to jth
firefly in the „S‟. As the distance „rij‟ increases, the brightness I(x) decrease and inturn the
attractiveness „β‟ decreases proportionally. Also the light is absorbed in the surrounding media and leads to
decrease in the light intensity. So the attractiveness depends on the coefficient of absorption [11]. The Equation
10 is used for calculating the light intensity I(r).
I(r) = I0 e-γr
(10)
where „I0‟ is the initial light intensity and „γ‟ is the light absorption coefficient. The firefly
attractiveness is calculated using the Equation 11.
β = β0 e-γr2
(11)
where β0 is the initial attractiveness of the fireflies which is set a unit value. γ = 0 if the fireflies are at
same point. In general, the range of attractiveness should be between 0 and 1. The distance between the ith
firefly and the jth
firefly are determined by the Equation 12.
rij = {Σ (Xik-Xjk)2
}ᴧ (1/2)
k = { 1, .. d} (12)
The fireflies are attracted towards the more brighter firefly and is determined using the Equation 13.
Xi = Xi + β0 e-γr2
(Xj-Xi) + αεi
(13)
The second term in the equation is depend on the attractiveness and the third term is the
random number generation based on the Gaussian distribution which decides the convergence rate. Thus the
firefly are allowed to move towards the brighter firefly and finally to terminate. In each and every iteration, the
light intensity should be updated using exploration and exploitation concept. The same procedure has to be
repeated for more number of iteration and the final best value will be the optimal value for the spur gear
optimization problem
III. SPUR GEAR DESIGN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Gears are defined as the friction wheels, which transmits rotational power among the shafts by
increasing or decreasing the speed and torque. To increase the friction and transmission effectiveness, teethes
are formed over the surface of the gear wheel. The straight teethed gears are normally called as spur gears.
Generally one gear receives power and transmitted to the other. The former is called driver and the later is called
driven. Spur gears are easy to manufacture and commonly used gears in all type of machine tools and
automobiles to transmit power between the parallel shafts. So the design of spur gear pair is taken in this
research for optimization of the parameters.
3.1 Constraints
Generally all the mechanical component design should be within the ultimate strength and the
allowable stress values called as design constraints. Also the gear parameter should align with the standard
design parameters for ease of manufacturing and are generally called as manufacturing constraints. major
constraints considered in this research are as follows.
(i) Bending Stress Constraint
While transmitting the power between the shafts, the top portion of the gear teeth will subject to
bending stress and the condition for the bending stress constraint is given in the Equation 14.
ζb ≤ [ζb]al (14)
Whereas, [ζb]al = Allowable bending stress in N/mm2
.
ζb is the actual bending stress in N/mm2
and is given in Equation 15.
ζb =
ybma
1i
× [Mt] (15)
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Where, i = gear ratio
a = Center distance between gear and pinion
y = Form factor
[Mt] = Design twisting moment in Nmm, and is given in Equation 16.
[Mt] = Mt × k × kd (16)
Mt = Normal twisting moment transmitted by the pinion in Nmm
K and kd are the Load Concentration factor and Dynamic load factor
(ii) Compressive Stress Constraint
Compressive stresses are created at the bottom surface of teethes of the mating gears. The compressive stress
constraint is given in the Equation 17.
ζc ≤ [ζc]al (17)
Where, [ζc]al = Allowable crushing stress in N/mm2
.
ζc = Actual crushing stress in N/mm2
and is given in Equation 18.
ζc = 0.74
a
i 1
]M[E
ib
1i
t (18)
Where, E = Young‟s Modulus of the gear material in N/mm2
(iii) Module Constraint
The condition for module is given in the Equation 19.
m ≥ mmin (19)
mmin is the minimum module and is given in the Equation 20.
mmin = 1.26
3
1mb
t
Zy
M
(20)
Ψm = ratio between the gear pair thickness and module.
The obtained module value should be standardized to the „R‟ series values.
3.2 Spur Gear Parameters Calculation
The design of spur gear is given in the following equations.
(i) Gear Ratio
The gear ratio is the ratio of speed of the pinion and the gear wheel. The formula for calculating gear
ratio is given in the Equation 21.
i =
1
2
Z
Z
(or)
1
2
d
d
=
2
1
N
N
(21)
(ii) Center Distance between pinion and gear
The size of the gear wheels decides the centre distance [12] and the formula for calculating the
centre distance is given in the Equation 22 and the condition to be satisfied is given in the Equation 23.
a =
2
21 dd
=
2
m
[Z1+ Z2] (22)
a ≥ a min (23)
The minimum center distance can be calculated from the Equation 24.
amin = (i + 1)
3
2
740
i
]M[E. t
c
(24)
Ψ = ratio between the gear pair thickness and center distance.
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3.3 Gear Surface Temperature
The condition considered for the spur gear design is in a non-lubricated condition and the surface
temperature of the gear wheels should be kept within the allowable limits while optimizing the design, because
the gear life and lubrication depend mainly on the amount of heat generated [13]. The maximum contact
temperature is obtained by Equation 25.
θB max = θM + θfl max (25)
Whereas, θM is tooth temperature,
θfl max is maximum flash temperature along the line-of-action, which is calculated by Blok‟s relation given in the
Equation 26.
θfl =31.62 K µm (Xr Wn /√(bH)) x {(|Vr1–Vr2|) / [(BM1√(Vr1)) - (BM2√(Vr2))]} (26)
Whereas, K = Hertzian distribution of frictional heat = 0.8;
µm = Mean coefficient of friction; Xr = Load sharing factor;
Wn = Normal unit load;
BM1 & BM2 = Thermal contact coefficients of the pinion and wheel;
Vr1 & Vr2 = Rolling tangential velocities in m/s of the pinion and wheel;
3.4 Gear Noise Calculation
Noise in the gearing system is due to vibration and transmission error, i.e. the irregularities of the gear
motion caused by change in tooth topology, shaft deflections and mesh stiffness variation along the line of
action [14]. Transmission error along the line of action is given in the Equation 27.
TE = Rb {δ2 – (i δ1)} (27)
Whereas, Rb is gear base radius;
δ1, δ2 are the angular rotation of pinion and gear;
3.5 Primary Gear Parameters
For experimentation purpose, the primary gear parameters are set with the limits and the limit can be
changed by the user depend upon the application. The primary gear parameters used to form the solution space
are given in the Table 1.
Table 1: Primary Spur Gear Parameters
Power : 20 to 40 Kw
Module : 1 to 24 mm
Tooth Thickness : 10 to 100 mm
Number of Teeth : 12 to 60
3.6 Secondary Gear Parameters
In order to reduce the computational time and search space, secondary parameters are fixed with the
standard values. The values are taken from the PSG design data book and are given in the Table 2.
Table 2: Secondary Spur gear parameters
Coefficient of friction : 0.05
Thermal conductivity : 48 W/ (m K)
Density : 8.836 × 10-6
kg/mm3
Specific heat : 544 J/ (kg K)
Material of gear and pinion : 40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 (Cr-Mo series)
Gear ratio (i) : 2
Young‟s modulus : 2.15x105
N/mm2
Pressure Angle (Φ) : 20°
Tool dedendum coefficient : 1.2
Backlash coefficient : 0.048
Minimum topland coefficient: 0.20
Minimum root clearance : 0.15
Allowable bending stress : 400N/mm2
Allowable compressive stress : 1100N/mm2
Thus the objective function values are calculated based on the above equations and the parameter
values.
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION
Performance of firefly algorithm is tested on a number of spur gear design problems. In proposed
firefly algorithm, sensitivity analysis had done to initialize the firefly parameters. The population size is set to
30 numbers of fireflies and all the fireflies can move randomly in the search space initially. Later 20 fireflies
have to follow the firefly procedure to select its path and the remaining 10 fireflies can move at random order in
the search space thus the stagnation and trapping of the fireflies at the variable local optimal peaks can be
avoided [15]. It also helps in exploring the entire search space. The search space is formed with the power, tooth
thickness, module and number of teeth. These parameters are normalized between 0 and 1 in the search space
with the interval of 0.01. The condition for a firefly to terminate its fly inside the search space is that a firefly
should move to all the parameters only once. β0, γ and α are set to1, 1 and 0.05 respectively with the iteration
size of 500. In every iteration, the best firefly should be saved in the local best database for updating the firefly‟s
intensity for next iterations. Once all the iteration has been completed, the average of the local best database will
be updated to generate final best solution space and again fireflies are allowed to search the best solution. By
this methodology, away fireflies can shrinks to global best and locate the best optimal solution in a better place.
The Figure 1 shows the convergence rate of the best iteration obtained during computational simulation. Form
the figure, it is clear that the convergence rate of the firefly algorithm is faster and steady throughout the
iterations.
Figure 1: Convergence of the firefly algorithm
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, firefly algorithm has been used to identify the better optimal spur gear parameters by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints in a non-lubricated environment. Initial values of firefly
parameters are decided by conducting sensitivity analysis and thereby prevent the trapping into local optimum.
After some iteration, this parameter shrinks that causes focus on global optimum. Also by this approach, search
space explored a large and in final iteration converged with best solutions. Simulation results show a better
performance than standard design procedure. Thus the algorithm can be extended further to various applications.
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