An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resources And Physical Planning Process In Emerging Urban Centre of Paidha, North-Western Uganda.
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Political Settlement of Local Economic Development in Ghana’s Local Gover...AJSSMTJournal
Both the 1992 Republican Constitution and the Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936) have
conferred political, administrative, social, economic and developmental authorities and functions on the
Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. However, the assemblies have exercised all other authorities
to the neglect of their economic and developmental functions. In view of this, they still rely on central
government for development hence the concept local economic development emerged for assemblies to use
their local resources to champion the development of their localities. Deploying both primary and secondary
sources of data, this paper examined the extent of political settlement in the implementation of local
economic development (LED) in Ghana. The study found that the nature of the LED programme, the strategic
nature of the MMDAs, the activism of the actors, the benefits to be derived by the actors, the political party in
power and the need to test new development paradigms shaped the behaviour of actors in the LED
implementation process. The desire of each actor to project its interest above the others culminated into “turf
war” among them in the implementation process. The study recommends that the development of localities
should supersede the interest of actors, locality leadership should be proactive and aggressive in wooing
investors, and incentives should be provided for investors who invest in the hinterlands. Key lessons learnt
were: leadership was significant in LED, collaboration among actors is important for the success of LED.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Enhancing sustainability of cbet through the building of capabilities (sam ol...Rith Sam Ol
This paper examines community-based ecotourism (CBET) as an integrated conservation and community development approach in Cambodian protected areas, and determines how it contributes to sustainability. Rationalities for using CBET as a sustainability tool are well-discussed, while challenges to its implementation are well-elaborated. Review of CBET development experiences in Cambodia and other countries has provided better understanding of factors causing success or failure of CBET projects. Therefore, a “community capabilities” concept is constructed while its integral components for enhancing sustainability in CBET community are explicated. This paper presents empirical analysis of this concept in the best practice CBET site in Cambodia.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Political Settlement of Local Economic Development in Ghana’s Local Gover...AJSSMTJournal
Both the 1992 Republican Constitution and the Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936) have
conferred political, administrative, social, economic and developmental authorities and functions on the
Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. However, the assemblies have exercised all other authorities
to the neglect of their economic and developmental functions. In view of this, they still rely on central
government for development hence the concept local economic development emerged for assemblies to use
their local resources to champion the development of their localities. Deploying both primary and secondary
sources of data, this paper examined the extent of political settlement in the implementation of local
economic development (LED) in Ghana. The study found that the nature of the LED programme, the strategic
nature of the MMDAs, the activism of the actors, the benefits to be derived by the actors, the political party in
power and the need to test new development paradigms shaped the behaviour of actors in the LED
implementation process. The desire of each actor to project its interest above the others culminated into “turf
war” among them in the implementation process. The study recommends that the development of localities
should supersede the interest of actors, locality leadership should be proactive and aggressive in wooing
investors, and incentives should be provided for investors who invest in the hinterlands. Key lessons learnt
were: leadership was significant in LED, collaboration among actors is important for the success of LED.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Enhancing sustainability of cbet through the building of capabilities (sam ol...Rith Sam Ol
This paper examines community-based ecotourism (CBET) as an integrated conservation and community development approach in Cambodian protected areas, and determines how it contributes to sustainability. Rationalities for using CBET as a sustainability tool are well-discussed, while challenges to its implementation are well-elaborated. Review of CBET development experiences in Cambodia and other countries has provided better understanding of factors causing success or failure of CBET projects. Therefore, a “community capabilities” concept is constructed while its integral components for enhancing sustainability in CBET community are explicated. This paper presents empirical analysis of this concept in the best practice CBET site in Cambodia.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The process of developing a PRS varies greatly because it takes place in different countries, under different kinds of governments and circumstances. In general, though, the process can be thought of in terms of several phases, although certain elements, particularly participatory processes, may run throughout.
Urban design is that part of city planning which deals with the physical form of the city. This is the most creative phase of city planning and that in which imaginationand artistic capacities can play a more important part. It may also be in some respects the most difficult and controversial phase; and because of all these factors, it has been less explored than other aspects.
With the new approach to architecture, landscape architecture, road
engineering, and city planning, accepted formulas had to be thrown
overboard.
It is logical that the changes in all these fields have developed independently, each group trying to establish a new set of principles and a new language of forms. It now seems equally logical that the progress in the different professions be brought closer together, so that a synthesis can be achieved in terms of urban design.
I do believe that now, after many years of individual, isolated work, we are logically coming to an era of synthesis. Like the instruments in an orchestra, these elements of urban design all have their parts to play in the total performance. The result must be harmonious and cannot be reached by individual competition. I believe we are conscious that city planners, landscape architects, and architects can be only part of a larger team of specialists required to solve urban design problems; but I also believe that our three professions are already very close and that it may be easier first to come to an agreement among ourselves and then, later on, discuss the participation and relationship of the other specialists who should complete the team.
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
The Implementation of District and Rural Fiscal Balance through Village Alloc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Factors Influencing Implementation of CDF Projects in Secondary Schools in Mo...paperpublications3
Abstract: Constituency Development Fund (CDF) came into existence in Kenya after the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) came into power with the enactment of CDF Act in 2003, subsequently amended in 2007. The CDF forms one of the devolved funds channeled by central government to the constituencies. It aims at supporting development projects in the constituencies. Over ten years after its inception, various achievements have been made although there is continuous outcry from stakeholders on the ineffective management of the projects funded by CDF. This is blamed on the ineffective management framework of Constituency Development Fund Committees (CDFC). This study looked at the factors influencing project implementation process of CDF projects in the education sector in Mosop Constituency, Nandi County, Kenya, with a view to establishing more effective ways of implementing the projects. The study reviewed literature on some past studies and evaluated their contribution to the objectives of this study. Descriptive survey design was used in carrying out the study and entailed the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. This design was deemed appropriate for this study because it shows clearly the relationships that may exist between the variables. 20 schools were sampled for the study. The intended respondents were 20 Principals, 20 PTA Chairpersons and 20 BOM Chairpersons. The stratified random sampling technique was used in order to cover the different categories of players that were involved in the implementation process. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 CDF officers and 10 community members who had had previous experience in CDF management to provide information on CDF. The study gives recommendations on a number of issues that need to be attended to in order to bring about a more efficient and effective utilization of CDF assistance especially in the education sector. These recommendations especially address the roles played by Principals as well as Chairpersons of PTA and BOM respectively. The study also tried to show whether school Principals have competency in planning, supervising and monitoring of school projects. Similarly it tried to show whether PTA and BOM Chairpersons have the capacity to assist principals in project implementation.
Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nanger...ijtsrd
The rural poor are non beneficiaries of the enormous development efforts of the past three decades. This study is aimed at assessing community participation in rural development projects in Nangere LGA, Yobe State. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study adopted a multi stage sampling technique, of which 10 among 11 wards were purposively selected in which they are divided into 5 wards each in the first and second stage. The study made use of 383 samples which were proportionately distributed according to population size among the 10 wards selected. The study made use of descriptive statistical techniques which involved the use of mean, percentages, and frequency distribution for the summarization of the data. The findings revealed that electricity, health facilities, and road networks in Nangere ward are functional while that of wards like Watinani and Darin health center is barely functional, the study concluded that none of the geopolitical wards had a functional financial institution. Furthermore, the findings concluded that supply of manual labor and provision of security are the major forms of community participation, it’s also clear that Pakarau and Nangere wards 62 and 60 had the highest level of community participation while Dadiso and Watinani 23 recorded the least in all ramifications. It’s recommended therefore that beneficiaries of any rural development project should be mobilized and sensitized on the benefit of community participation in Nangere LGA and rural development projects generally and selflessness and service to humanity should be fostered by traditional authorities. Ibrahim Abubakar Audu | Hassan Audu Ahmed | Tijjani Bukar Lawan "Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45095.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45095/assessment-of-community-participation-in-rural-development-projects-in-nangere-local-government-area-of-yobe-state/ibrahim-abubakar-audu
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, N...John1Lorcan
The development of infrastructure has long been recognized as critical to economic growth and
development as it facilitates economies of scale, reduces costs of trade, and is thus central to specialization
and the efficient production and consumption of goods and services. This informed efforts at provision of
infrastructure at both national and sub national levels. However, there are evidences to show that
infrastructure provisioning is often characterized by numerous obstacles. It is against this backdrop that
this paper examined these constraints within the context of Gombe Metropolis in North Eastern Nigeria
using both primary and secondary sources. The result showed that weak political will, corruption,
financial, institutional, and topographical constraints constitute some of the major challenges faced in
developing a viable infrastructure in Gombe. Nevertheless, the paper went further to demonstrate that
depoliticization of infrastructure projects, Alternative sources of infrastructure financing, government
diversification policy, new infrastructure policy and reforms constitute the prospect for developing a robust
infrastructure for sustainable economic development in Gombe and by implication, North Eastern Nigeria.
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Effect of Communication Process and Mission on Project Implementation in Coun...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.
The process of developing a PRS varies greatly because it takes place in different countries, under different kinds of governments and circumstances. In general, though, the process can be thought of in terms of several phases, although certain elements, particularly participatory processes, may run throughout.
Urban design is that part of city planning which deals with the physical form of the city. This is the most creative phase of city planning and that in which imaginationand artistic capacities can play a more important part. It may also be in some respects the most difficult and controversial phase; and because of all these factors, it has been less explored than other aspects.
With the new approach to architecture, landscape architecture, road
engineering, and city planning, accepted formulas had to be thrown
overboard.
It is logical that the changes in all these fields have developed independently, each group trying to establish a new set of principles and a new language of forms. It now seems equally logical that the progress in the different professions be brought closer together, so that a synthesis can be achieved in terms of urban design.
I do believe that now, after many years of individual, isolated work, we are logically coming to an era of synthesis. Like the instruments in an orchestra, these elements of urban design all have their parts to play in the total performance. The result must be harmonious and cannot be reached by individual competition. I believe we are conscious that city planners, landscape architects, and architects can be only part of a larger team of specialists required to solve urban design problems; but I also believe that our three professions are already very close and that it may be easier first to come to an agreement among ourselves and then, later on, discuss the participation and relationship of the other specialists who should complete the team.
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
The Implementation of District and Rural Fiscal Balance through Village Alloc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Similar to An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resources And Physical Planning Process In Emerging Urban Centre of Paidha, North-Western Uganda.
Factors Influencing Implementation of CDF Projects in Secondary Schools in Mo...paperpublications3
Abstract: Constituency Development Fund (CDF) came into existence in Kenya after the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) came into power with the enactment of CDF Act in 2003, subsequently amended in 2007. The CDF forms one of the devolved funds channeled by central government to the constituencies. It aims at supporting development projects in the constituencies. Over ten years after its inception, various achievements have been made although there is continuous outcry from stakeholders on the ineffective management of the projects funded by CDF. This is blamed on the ineffective management framework of Constituency Development Fund Committees (CDFC). This study looked at the factors influencing project implementation process of CDF projects in the education sector in Mosop Constituency, Nandi County, Kenya, with a view to establishing more effective ways of implementing the projects. The study reviewed literature on some past studies and evaluated their contribution to the objectives of this study. Descriptive survey design was used in carrying out the study and entailed the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. This design was deemed appropriate for this study because it shows clearly the relationships that may exist between the variables. 20 schools were sampled for the study. The intended respondents were 20 Principals, 20 PTA Chairpersons and 20 BOM Chairpersons. The stratified random sampling technique was used in order to cover the different categories of players that were involved in the implementation process. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 CDF officers and 10 community members who had had previous experience in CDF management to provide information on CDF. The study gives recommendations on a number of issues that need to be attended to in order to bring about a more efficient and effective utilization of CDF assistance especially in the education sector. These recommendations especially address the roles played by Principals as well as Chairpersons of PTA and BOM respectively. The study also tried to show whether school Principals have competency in planning, supervising and monitoring of school projects. Similarly it tried to show whether PTA and BOM Chairpersons have the capacity to assist principals in project implementation.
Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nanger...ijtsrd
The rural poor are non beneficiaries of the enormous development efforts of the past three decades. This study is aimed at assessing community participation in rural development projects in Nangere LGA, Yobe State. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study adopted a multi stage sampling technique, of which 10 among 11 wards were purposively selected in which they are divided into 5 wards each in the first and second stage. The study made use of 383 samples which were proportionately distributed according to population size among the 10 wards selected. The study made use of descriptive statistical techniques which involved the use of mean, percentages, and frequency distribution for the summarization of the data. The findings revealed that electricity, health facilities, and road networks in Nangere ward are functional while that of wards like Watinani and Darin health center is barely functional, the study concluded that none of the geopolitical wards had a functional financial institution. Furthermore, the findings concluded that supply of manual labor and provision of security are the major forms of community participation, it’s also clear that Pakarau and Nangere wards 62 and 60 had the highest level of community participation while Dadiso and Watinani 23 recorded the least in all ramifications. It’s recommended therefore that beneficiaries of any rural development project should be mobilized and sensitized on the benefit of community participation in Nangere LGA and rural development projects generally and selflessness and service to humanity should be fostered by traditional authorities. Ibrahim Abubakar Audu | Hassan Audu Ahmed | Tijjani Bukar Lawan "Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45095.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45095/assessment-of-community-participation-in-rural-development-projects-in-nangere-local-government-area-of-yobe-state/ibrahim-abubakar-audu
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, N...John1Lorcan
The development of infrastructure has long been recognized as critical to economic growth and
development as it facilitates economies of scale, reduces costs of trade, and is thus central to specialization
and the efficient production and consumption of goods and services. This informed efforts at provision of
infrastructure at both national and sub national levels. However, there are evidences to show that
infrastructure provisioning is often characterized by numerous obstacles. It is against this backdrop that
this paper examined these constraints within the context of Gombe Metropolis in North Eastern Nigeria
using both primary and secondary sources. The result showed that weak political will, corruption,
financial, institutional, and topographical constraints constitute some of the major challenges faced in
developing a viable infrastructure in Gombe. Nevertheless, the paper went further to demonstrate that
depoliticization of infrastructure projects, Alternative sources of infrastructure financing, government
diversification policy, new infrastructure policy and reforms constitute the prospect for developing a robust
infrastructure for sustainable economic development in Gombe and by implication, North Eastern Nigeria.
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Effect of Communication Process and Mission on Project Implementation in Coun...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN INTERNATIONAL BORDER TOWN...IAEME Publication
The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance.
In Kenya, the newly promulgated constitution of 2010 (CoK, 2010), provides the basis of monitoring and evaluation as an important tool for operationalizing National and County Government projects to ensure projects success, integrity, transparency and accountability. The county governments are responsible for delivering basic services in collaboration with other agencies and partners to enhance quality of life: however, the county government projects has been marred by lack of integrity, transparency, accountability and litany of other monitoring and evaluation weakness which has undermined the impacts and success of projects including Regional Economic Blocs. Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) which comprised of fourteen counties bordering Lake Victoria Basin is not sparred either. The study was conducted in six LREB Counties namely, Migori, Homabay, Kisumu, Siaya, Kakamega and Vihiga chosen in a random manner. This study specifically assessed the effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation methods on the Performance of County Governments Projects. The study was guided by the theory of change. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design which entails both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to draw a sample from the study population. The qualitative method focused on group discussion and in-depth interviews. The quantitative techniques employed questionnaires to 398 purposively selected subjects from the county projects. Data collection was from two main sources; primary and secondary. Secondary sources included relevant county documents, constitution, legislations, policy documents and reports among others. The Study employed questionnaires, Focus group discussion and Interview guide as its primary data collection method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 was used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures. The study findings indicated thatM&E methods, indicated by the coefficient of effectiveness (R2) which is also evidenced by F change 109.403>p-values (0.05). This implies that this variableis significant (since the p values<0.05) and therefore should be considered as part of effectiveness of M&E systems on the performance of County Governments projects. The study concludes that there are no effective and adequate projects monitoring and evaluation methods in place for County Government Projects, which can facilitate the achievement of desired projects performance and outcomes. The study recommends that the County Government should develop a clear M&E methods for each project with clear data collection, analysis, reporting and implementation methods. This Study recommends further research to be conducted in the other Regional County Economic Blocs.
Similar to An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resources And Physical Planning Process In Emerging Urban Centre of Paidha, North-Western Uganda. (20)
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
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An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resources And Physical Planning Process In Emerging Urban Centre of Paidha, North-Western Uganda.
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 4, Issue 7 (July 2015), PP.05-12
www.irjes.com 5 | Page
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of
Financial Resources And Physical Planning Process In Emerging
Urban Centre of Paidha, North-Western Uganda.
1
Kayom Wilson, 2
SengendoHannington, 3
Mukiibi Stephen
Department of Architecture and Physical Planning, Makerere University. P.O Box 7062 Kampala,
Uganda (East Africa). Email Id(s)
Abstract:- The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
Keywords:- Physical Planning, Financial Resource, Planning Enforcement, Physical Development Plan.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Uganda, as reported by Nicchia (2011) and UN-Habitat (2010), the newly gazetted Town Councils,
Town Boards, and upcoming Rural Growth Centres constitute a predominant form of urbanization (Ministry of
Local Government, 2010). Most of these upcoming towns were rural villages fifty years ago, so their housing,
water, sanitation, and public health infrastructure are often poor or non-existent. According to the Nigerian
Institute of Town Planners (2011), such conditions mentioned, require physical planning (Agbola and Watson
2013). However, despite the importance of physical planning,there has been lack of its thorough execution in
Uganda (Lwasa, 2006). Thus, Olajuyigbe (2011); Conyers and Hills (1984) noted that, several decades ago
hardly anyone devoted himself to research on the critical physical planning issues that were affecting the
emerging urban centres (Nicchia, 2011; Nchito 2010).Today many scholars (Olujimi, 2009, Kayom, 2006;
Nyakwebara, 2006; Lwasa, 2006)are analyzing factors affecting physical planning generally. Yet, some scholars
(Omolo; 2011; Owusu, 2010; Koojo 2005) observed that the problem which has remained elusive both in
academic literature and policy discourse is an analysis of planning processin urban centres generally.
This research therefore, focuses on Paidha as an emerging urban centre that is characterised by
problems inherent in the planning process. As noted by Paidha Town Council (2008), some form of physical
planning existed in Paidha. Implementation of physical planning schemes had also been done in some parts of
the town. However, there is hardly any form of organized development taking place including in areas where
physical plans have been prepared. This raises the questions of whether this meansthere is a lack of physical
planning or poor physical planning. One conclusion often drawn by members of the general public is that all
Uganda‟s urban centres, including Paidha, have either never been planned or urban physical plans are never
implemented. According to Nyakwebara (2006) and Koojo (2005), this is disputable on the account that most
developments coming up in the urban centres have got their plans approved by the relevant authorities. What is
also confusing is that, although there exist robust legal and regulatory frameworks on physical planning, the
pattern of urban development associated with the emerging urban centres has remained poor (Omolo, 2011).An
attempt to respond to this dilemma resulted into this study - an analysis of the relationship between the
availability of financial resources and physical planning in Paidha.
2. An assessment of the relationship between the availability of financial resources and physical planning...
www.irjes.com 6 | Page
1. Objectives and Research Questions
The general objective of the study was to critically analyze the physical planning process that is affecting the
emerging urban centre of Paidha in Zombo district, West Nile sub region in Northern Uganda.Specifically, the
study examined, the extent to which the available financial resourcesaffect physical planning in Paidha town.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The extent to which financial resources affect physical planning.
In the revelation of major constituents of physical planning process, Obeng-Odoom and Yeboah,
(2010: 79), considered planning to be a process of preparing and implementing a set of decisions and actions at
local, district, regional, and national levels. This should effect a transformation in the living conditions of the
people of an area and their environment in ways that improve their existing socio-economic conditions and
circumstances, their physical surroundings, and existing institutions. Preparing plans as noted by Obeng-Odoom
and Yeboah, (2010: 79), is obviously the primary responsibility of professional planners (Agbola, 2007; Koojo,
2005). Much professional planning training hinges on providing nascent planners with skills to develop the
ideas contained within plans and plan documents. Generating plans is perhaps the central creative act of the
planning profession, the act that “gave planning its name. On the contrary, according to UN-Habitat (2009) the
output of a planning intervention should not just be a physical development plan but a set of inter-related
strategies for urban development including land, infrastructure, finance and institutional reforms (Conyers &
Hills 1984). Physical planning process should also integrate disaster mitigation and recovery strategies.
Conyers and Hills (1984) noted five main factors that affect preparation and enforcement of plans.
They include; nature of the planning process, organization of planning and implementation, content of plans and
management of the implementation process (Olajuyigbe and Rotowa 2011). According to Strategic Urban
Development Planning in Lake Victoria Region: Lessons of Experience report, conceptual weaknesses related to
planning methodology is the main reason hindering enforcement of physical plans in the countries of Uganda,
Kenya, and to some extent Tanzania. Master plans and structure plans as well as the more detailed local plans in
the countries mentioned are notoriously inflexible to unforeseen changes at the plan generation stage, and they
are not intended to seek the participation and ownership of key stakeholders including the private sector in the
implementation process (Koojo, 2005).
The highly conditional nature of inter-governmental grant transfers in Uganda is an issue of worry
(NPA, 2010). During the FY, 2011/12 the relative shares of conditional, unconditional and equalization grants in
the total transfers to local governments were 90%, 9.61%, and 0.29% respectively. Conditional grants transfers
tend tobe„’second-quess’’ local priority setting, and often introduce policy goals that are in appropriate and
reflect inadequate understanding of local issues. In this study, an attempt was made to find out whether physical
planning also benefit from any grant(s) from central government or any other source and if no, why not?
According to the Auditor General Report of 2010/2011 financial year, local governments spent
shillings 1.4billion on activities that were not beneficial to the councils and were considered wasteful. Another
shillings 1billion was lost as a result of misappropriation of revenue and unauthorized expenditure (Auditor
General‟s Office, 2012). But on what activities do Paidha town council consumes her reasonable portion of
funds? Is physical planning which is considered by government a key priority especially for urban authorities
given prominence in the budget? If not why? These are the critical issues addressed in this paper.
The glaring financial problems facing local governments in Uganda is also not helped by the line
Ministry of central government which is expected to monitor, supervise, set standards, policy and legal
framework for physical planning in the country. Thus, the financial and technical capacity woes of urban
authorities in Uganda is also strongly emphasised in the 2009 „‟Issues and Recommendations Report’’ from
stakeholders „consultations on the National Land Policy formulation. This report highlights that Urban
Authorities do not always have the funds to hire technical persons to plan or implement approved physical
plans. Uganda is not the only country facing serious financial problems as far as physical planning is concerned.
Nigeria too, suffers from the same. Thus, Olajuyigbe and Rotowa (2011) observed that the new Ministry of
Physical Planning and Urban Development in Ondo State, Nigeria was failing to administer development
control since it had only 3 vehicles to monitor urban development in the whole State.
IV. RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
This was a case study research. It focused on the emerging urban centre of Paidha in northern Uganda.
Paidha was selected as the field research area, based on its high rates of urbanisation relative to other towns of
similar size, its border location and economic growth prospects. Both quantitative and qualitative
3. An assessment of the relationship between the availability of financial resources and physical planning...
www.irjes.com 7 | Page
methodological approaches were considered appropriate for this research. A total of 190central government and
local government officials (respondents) constituted a sample of the study.These officials were drawn from
institutions that are mandated to play critical roles in physical planning in UgandaInterviews, observations,
focus group discussions and in-house surveys were the main methods that facilitated collection of dataon
financial resource situation and preparation of physical development plans including planning enforcement as
per the research objective. Comparison was used as a tool of analysis of data from observation and in-house
surveys and appraisals. Content analyses and thematic approaches were also used to analyze qualitative data
collected through focus group discussions.
V. RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
(a) Financial resources and preparation of physical development plans
Inadequate budgetary provision has continued to undermine physical planning in Paidha. This is illustrated in
table 1.0.
Table 1.0: The Proportion of Physical Planning Budget as a Percentage of Total Council
Budget in Uganda Shillings)-Paidha Town Council.
No. FY Council Total
Budget
Estimates
Actual
Council
Budget
Physical Planning
Budget Estimates
Actual Physical
Planning
Budget
Percentage
(%)
1 2002/03 725635105 633703602 4702000 4058650 0.64
2 2003/04 520785967 458641383 44365000 42930000 9.4
3 2004/05 468984840 401217484 35800000 32037228 8
4 2005/06 468984840 401217484 14380446 11380446 3.2
5 2006/07 711488610 517480203 5000000 1235000 0.2
6 2007/08 924719891 682829267 0 0 0
7 2008/09 1299006790 778340994 13135830 7669050 1
8 2009/10 1434469715 652011803 4305250 3707500 0.5
9 2010/11 1279264837 889335000 8192000 7500000 0.8
Source: Paidha Town Council Final Accounts for various Financial Years (2002/3 – 2010/11).
Table 1.0 shows, in a period of 9 years (Financial Years, 2002/3 - 2010/11), on average, physical
planning had been allocated a budget of approximately 1 percent of the total Council budget save for FYs,
2003/4 and 2004/05. An analysis of table 1.0 also reveals, physical planning, is one of the least prioritized
functions in Paidha Town Council. Even the highest budget of Uganda shillings, 4, 293, 0000 (9.4%) that was
allocated to physical planning in FY 2003/2004 was not sufficient to prepare a detailed scheme for one ward.
According to the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development officials, even the total 9 year budget
(110,517,874) – United States Dollars, 36,840) is not sufficient to carry out proper urban physical development
plan. This is true because analyses of the costs of preparation of various urban physical development plans
prepared for different towns in the country indicate, for Paidha Town Council to prepare both urban physical
development plan and local physical development plans covering entire town, it requires over 500,000,000
Uganda Shillings (USD 167,667). At the current trend, Paidha will require approximately 45 years to raise USD
167, 667. This implies, Paidha Town Council to achieve sustainably planned urbanization is not achievable
unless deliberate intervention is made.
Budget prioritisation in Paidha Town Council.An analysis of budgets for 9 financial years for Paidha
Town Council revealed, construction (roads, buildings and other physical structures), finance and administration
including political mobalisation as the main partakers of funds in its organisation. These sectors mentioned,
receive conditional and equalisation grants from central government. One of the conditions of these funds is 10
percent co-funding. This implies, the local revenue of Paidha Town Council has to prioritise projects that
receive conditional grants from central government. It was found, physical planning was not a beneficiary of
conditional grants from central government and that partly explain its small budget allocation. However despite
the fact that the departments mentioned are receiving big chunks of Council budgets, according to the
respondents and also observation made by the researcher, their performances were still far from satisfactory.
Respondents were right to question performance of these departments because the costs of provision of these
services are also higher than the funds being received.
Budget Ceilings for Paidha Town Council.As shown in table 1.0, the budget ceilings of Paidha Town
Council have been low compared to the costs of services it is expected to provide. It was found out that physical
planning budget ceiling was low due to limited sources of revenue. In Paidha, own source revenue consists of
4. An assessment of the relationship between the availability of financial resources and physical planning...
www.irjes.com 8 | Page
(a) property tax, (b) licenses,(c) land fees and (d) new taxes (local service and hotel taxes) higher growth in
terms of percentageshas been registered with new taxes followed by property tax and licenses. On the non-tax
revenue side, market dues and parking fees is the most important drivers with shares of 60% and
10%respectively of total non-tax revenue. All these revenue sources according to the respondents have not been
significantly increasing save for local service and hotel tax which are new. Respondents admitted that increase
in physical planning budget is dependent on increase in other revenues in Paidha Town Council.
Level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council.
The results of interactions with the officials of Paidha Town Council revealed limited levels of
knowledge regarding physical planning. To the officials, physical planning is only about drawing plans in the
office. This low level understanding of physical planning means, it cannot qualify for serious financial support.
This finding, partly explain why physical planning budget has remained low in Paidha Town CouncilThe
officials are right to exhibit limited knowledge on physical planning since the central government Ministry
responsible for physical planning is not offering much support to local governments also because of budgetary
constraintsas shown in table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Cash limits for the Department of Physical Planning in the Ministry of Lands,
Housing and Urban Development, (1995/96 – 2012/13).
Financial
Year.
Budget for Physical
Planning Department
in the Central
Government
Budget for Central
Government Ministry
responsible for
physical planning.
Percentage share
of physical
planning budget
in the Ministry
Number of
Departments in the
Ministry responsible
for physical planning.
1995/1996 104,334000 3,061,550000 0.03 5
1996/1997 196,90000 2,664,832000 0.7 5
1997/1998 153,125000 5,149,811000 3 5
1998/1999 266,041000 8,773,227000 3 7
1999/2000 379,730000 5,045,191000 0.07 7
2000/2001 144,311000 6,003,599000 2.4 7
2001/2002 146,786000 7,257,000000 2 8
2002/2003 197,347000 8,335,937000 2 8
2003/2004 154,123000 8,941,057000 1.7 8
2004/2005 220,702000 6,262343000 3.5 8
2005/2006 268,102000 10,976,304000 2.4 8
2006/2007 267,702000 6,834,909000 3.9 8
2007/2008 478,465000 6,294,962000 7.6 8
2008/2009 478,465000 14,831,198000 3.2 8
2009/2010 497,496000 Missing data 8
2010/2011 508,327000 19,365,289000 0.2 8
2011/2012 449,116000 19,174,226000 2.3 8
2012/2013 423,712000 14,453,839000 2.9 8
Source: MFPED (Estimates of Government revenue and expenditure for various financial years-
1995/1996 -2012/13.
The Department of Physical Planning is not the only one underfunded as illustrated in table 1.1. The whole
Directorate of Physical Planning and Urban Development is not adequately funded as illustrated in table 1.2.
Table 1.2: Cash Limits for the Directorate of Physical Planning and Urban Development (MLHUD).
2006/07
(In Billions of
UGX)
2007/08
(In Billions of
UGX)
2008/09
(In Billions of
UGX)
2009/10
(In Billions of
UGX)
Ministry Cash Limits 17.45 10.78 12.33 15.33
Directorate’s share (both wage
and non-wage)
0.33 0.51 0.56 0.56
Directorate %age Share (of
Ministerial cash limit)
1.9% 4.7% 4.5% 3.7%
Source: Analysis of Ministerial Budget Framework Papers (FY, 2006/2007 – 2009/10).
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The results of this study relate to findings of NPA (2010)were it was found out that Physical Planning
Department in Paidha Town Council did not benefit from conditional grant from central government. According
to the Town Clerk, physical planning does not feature among the critical priorities for the country. This explains
why whenever Paidha Town Council receives equalization grant, it would be allocated to other departments not
physical planning. This is equally supported by MLHUD (2009) which argues that, for physical planning to
perform its function well, it should receive conditional grants from central government. This is justified in a
report byMinistry of Local Government (2012/2013). The report adds, most local governments were prioritizing
activities which were receiving financial support from central government. Thus, MLHUD (2009) was right to
argue that physical planning too needs financial support from central government.
An analysis of Ministerial Policy Statements of Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development,
2006/7 – 2010/2011) revealed that due to inadequate funds, manyplanned interventions hadnot been
implemented since 2006.They include, dissemination of the Physical Planning Act 2010, computerisation of
physical planning, formulation of national spatial framework and regional spatial plans including formulation of
urban performance monitoring system. In the absence of the National Spatial Planning framework, and Regional
Physical Development Plans, it means physical development plans for Paidha are ineffective. From the
foregoing, the trend of budget allocation in Paidha is therefore largely a result of the precedence set by
government in allocation of national budget.
(b) Financial resources and enforcement of physical development plans in Paidha.
The integrity of the planning system depends on the readiness of Local Planning Authority, such as
Paidha to take an effective enforcement action. In Paidha however, the gross under funding had greatly
undermined enforcement function leading to poor implementation of physical development plans.
No dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance. The results
of the observationscarried out, revealed that,the gross under funding had made it an uphill task for Paidha Town
Council to monitor performance of her physical development plans. Monitoring require availability of transport
which unfortunately was a problem in Paidha.The finding, relates to that of Olajuyigbe and Rotowa (2011) who
observed that acute shortage of transport was responsible for planning enforcement failures in Nigeria, which is
a country with similar level of socio-economic development to that of Uganda.
Settlement patterns, density, layouts including building conditions in Paidha were not adequately
monitored due to limited budget. It was found out that, in most cases, after approval of a building plan,
construction work would commence without any follow up in termsof supervision to ascertain conformity with
planning standards. Completion certificates were not issued for the private developments before occupation.
Although receipts acknowledging payments for this service, were issued, actual completion certificates were not
given to any developer. This, according to opinion leaders, was the reason why developments even in areas that
were planned, continued to be uncoordinated. The result of rapid urban appraisal also revealed alterations of
plans on sites with their attendant consequences. This imply building plans are submittedto Paidha Town
Council for consideration and/or approval onlyto fulfil legal and administrative requirements. Other respondents
also admitted that construction activities within Paidha were not regularly supervised.
No budget allocated to key enforcement tools in Paidha.
It was found out that zero budget was allocated to Prosecution, Direct Action and Injunction as key
tools for delivering planning enforcement. Interviews with officials of Paidha Town Council revealed that, it
was difficult to reprimand a developer with approved building plan who had violated planning standards at the
finishes stages of his or her construction. It was found out that generally, taking culprits to court by Paidha
Town Council was almost non-existent due to zero budget allocated for that purpose. The few demolition orders
issued by the Council were equally not enforced.
Limited budget has affected approval of change of land use applications and physical development
plans. One measure of efficiency of the planning system is the time it takes for the planningauthorities to
approve physical development plans and building plans including issuingof building permits. This indicator is
especially important in Uganda‟s hard-to-predict economy when every month‟s delay can mean a hike in
already high building costs (NPA, 2010). It is therefore not surprising, contractors and developers were
attacking the planning system mainly because of bureaucratic delays. An interview with Paidha Town Council
officials in 2012 indicated that the physical development plan for Paidha that was prepared in 2008 had never
been approved by the then Town and Country Planning Board. Yet, it remained in force.
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Interviews with central government officials revealed, application for change of land use (amendment
to the physical development plan) takes six months or a year and nearly 30% gave over oneyear as a typical
approval time. This is because, consideration of applications for change of land use were a preserve of National
Physical Planning Board which unfortunately would take sometimes 3 months to meet. But even when this
Board meets there would be always many items on agenda. It was reported, urban authorities in most cases were
inpatient to wait for the decisions of this Board. Also in the study sample 63% of respondents (urban
community) answered that approval of a building plan in Paidha, takes almost a year. However, even after
approval of a building plan, one must wait for the building permit which was rarely issued. A formal letter of
building plan approval notificationby urban authority also takes long to reach developers. The researcher asked
respondents how long it takes them to receive a formal letter of notification of approved building. The majority
(90 percent) gave one to two months as the lower boundary of their estimated time ranges. This period,
according to the respondents, were far too long for most developers to continue waiting.
The results of the current study were found similar to that ofKoojo (2005) who found out that delay in
processing and/or approval of building plans contributed to poor implementation of 1994 Kampala Structure
Plan. According to Koojo (2005) beurocracy, corruption and unclear procedures were some of the factors
responsible for delays in processing and/or approvals of building plans. This finding is related to those of the
current study especially where it was revealed that approval of building plans could take almost one year.
Unlike Koojo‟s findings, however, the delays in approval of building plans in Paidha is caused by lack of funds
to facilitate the relevant committees of Paidha Town Council to do their work which include building plans
approvals and/orconsiderations.
Meagre budget for road infrastructure.Majority ofurban community and developers (90% and 86.5%)
of the participants respectively were in agreement as compared to ten (10%) and 13.5% who did not admit that
there was any serious impact. It was found out that poor road coverage had caused barrier to construction of
permanent houses, pattern of buildings, solid waste management, and circulation. During focus group
discussion, some members said it was becoming hard to put up high quality buildings in Paidha town. They said,
many people would end up dumping their materials far from their construction sites due to lack of access roads.
It was found out that because many development applications did not have proper site plans with access roads,
the urban authority of Paidha did not bother about issuing planning consent. Yet as Okpala (2009) observes,
issuing and/or refusal of planning permission is a core function of enforcement. It is therefore justifiable to
conclude that inadequate financial resources is a factor to reckon with in the planning of Paidha town.
No budget for physical planning key equipment such as computers and global positioning system.
It was found out that annually, only approximately 20% of already meagre budget for physical planning were
occasionally allocated to purchase of simple drawing equipment like pens, portable drawing tables, T-square,
French curves and drawing papers including drafting papers. Approximately 80% of the physical planning
budget was allocated to salary and wage including per-diem and safari-day allowances for the Physical Planner
while on official duty both within and outside Paidha.As observed,themanualmethod had affected quality of
physical plans in Paidha is low. This was confirmed in the focus group discussions where it was reported that
accuracy of plans was not reliable as reflected into overlaps on people‟s plot. And, this was a cause of disputes
among urbanites.
Paidha does not havemodern storage facilities for maps and plans including other documents.This had
resulted intodisappearance of official records. He revealed, lack of such data was affecting road planning in his
department. Indeed when the researcher asked him to avail vital statistics on roads, the Acting Town Engineer
could not easily trace his records. And, this was a confirmation that there were insufficient funds to support
physical planning in Paidha. This finding was a confirmation to the question that was posed in Chapter Three –
whether data and/or information was readily available in Paidha.
V. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
While the critical physical planning issues found out in Paidhacannotbe exported wholesale to other
countries, lessons can be learnt from them.In this paper, literature on other countries had been reviewed, so as to
analyze the theoriesand add to the body of empirical knowledge. Many countries, especially withinSub-Saharan
Africa, are confronted with similar problems relating to planning process (Inadequatefinancial resources). The
findings, conclusions and recommendations drawnfrom this study therefore have relevance beyond the study
area of Paidha and Uganda.
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Theoretical implication
The theoretical basis for physical planning therefore needs to be revisited in order to guide a deeper
understanding of the dynamics of physical planning process and how it can be made more effective.
Mclaughlin‟s planning process model (1969) that provided a theoretical framework for this study suggests a
cyclical planning process as part of physical planning. It is however noted from this study that such a process is
not likely for most emerging urban authorities with the obvious alternative of drawing a physical development
plan being the more probable outcome of physical planning. This finding is consistent with that of Okpala
(2009) but contradicts that of Howard (1965). Planning process therefore does not necessarily offer
opportunities for financial resources as suggested by Maclaughlin (1969).
Policy implication.
This study has used empirical findings to show that the current physical planning process is not contributing
in achieving the anticipated impact. Policy implications from the study findings point to the need for actions to
ensure adequate financial resources in planning process. Increasing financial resources can lead to positive
impact on urban development. This should be done through prioritisation of physical planning preparation of
physical development plans, road infrastructure, equipment, enforcement tools and monitoring of physical
development plan compliance.
VI. CONCLUSION
From the analysis and discussions presented,physical planning process as practiced in Paidha is ineffective.It
can be concluded that inadequate financial resources was one of the major hindrances to sustainable
development of Paidha. It was found for example, due to limited budget, the physical planner lacked basic
equipment like computers and storage facility for plans and maps including reports. There is a need to improve
the effectiveness of physical planning through adequate financial resources which are the main causes of failure
of implementation of physical development plans in Paidha. There ought to be reprioritisation of physical
planning and it should operate within its financial limits in order to avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere thanks to all physical planning colleagues for their unending support and whose useful
assistance here and there, proved to be a catalyst for this paper. I recognise contributions from Prof.
HanningtonSengendo and Dr. Stephen Mukiibi for their great support in supervising my PhD work. Their
insightful suggestions, motivation and the guidance have proved invaluable in the pursuit of this paper. I also
appreciate the support of Dr. Isaac Mutenyo, Program Coordinator for Uganda Support to Municipal
Infrastructure Development and Mr. Gabbindade – Musoke, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Lands,
Housing and Urban Development. I‟m further indebted to Dr. Violet Kayom, of Medical School, Makerere
University for her intriguing questions regarding techniques of writing manuscripts.
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