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Causes of Internal Hip Pain
Differential Diagnosis and How to Diagnose

              Itamar Botser
Cause - Effect

Underling
Problem                Asymptomatic




Damage                       Pain
Intra-articular Pathologies

                    •Cam Structural
Underling Problem

                    •Pincer                                                Damage




                                                Pain Generators
                    •Dysplasia
                    •Perthes                                      •Labral Tears
                    •SCFE                                         •Chondral Damage
                    •High Femoral Anteversion                     •Synovitis
                    •Micro-Instability                            •Ligamentum Teres Tears
                                                                  •Loose Bodies
                                                                  •Iliopsoas Tendon Snapping
                    •PVNS Disease                                 •Iliopsoas Bursitis
                    •Synovial Chondromatosis                      •Capsular Stress
                    •Arthritis
                    •Osteonecrosis
                    •Transient Osteoporosis
                    •Inflammatory Diseases
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:

• 17-year-old gentleman who complains of left
  hip pain for the last 6 months.
• He denies any incident or fall that caused the
  injury.
• He describes multiple groin pulls that he had
  in the past, as well as hip flexor injuries that
  he thought was the cause of this.
Sport

• He plays basketball and football, and recently
  received a full scholarship to Santa Clara
  University for baseball. He is really hoping
  that he will get drafted over this next year
  into the NLB draft, and he would like to fix
  this problem before that.
Pain Hx

• He states that pain is worse with
  running, squatting, stretching and lifting
  weights.
• He has tried Advil and icing which have been
  somewhat helpful. He has not tried any
  physical therapy. He has never had an
  injection in the hip.
• He does report some clicking and popping in
  the hip.
Back and Radiation Hx

• He denies any history of low back pain.
  Denies any numbness or tingling in the legs.
  Denies any radiating pain.
Summary
Age and Gender         17y male           Sport    Basketball
Duration of Pain       6 months                    Football
Unilateral Pain        Yes                         Baseball (on scholarship)
Onset of pain          Insidious
                                          Pain ↑   running, squatting,
Traumatic Injury       No                          stretching and lifting
                                                   weights
Physical Therapy       No
                                          Pain ↓   Advil and ice were
Medications            None
                                                   somewhat helpful
Previous Injection     No
Clicking and Popping   Yes - Unilateral
Back Pain              No
Pain Radiation         No
Pain Location

•   C-Sign
•   Groin
•   Grater Trochanteric
•   Posterior
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
                            Right   Left (painful side)
Trendelenburg                N              N
Psoas Strength               5              4+
ROM - Flexion               110            100
        Internal Rotation    15             5
        External Rotation    20             40
Impingement Test             +              +
Labral Stress Test           +          + w/ click
FABER                       2¼              2+
Internal Snapping            N              N
Trochanteric Pain / Ober     N              N
Hip Joint Physical Examination

Physical Examination Video On YouTube
Trendelenburg Test
• Described by German
  surgeon Friedrich
  Trendelenburg in 1895.

• Positive result may
  indicate weakness of
  the abductors – mainly
  the gluteus medius and
  but also glut. minimus
  and TFL
Iliopsoas Strength
Hip Flexion
Hip External Rotation
Hip Internal Rotation
Anterior Impingement Test (FADIR)
Labral Stress Test
FABER
Posterior Apprehension Test
Hyperextension External Rotation
Resisted Flexion (Stinchfield Test)
Internal Snapping
External Snapping and Ober Test
Athletic Pubalgia
Imaging
1. Make sure it’s a good quality XR
2. Measurements
    I. Joint space and arthritic changes
    II. Cross-over sign
    III. Os-acetabulum
    IV. Profunda, protrosio
    V. Center-edge angle and acetabular inclination
34˚


                                                  X




                         90˚
1. Make sure it’s a good quality XR
2. Measurements
    I. Joint space and arthritic changes
    II. Cross-over sign
    III. Os-acetabulum
    IV. Profunda, protrosio
    V. Center-edge angle and acetabular inclination
L


    78˚   X
X
R
MRI
Reasons to do MRI
•   To confirm the diagnosis
•   Local anesthetics delivery
•   Quantify pathology and morphology
•   See peri-articular structures
    – gluteus medius, iliopsoas tendon, peripheral compartment
• See areas that are hard to fully visualize during surgery
    – Inferior acetabulum, Inferior/central femoral
      head, Posterior and medial femoral neck
• See the bony pathologies –
    – edema, AVN, sub-chondral cysts, tumors
Chondral Flap
Labral Damage – Intra-substance
Labral Tear Types

Seldes et al. (2001)
  has recognized two
  types of acetabular
  labral tears:
  Type 1 – Tear at the
  base of the
  chondro-labral
  junction
  Type 2 – Intra-
  substance tear
Seldes I – Labral Detachment
Seldes II – Intra-substance Tear
Patho-Mechanism of Labral Tears

Cam impingement
 shear forces
 chondro-labral
  damage (Seldes 1)
Patho-Mechanism of Labral Tears

Pincer Impingement
 compression
   forces on the
   labrum
 degeneration and
   intrasubstance
   tears (Seldes 2)
Pitt’s Pits - Herniation Pits
Iliopsoas Tendinitis

• Sagittal MR
  imaging of a
  professional male
  tennis player
  demonstrating
  iliopsoas tendinitis
  (white arrow) and
  a posterior
  perilabral cyst
  (black arrow)
Sacral Stress Fracture
• MR imaging of a 21-
  year-old female
  collegiate volleyball
  player presenting with
  posterior hip pain and
  negative radiographs.
  MR imaging
  demonstrates sacral
  stress fracture (black
  arrow) with
  associated marrow
  edema (white arrows)
Synovial Chondromatosis

• Coronal MR
  imaging of a male
  patient with cam
  type FAI, and
  multiple loose
  bodies (arrows) of
  synovial
  chondromatosis.
Synovial Chondromatosis
Ischiofemoral Impingement
Hip Instability Following Dislocation
3D CT
Local Anesthetic Injection
Intra-Articular Injection
Intra-Articular Injection

• 43% of patients, extra-articular structures may
  be a major source of pain even though a labral
  tear is suggested on MRI arthrogram

     Intra-articular injection should be a
     routine procedure
Dysplasia
What is Dysplasia?

• Wiberg described the lateral CE angle
• Defined thresholds:
  – >25˚ as normal
  – 25˚ to 20˚ as borderline normal
  – <20˚ as dysplastic and pathologic
Dysplasia: Natural History
                Lack of bony support


       Increased load on hypertrophic labrum


                   Labral tearing


       Antero-superior migration/subluxation


Eccentric loading of acetabular cartilage  ARTHRITIS
Parvizi 2009

• 34 arthroscopic labral debridements in
  dysplastic hips
• Failed to relieve pain in 24 patients
• Accelerated arthritis in 14 patients
• Migration of the femoral head in 13 patients
• 16 patients underwent further surgery
  – periacetabular osteotomy [6 patients]
  – femoroacetabular osteoplasty [7 patients]
  – total hip arthroplasty [3 patients]
Peri-Acetabular Osteotomy (PAO)

• Currently the ONLY surgical solution which
  corrects the deformity
• Arthroscopic treatment should be considered
  only if PAO is not an option
Acetabular Fragment Rotation




              Ganz CORR 1988
PAO with Arthroscopy
22 yo F, 2 years of R hip pain, MRI: Ant-sup labral tear




                                          18˚
          3˚


          X                                 X
22 yo F, 2 years of R hip pain – Hip Arthroscopy
Labral Tears In Dysplasia

DO NOT RESECT THE LABRUM
Unless planning a labral reconstruction

The Labrum is important in:
  – Absorption of loading forces
  – Prevention of subluxation
  – Risk in increasing instability and
    subluxation after labrum resection
The Capsule in Dysplasia

• In dysplasia, instability is
  the problem
• ALWAYS PRESERVE or
  PLICATE THE CAPSULE
• Capsular plication may
  allow improved
  stability, diminish likelihood
  of lateral migration
PAO – Treating the Underlying Problem
Cause - Effect

Underling
Problem                Asymptomatic




Damage                       Pain
Intra-articular Pathologies

                    •Cam Structural
Underling Problem

                    •Pincer                                                Damage




                                                Pain Generators
                    •Dysplasia
                    •Perthes                                      •Labral Tears
                    •SCFE                                         •Chondral Damage
                    •High Femoral Anteversion                     •Synovitis
                    •Micro-Instability                            •Ligamentum Teres Tears
                                                                  •Loose Bodies
                                                                  •Iliopsoas Tendon Snapping
                    •PVNS Disease                                 •Iliopsoas Bursitis
                    •Synovial Chondromatosis                      •Capsular Stress
                    •Arthritis
                    •Osteonecrosis
                    •Transient Osteoporosis
                    •Inflammatory Diseases
Extra-articular Hip Pain
Muscle/Tendon/Bursa    Bone             Nerve
• Adductors            • Stress Fx      • Lat Fem Cut
• ITB Syndrome         • Epiphysitis    • Genito femoral
• Iliopsoas Complex    • Transient      • Ilioinguinal
• Piriformis/Hip ERs     Osteoporosis   • Sciatic
• Gluteus Min/Med
• Hamstring Complex                     Other
                                        • Sports Hernia
                                        • Pelvic visceral
                                          pain
The end

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Internal causes of hip pain - Itamar Botser, MD

  • 1. Causes of Internal Hip Pain Differential Diagnosis and How to Diagnose Itamar Botser
  • 2. Cause - Effect Underling Problem Asymptomatic Damage Pain
  • 3. Intra-articular Pathologies •Cam Structural Underling Problem •Pincer Damage Pain Generators •Dysplasia •Perthes •Labral Tears •SCFE •Chondral Damage •High Femoral Anteversion •Synovitis •Micro-Instability •Ligamentum Teres Tears •Loose Bodies •Iliopsoas Tendon Snapping •PVNS Disease •Iliopsoas Bursitis •Synovial Chondromatosis •Capsular Stress •Arthritis •Osteonecrosis •Transient Osteoporosis •Inflammatory Diseases
  • 4. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: • 17-year-old gentleman who complains of left hip pain for the last 6 months. • He denies any incident or fall that caused the injury. • He describes multiple groin pulls that he had in the past, as well as hip flexor injuries that he thought was the cause of this.
  • 5. Sport • He plays basketball and football, and recently received a full scholarship to Santa Clara University for baseball. He is really hoping that he will get drafted over this next year into the NLB draft, and he would like to fix this problem before that.
  • 6. Pain Hx • He states that pain is worse with running, squatting, stretching and lifting weights. • He has tried Advil and icing which have been somewhat helpful. He has not tried any physical therapy. He has never had an injection in the hip. • He does report some clicking and popping in the hip.
  • 7. Back and Radiation Hx • He denies any history of low back pain. Denies any numbness or tingling in the legs. Denies any radiating pain.
  • 8. Summary Age and Gender 17y male Sport Basketball Duration of Pain 6 months Football Unilateral Pain Yes Baseball (on scholarship) Onset of pain Insidious Pain ↑ running, squatting, Traumatic Injury No stretching and lifting weights Physical Therapy No Pain ↓ Advil and ice were Medications None somewhat helpful Previous Injection No Clicking and Popping Yes - Unilateral Back Pain No Pain Radiation No
  • 9. Pain Location • C-Sign • Groin • Grater Trochanteric • Posterior
  • 10. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Right Left (painful side) Trendelenburg N N Psoas Strength 5 4+ ROM - Flexion 110 100 Internal Rotation 15 5 External Rotation 20 40 Impingement Test + + Labral Stress Test + + w/ click FABER 2¼ 2+ Internal Snapping N N Trochanteric Pain / Ober N N
  • 11. Hip Joint Physical Examination Physical Examination Video On YouTube
  • 12. Trendelenburg Test • Described by German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg in 1895. • Positive result may indicate weakness of the abductors – mainly the gluteus medius and but also glut. minimus and TFL
  • 19. FABER
  • 27. 1. Make sure it’s a good quality XR 2. Measurements I. Joint space and arthritic changes II. Cross-over sign III. Os-acetabulum IV. Profunda, protrosio V. Center-edge angle and acetabular inclination
  • 28. 34˚ X 90˚ 1. Make sure it’s a good quality XR 2. Measurements I. Joint space and arthritic changes II. Cross-over sign III. Os-acetabulum IV. Profunda, protrosio V. Center-edge angle and acetabular inclination
  • 29. L 78˚ X X
  • 30. R
  • 31. MRI
  • 32. Reasons to do MRI • To confirm the diagnosis • Local anesthetics delivery • Quantify pathology and morphology • See peri-articular structures – gluteus medius, iliopsoas tendon, peripheral compartment • See areas that are hard to fully visualize during surgery – Inferior acetabulum, Inferior/central femoral head, Posterior and medial femoral neck • See the bony pathologies – – edema, AVN, sub-chondral cysts, tumors
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 36. Labral Damage – Intra-substance
  • 37. Labral Tear Types Seldes et al. (2001) has recognized two types of acetabular labral tears: Type 1 – Tear at the base of the chondro-labral junction Type 2 – Intra- substance tear
  • 38. Seldes I – Labral Detachment
  • 39. Seldes II – Intra-substance Tear
  • 40. Patho-Mechanism of Labral Tears Cam impingement  shear forces  chondro-labral damage (Seldes 1)
  • 41. Patho-Mechanism of Labral Tears Pincer Impingement  compression forces on the labrum  degeneration and intrasubstance tears (Seldes 2)
  • 42. Pitt’s Pits - Herniation Pits
  • 43. Iliopsoas Tendinitis • Sagittal MR imaging of a professional male tennis player demonstrating iliopsoas tendinitis (white arrow) and a posterior perilabral cyst (black arrow)
  • 44. Sacral Stress Fracture • MR imaging of a 21- year-old female collegiate volleyball player presenting with posterior hip pain and negative radiographs. MR imaging demonstrates sacral stress fracture (black arrow) with associated marrow edema (white arrows)
  • 45. Synovial Chondromatosis • Coronal MR imaging of a male patient with cam type FAI, and multiple loose bodies (arrows) of synovial chondromatosis.
  • 49. 3D CT
  • 50.
  • 53. Intra-Articular Injection • 43% of patients, extra-articular structures may be a major source of pain even though a labral tear is suggested on MRI arthrogram Intra-articular injection should be a routine procedure
  • 55. What is Dysplasia? • Wiberg described the lateral CE angle • Defined thresholds: – >25˚ as normal – 25˚ to 20˚ as borderline normal – <20˚ as dysplastic and pathologic
  • 56. Dysplasia: Natural History Lack of bony support Increased load on hypertrophic labrum Labral tearing Antero-superior migration/subluxation Eccentric loading of acetabular cartilage  ARTHRITIS
  • 57.
  • 58. Parvizi 2009 • 34 arthroscopic labral debridements in dysplastic hips • Failed to relieve pain in 24 patients • Accelerated arthritis in 14 patients • Migration of the femoral head in 13 patients • 16 patients underwent further surgery – periacetabular osteotomy [6 patients] – femoroacetabular osteoplasty [7 patients] – total hip arthroplasty [3 patients]
  • 59. Peri-Acetabular Osteotomy (PAO) • Currently the ONLY surgical solution which corrects the deformity • Arthroscopic treatment should be considered only if PAO is not an option
  • 62. 22 yo F, 2 years of R hip pain, MRI: Ant-sup labral tear 18˚ 3˚ X X
  • 63. 22 yo F, 2 years of R hip pain – Hip Arthroscopy
  • 64. Labral Tears In Dysplasia DO NOT RESECT THE LABRUM Unless planning a labral reconstruction The Labrum is important in: – Absorption of loading forces – Prevention of subluxation – Risk in increasing instability and subluxation after labrum resection
  • 65. The Capsule in Dysplasia • In dysplasia, instability is the problem • ALWAYS PRESERVE or PLICATE THE CAPSULE • Capsular plication may allow improved stability, diminish likelihood of lateral migration
  • 66. PAO – Treating the Underlying Problem
  • 67. Cause - Effect Underling Problem Asymptomatic Damage Pain
  • 68. Intra-articular Pathologies •Cam Structural Underling Problem •Pincer Damage Pain Generators •Dysplasia •Perthes •Labral Tears •SCFE •Chondral Damage •High Femoral Anteversion •Synovitis •Micro-Instability •Ligamentum Teres Tears •Loose Bodies •Iliopsoas Tendon Snapping •PVNS Disease •Iliopsoas Bursitis •Synovial Chondromatosis •Capsular Stress •Arthritis •Osteonecrosis •Transient Osteoporosis •Inflammatory Diseases
  • 69. Extra-articular Hip Pain Muscle/Tendon/Bursa Bone Nerve • Adductors • Stress Fx • Lat Fem Cut • ITB Syndrome • Epiphysitis • Genito femoral • Iliopsoas Complex • Transient • Ilioinguinal • Piriformis/Hip ERs Osteoporosis • Sciatic • Gluteus Min/Med • Hamstring Complex Other • Sports Hernia • Pelvic visceral pain

Editor's Notes

  1. Hip internal rotation is correlated to radiographic findings of cam femoroacetabular impingement in collegiate football players.Kapron AL, Anderson AE, Peters CL, Phillips LG, Stoddard GJ, Petron DJ, Toth R, Aoki SK.Arthroscopy. 2012 Nov;28(11):1661-70. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.04.153. Epub 2012 Sep 19.Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
  2. Very sensitive test, may elicit pain in a subtle hip pathology. Not specific for impingement!
  3. May be painful in posterior impingement or adhesive capsulitis (and restricted). May be minimal with anterior capsule laxity.
  4. Cause compressive forces multiple times the body weight in the hip joint (Byrd). When compared to intra-articular injection, was found to be the most specific test for internal hip pain, FABER and labral stress test were found to be the most sensitive [PM&amp;R 2010 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20359681]
  5. The limb is supported, as it is moved back and forth an external snap may be elicited. In Ober test - lowering the knee towards the table can assess ITB tightness.
  6. * Inclusion and jamming of a proximal femoral deformity into the acetabulum (Cam type)*chondral and labral damage at the transitional zone
  7. Direct impaction of the femoral neck against the acetabular rim (Pincer type)
  8. Herniation pits were first described by Pitt in 1982, and were believed to be inclusion cysts that were normal variants and of no significance. Subsequently, Leunig and colleagues showed that 33% of patients undergoing surgery for FAI demonstrated herniations pits, and these occurred in the location of the impingement
  9. Axial MR imaging demonstrating edema of the quadratus femoris muscle (arrow), consistent with the diagnosis of ischiofemoral impingement.
  10. Axial MR imaging of a 19-year-old competitive soccer player who sustained a dislocation to his hip 3 years prior and continues to complain of hip instability without recurrent dislocation. Thickening and scarring of the iliofemoral ligament (arrows) is seen on MR imaging
  11. More than 50% relieve of less.
  12. Arthrsocopy 2008This study found that in 43% of individuals, extra-articular structures may be a major source of pain even though a labral tear is suggested on MRI arthrogram. Labral tear on MRI may not be the main source of pain, intra-articular injection should be a routine procedure.