Racism, sexism, social categorisation, discrimation, stereotyping etc. are all the terms associated with PREJUDICE that create stigma and divides the world into "us v/s them" category.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
it describes ethnomethodology as a method as well as a theory. This very concise and precise presentation helps one to understand the real meaning of ethnomethodology.
Cognitive schemas can result in stereotypes and contribute to prejudice.
Stereotypes Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or occupation are common in many societies.
Then Prejudice has been discussed
it describes ethnomethodology as a method as well as a theory. This very concise and precise presentation helps one to understand the real meaning of ethnomethodology.
Cognitive schemas can result in stereotypes and contribute to prejudice.
Stereotypes Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or occupation are common in many societies.
Then Prejudice has been discussed
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)Cognitive processes store insimisterchristen
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)
Cognitive processes store information into the memory affects their judgement and behavior towards others from different backgrounds. When an individual is raised with different perspectives poured into them, they take on these perspectives and incorporate them into how they view life. According to Amodio (2014), prejudice stems from a mechanism of survival, built on cognitive systems that ‘structure’ the physical world, its function in modern society is complex and its effects are often causes damage. Many of these instances are not intentional, its more that it was how their brain was wired. The impact of culture on prejudice makes it common for individuals to normalize prejudice, because it was approved or promoted in their culture. According to Uhlmann (2013), Prejudices are often a way for a group of higher social status to explain and rationalize their privilege position in society. This is a main stance to consider with the gap of benefits and opportunities that are available to those of the minority (Or as they labeled). Once stereotypes and prejudice are formed, they become self perpetuating because they grow stronger inside the mind, similarly to the information we choose to study and gain insight on. The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes (Branscombe, 2016). By rewiring these processes, the root can be diminished.
4-1 KG (200 words and one reference)
A person's beliefs and expectations regarding a particular group constitute the cognitive component of the prejudicial attitude. The cognitive approach, (cognitive theory of prejudice), suggests that prejudice is a function of cognitive processes where stereotypic information about social groups, stored in memory, is automatically activated and affects people’s judgments and behavior toward target group members. An example of this is believing that a product marketed by a celebrity is more valuable. While people like to believe that they are rational and logical, the fact is that people are continually under the influence of cognitive biases. These biases distort thinking, influence beliefs, and sway the decisions and judgments people make daily. These biases happen because we can't evaluate every detail and event when forming thoughts and opinions. Because of this, we often rely on mental shortcuts that speed up our ability to make judgments, but sometimes lead to bias ( Saposnik, Redelmeier, Ruff & Tobler 2016). The psychological bases for prejudice are people's values, the ways they see themselves and others, their sense of social identity, and social norms that define who is included in or excluded from social groups. The cognitive dimensions of prejudice relate to issues such as stereotypes and beliefs about outgroup members. Stereotype measures involve the endorsement of negative stereotypes about members of the outgroup. The source of prejudices comes from social differences, conformity, frustration-aggr ...
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Chapter 4Understanding Racism, Prejudice, and White Privilege4-WilheminaRossi174
Chapter: 4
Understanding Racism, Prejudice, and White Privilege4-1Defining and Contextualizing Racism
4-1
Hoyt Jr. (2012) defines racism as “a particular form of prejudice defined by preconceived erroneous beliefs about race and members of racial groups.” It is supported simultaneously by individuals, the institutional practices of society, and dominant cultural values and norms. Racism is a universal phenomenon that exists across cultures and tends to emerge wherever ethnic diversity and perceived or real differences in group characteristics become part of a struggle for social power. In the case of the United States, African Americans, Latinos/as, Native Americans, and Asian Americans—groups that we have been referring to as people of color—have been systematically subordinated by the white majority.
There are four important points to be made initially about racism:
· Prejudice and racism are not the same thing. Prejudice is a negative, inaccurate, rigid, and unfair way of thinking about members of another group. All human beings hold prejudices. This is true for people of color, as well as for majority group members. But there is a crucial difference between the prejudices held by whites and those held by people of color. whites have more power to enact their prejudices and therefore negatively impact the lives of people of color than vice versa. The term racism is used in relation to the racial attitudes and behavior of majority group members. Similar attitudes and behaviors on the part of people of color are referred to as prejudice and discrimination (a term commonly used to mean actions taken on the basis of one’s prejudices). Another way of describing this relationship is that prejudice plus power equals racism.
· Racism is a broad and all-pervasive social phenomenon that is mutually reinforced at all levels of society.
· Institutional racism involves the manipulation of societal institutions to give preferences and advantages to whites and at the same time restrict the choices, rights, mobility, and access of people of color.
· Cultural racism is the belief that the cultural ways of one group are superior to those of another. Cultural racism can be found both in individuals and in institutions. In the former, it is often referred to as ethnocentrism. Jones (2000) mentioned that historical insults, societal norms, unearned privilege, and structural barriers are all aspects of institutional racism.
· People tend to deny, rationalize, and avoid discussing their feelings and beliefs about race and ethnicity. Often, these feelings remain unconscious and are brought to awareness only with great difficulty.
· When young children hear the stories of people of color, they tend to feel deeply and sincerely with the storyteller. “I’m really sorry that you had to go through that” is the most common reaction of a child. By the time one reaches adulthood, however, the empathy is often gone. Instead, reactions tend to involve minimizing, justifying ...
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3. PREJUDICE
“prejudice is an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible
generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be
directed toward a group as a whole or toward an
individual because he is a group member.”
(GORDON ALLPORT 1954)
It can also be defined as:
a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his
or her membership in a particular group
3
4. DISCRIMINATION
refers to unequal treatment of different people based on
the groups or categories to which they belong.
Prejudice can exist without discrimination, if people hold
negative views but don’t act unfairly
Discrimination can be defined as the differential
treatment of individuals, based on their membership in a
particular group.
4
5. RACISM & AVERSIVE RACISM
Racism is a prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race.
It can also exist with or without discrimination.
AVERSIVE RACISM- simultaneously holding egalitarian
values and negative feelings toward minorities.
SEXISM- prejudice based on gender.
5
6. STEREOTYPE
beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
Stereotypes refer to what we believe or think about
various groups.
They can be good or bad.
For example, one might stereotype older people as wise
or as slow.
6
7. STEREOTYPES ARE DIFFICULT TO CHANGE
One reason is that people tend to throw exceptions to the
rule into a separate category, called a SUBTYPE
For example, if a man meets a woman who doesn’t fit the
stereotype of the warm and nurturing woman, he can
either discard or modify his stereotype of women, or he
can put her into a subtype, such as “career woman”.
7
9. ABC’s OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS
Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes are the ABCs of
intergroup relationships.
The Affective component is prejudice, the Behavioral
component is discrimination, and the Cognitive component
is stereotyping.
9
10. An example that fits perfectly
When viewing an ambiguous
scene with a possibly
dangerous man who may or
may not be armed,
participants are more likely to
shoot at the man if he is black
than if he is white.
10
12. CATEGORIZATION
the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into
groups
process of categorization makes it much easier to make
sense of a complicated world.
12
13. SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION
the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of
characteristics they have in common (e.g., race, gender,
age, religion, sexual orientation)
13
14. CONSEQUENCES OF STEREOTYPES & PREJUDICE
Biased judgments based on stereotypes and prejudices are
not only unfair and immoral; in some cases, they can have
lethal consequences.
For instance,
A research using computer simulations (similar to video games)
has found that people, whether police officers or college
students, are more likely to mistakenly shoot at unarmed black
suspects than unarmed white suspects i.e., when a research
participant sees an ambiguous scene with a possibly dangerous
man who may or may not be armed, the participant is more
likely to shoot at the man if he is black than if he is white (even
if he is not actually armed).
14
15. For example, when sorting people into
heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual
categories, the sorter belongs to one of the
categories and feels emotionally attached to
it.
EMOTIONS-creating difference b/w
sorting things & sorting people
15
16. OUT GROUP & IN GROUP MEMBERS
(THEM v/s US)
Out group members people
who belong to a different
group or category than we
do
In group members people
who belong to the same
group or category as we do
16
17. OUT GROUP HOMOGENEITY BIAS
They all are alike
If you have seen one, you have seen all
It is an assumption that outgroup members are more similar
to one another than ingroup members are to one another
STUDY
one of the earliest studies of outgroup homogeneity used
campus fraternities at a university. The researchers found that
students believed that the members of their own fraternity had
many different traits, values, and activities, but that members of
other fraternities were much more similar to each other
17
18. -GEORGE AIKEN
former U.S senator
IF WE WERE TO
WAKE UP SOME
MORNING AND
FIND THAT
EVERYONE WAS
THE SAME
COLOR, CREED
AND RACE; WE
WOULD FIND
SOME OTHER
CAUSE FOR
PREJUDICE BY
NOON.
18
22. 1. SALIENCE
A psychological term meaning “obviousness”
SUPPOSE,
If you were, say, the first atheist to arrive in a region of
Christians, people would pay extra attention to what you
say and do, because of the “obvious” odd nature of your
beliefs that completely “out stands” them. So, the
next atheists to arrive would have to cope with that
stereotype.
22
23. 2. SCAPEGOAT THEORY
the idea that blaming problems and misfortunes on
outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these
outgroups
Its similar to making external attributions
23
24. 3. SELF SERVING BIAS
the tendency for people to take credit for success but
refuse blame for problems and failures
24
25. 4. CONFIRMATION BIAS
the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports
one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts
them
25
27. “The greatestandnoblest pleasure which
mencan have in thisworldis to discover
newtruths;andthe nextis to shake offold
prejudices.”
Frederick the Great
18th-century King of Prussia
27