The document discusses the nature and functions of human groups, emphasizing how groups impact individual performance and decision-making. It highlights both positive and negative group dynamics, including social facilitation, social loafing, and collective memory. It also explores concepts like groupthink, transactive memory, and the importance of individual accountability within groups.

1. Ms. RABIA SHABBIR
NUTRITIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST

2.  Nature and functions
 How groups affect individual performance
 Facilitation
 Social loafing
 Coordination in groups
 Perceived fairness in groups
 Decision making by groups
2

3.  a collection of at least two people who are doing
or being something together
 a collection of people with something in
common
 Usually the group consists of people who have
common interests and characteristics and
periodically do something together
3

4.  Human groups are not just social but also
cultural, and culture greatly increases what
groups can do.
 Cultural groups preserve information in the
group and pass it along to future generations,
greatly increasing the benefit of being able to
absorb and communicate information.
4

5.  a football team is more like a group than 40
strangers on a bus, for several reasons
 Common identity, common goals, common
practices, share emotional experiences
 Perceiving a group is subjective as well as
objective reality
5

7. 7

8.  A vital and distinctive feature of human groups
is that many of them are made up of distinct,
well-defined, individual roles.
 Each person has a different job to do, and each
person can specialize and become an expert at
that job.
 The different jobs complement each other, so
the joint effort improves total performance.
8

9. the loss of self-awareness and of individual
accountability in a group

10.  Sometimes the group produces improvement; other
times, disaster.
 One theme is that the effects of groups are often negative
when people are submerged in the group.
 In contrast, when people retain their individual
identities and feel personally accountable for their
actions, many of the bad effects of groups are prevented
or reduced, and the positive effects of groups are more
common.
10

11. •proposition that the presence of others increases
the dominant response tendency
•It means people tend to respond more good when
they are around others
•This concept of social facilitation was put forth by
NORMAN TRIPPLET
11

12.  concern about how others are evaluating your
performance (being observed by observers, not
the competitors)
 People increase effort when others are present
because they want the others to evaluate them
favorably.
12

13.  the most common response in a given situation
 One well-known effect of arousal (not sexual
arousal, but any sort of physical excitement) is
to increase the dominant response, which is
defined as the most common response in that
situation.
 Thus, whatever you normally tend to do, you
will do it even more when in the presence of
others.
13

14. Robert Zajonc’s Theory Of Social Facilitation
The presence of
others increases
arousal. Arousal
increases whatever
response is
dominant. If the
dominant response
is correct,
performance
increases. If the
dominant response
is incorrect,
performance
decreases.
14

15.  Also known as “the free rider problem”
 the finding that people reduce effort when
working in a group, compared to when working
alone
 In lab studies, for example, participants were
assigned to make as much noise as possible by
clapping and shouting. Recordings verified that
they were louder (indicating greater effort) when
working alone than in a group.
15

16.  Being submerged in a group means not being
socially accountable
 Bad apple effect-Once members of a group
begin to suspect that others are loafing, they
loaf, too, because they do not want to do all the
work on behalf of others.
 One bad apple can also spoil the rest.
16

17. ALTRUISTIC PUNISHMENT
 The finding that people will sometimes
sacrifice their own gain for the betterment
of all, by punishing people who cheat the
system
17

18. BRAIN STORMING
a form of creative thinking in groups, using a
procedure in which all group members are
encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible
18

19. 1. TRANSACTIVE MEMORY
 a process by which members of a small
group remember different kinds of
Information
 groups are most likely to be “collectively
smart” if members’ minds work
independently
19

20. 2. GROUP THINK
 The term refers to the tendency of group
members to think alike
 the group tends to be fairly similar and cohesive
 a strong, directive leader makes groupthink
more likely
 the group may be isolated in some sense from
others, so that it is not exposed to disturbing
facts or contrary views
 the group may have high self-esteem, regarding
itself as a superior
20

21. 3. SELF CENSORSHIP
 choosing not to express doubts or other
information that goes against a group’s plans
and views
4. RISKY SHIFTS
 a tendency for groups to take greater risks than
the same individuals (on average) would have
decided to take individually
21

22. 22