Interceptive orthodontics refers to treatments undertaken when a malocclusion has developed or is developing to prevent it from becoming more severe. Some common procedures include serial extraction to guide erupting teeth, correcting developing crossbites, controlling habits like thumb sucking, and regaining space when primary molars are lost early. Local factors treated interceptively include delayed tooth eruption, retained primary teeth, infraocclusion, diastema, ectopic eruption, hypodontia, and tooth transposition or crowding. The goal is to address developing problems early before they worsen.
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Frankles appliance Is a myofunctional appliance
Functional appliance are removable or fixed appliances that aim to utilize eliminate or guide the forces arising from muscle function,tooth eruption and growth inorder to alter skeletal and dental relationship
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Frankles appliance Is a myofunctional appliance
Functional appliance are removable or fixed appliances that aim to utilize eliminate or guide the forces arising from muscle function,tooth eruption and growth inorder to alter skeletal and dental relationship
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
A presentation presented as part of the Orthodontic Refresher Course for Applicants for the Jordanian Board in Orthodontics Examinations | February 2011
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Early and interceptive orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Interceptive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Preventive orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Preventive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Definitions:
Any procedure that eliminates or reduces the
severity of malocclusion in the developing
dentition.(Popovich and Thompson 1979, Hiles
1985.)
All simple measures that eliminate the developing
mal occlusion. (Ackerman and Proffit 1980)
3. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Unlike preventive orthodontic procedures, interceptive
orthodontics is undertaken at a time when the
malocclusion has already developed or is developing.
Thus interceptive orthodontics basically refers to
measures undertaken to prevent a potential
malocclusion from progressing into a more severe one.
Some of the procedures carried out in preventive
orthodontics can also be carried out in interceptive
orthodontics but the timings are different.
4. Procedures undertaken in interceptive
orthodontics
Serial extraction.
Correction of developing crossbite.
Control of abnormal habits.
Space regaining.
Interception of skeletal malrelationship.
Removal of soft tissue or bony barrier to enable eruption of
teeth. Etc etc
5. SERIAL EXTRACTION:
Planned extraction of certain deciduous teeth and later
specific permanent teeth in an orderly sequence and pre-
determined pattern to guide the erupting permanent teeth
into a more favourable position…….when one can recognize
and anticipate potential irregularities in the dento-facial
complex.
History:-Kjellgren 1929 first used the term “serial
extraction”….Nance(USA) 1940’s popularized the technique
6. Indications:
Class I malocclusions showing harmony between skeletal and
muscular systems
Arch length deficiency.
Where growth is not enough to overcome the discrepancy
between tooth material and basal bone.
7. Contraindications:
Class II & III malocclusion with skeletal abnormalities
Spaced dentition
Anodontia/Oligodontia
Open bite and deep bite
Midline diastema
Class I malocclusion with minimal space deficiency
Unerupted malformed teeth. E.g.dilaceration
Extensive caries or heavily filled first permanent
molars
Mild disproportion between arch length and tooth
material that can be treated by proximal stripping.
9. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
SERIAL EXTRACTION
Method:
1-When the lateral are erupting in a crowded position,
all deciduous canines are removed.
2-When the roots of the first deciduous molars are half
resorbed. They are removed.
3-As soon as the first premolars erupt they are removed.
10. DEVELOPING ANTERIOR CROSSBITE:
Anterior cross bite is a condition characterized by
reverse overjet where one or more maxillary anterior
teeth are in lingual relation to the mandibular teeth.
Should be intercepted and treated at an early stage to
prevent a minor orthodontic problem from progressing
into a major dento-facial anomaly.
“The best time to treat a crossbite is the first time it is seen”
Or else it may grow into skeletal malocclusion
13. INTERCEPTION OF HABITS:
Habit’s refers to certain actions involving the teeth and
other oral or perioral structures which are repeated often
enough by some patients to have a profound and
deleterious effect on the positions of teeth and occlusion.
Some such habits are:
Thumb sucking
Tongue thrusting
Mouth breathing
14. Thumb sucking:
Most frequently practiced by children.
Causes damaging effect on dento-alveolar structures.
It’s presence upto2-1/2 to 3 years age is considered normal.
Persistence beyond 3-1/2 to 4 years have damaging effect.& should be
intercepted
Intercepted by use of HABIT BREAKERS that could be removable or fixed.
Tongue thrusting:
Condition in which tongue makes contact with any teeth anterior to the molars
during swallowing.
Deleterious habit , can clinically present along with open bite and anterior
proclination.
Intercepted using HABIT BREAKERS
Mouth breathing:
Obstructive-nasal polyps ,tumors ,inflammations ,deviated septum
Habitual –persistence of habit after removal of the obstruction.
It affects the orofacial equilibrium due to lowered mandible & tongue posture.
And hence cause malocclusion.
Intercepted by identifying and removing the cause.If persists , VESTIBULAR
SCREEN can be used.
16. SPACE REGAINING:
Early loss of primary molar and failure to use space maintainers
may lead to reduction in arch length by mesial movement of 1st
molars.
Space regained by distal movement of first molar. Which is
undertaken at an early age prior to eruption of second molar.
17. INTERCEPTION OF SKELETAL MALRELATIONS:
Interception of class II malocclusions:
Causes: Excess maxillary growth.
(Restricted by facebow with headgear)
Defficient mandibular growth.
(Myofunctional appliances)
Combination of both.
Interception of class III malocclusions:
Causes: Mandibular prognathism.(Chin cap with head gear)
Maxillary retrognathism ( Face mask therapy )
Combination of both
19. REMOVAL OF SOFT TISSUE & BONY BARRIERS:
Failure of teeth to erupt in appropriate time should be
intercepted by surgically exposing the crown.
Over retained primary teeth,ankylosed primary teeth &
supernumerary teeth are possible causesof non-eruption of
succedaneous teeth . The soft tissue and any bone overlying
it are
20. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: DELAYED ERUPTION OF UPPER
PERMANENT CENTRAL INCISOR.
Definition: 1 is considered to be delayed if the
contra-lateral tooth was fully erupted or if teeth
later in the usual eruption sequence were present.
Interceptive treatment: removal of
supernumerary with or without tooth exposure.
Treatment timing: as soon as the supernumerary
tooth is detected.
25. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: INFRAOCCLUSION
Definition: the tooth loses its vertical position
relative to the adjacent teeth and assumes a
position below the occlusal plane
Frequent site: lower 2nd
and 1st
primary molars.
Interceptive treatment: nothing unless the
permanent successor was absent or the
infraoccluded tooth is likely to disappear .
26.
27. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: UNILATERAL RETAINED
DECIDUOUS CANINE.
Definition: premature loss of one deciduous canine as
a result of early root resorption by a crowded lateral
incisor.
Interceptive treatment: extraction of the primary
canine on the opposite side of the arch to preserve the
midline.
28. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: DOUBLE TEETH
Definitions:
Gemination: the attempt of a single tooth bud to form
two distinct morphological entities.
Fusion: the result of joining two adjacent tooth buds.
29.
30. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: ECTOPIC ERUPTION OF THE
PERMANENT FIRST MOLAR.
Definition: the molar erupts at an angle mesial to its
normal path of eruption.
Types : reversible and irreversible
Treatment: extraction of E or distalisation of
permanent molar
31.
32. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: Hypodontia
Definition: Absent teeth.
Common teeth: lower 2nd
premolar & upper lateral
incisor.
Treatment: space closure or space maintenance for
future prosthesis.
37. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: ECTOPIC UPPER CANINE
Definition: the canine erupts out of its normal
eruption path.
Diagnosis: If the 3 was not palpable in the buccal
sulcus after the age of 10 years.
Treatment: Extraction of the deciduous canine.
38.
39.
40.
41. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Local factors: TRANSPOSITION
Definition: unusual type of ectopic eruption were
two permanent teeth have interchanged their
location in the dental arch.
Frequent sites: upper canine and first premolar
lower canine and lateral incisor.
Interceptive treatment: -extract transposed tooth.
-align before canine eruption
-accept the transposition
Treatment timing: before eruption of canine.