SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 16
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
Reporter:
ALJUN A. DESOYO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
* Define Participatory Planning;
* Know the responsible stakeholders in participatory
planning; and
* Recognize the effects of participatory planning in
terms of:
+ Efficiency
+ Conflict
+ Localization
+ Authority and control
What is PLANNING?
- It is the process of thinking about the activities required to
achieve a desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to
achieve desired results. It involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that
require conceptual skills.
What is PARTICIPATORY PLANNING?
- An approach in which everyone who has a stake in the
intervention has a voice , either in person or by representation.
FOR EXAMPLE:
A photo taken during the
wrath of Typhoon Ulysses
Rep. Marcoleta on the issue
of Module Reproduction
Video Presentation
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF
A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
APPROACH?
- Participation carries with it feelings of ownership.
- It ensures credibility of the intervention.
- Bringing a broader range of people to the planning
process.
- Avoiding pitfalls caused by ignorance of the realities.
- It involves important players from the outset.
- Providing an opportunity for groups to be heard.
- It teaches skills which last far beyond the planning
process.
- Bringing together community members.
- A participatory planning process builds trust.
- It generally reflects the mission and goals of
organizations.
- It implies respect for everyone in the community.
- Logically, a participatory planning approach should be
effective.
- Finally, it does things the way they should be done.
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES
OF A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
APPROACH?
- A participatory process takes longer.
- Members may not agree with the "experts ".
- Lots of education may be needed, both for
community members and the organization.
- One determined individual can wreck the whole
process.
- Difficult to assure that all the right people get to the
table.
- A participatory planning process takes patience and
WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN A
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
PROCESS?- The "targets of change".
* Members of the target community.
* People whom the target community sees as
significant opinion makers.
The "agents of change”.
* Policy makers.
* Influential people in the community.
* Interested members of the community at large
* Members of the organization itself.
IN EDUCATION…
TEACHERS
DECISION- MAKERS PARENTS/ GUARDIANS
SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS
ORGANIZATIONS OR GROUPS
• A high productivity is marked by
efficient utilization of resources,
less wastage and more output in
a less amount of time.
Participatory Planning
Participatory Planning
Participatory Planning
Participatory Planning
Participatory Planning

More Related Content

What's hot

Local development planning
Local development planningLocal development planning
Local development planningGil Sr.
 
monitoring and evaluation
monitoring and evaluationmonitoring and evaluation
monitoring and evaluationTarek Sallam
 
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.pptbenito procia
 
Participatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisalParticipatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisalDeekshit Geddam
 
Field of Specialization of Public Administration
Field of Specialization of Public AdministrationField of Specialization of Public Administration
Field of Specialization of Public AdministrationJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative Informations
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative InformationsPRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative Informations
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative InformationsMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
 
Monitoring and Evaluation of Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation of PlanMonitoring and Evaluation of Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation of PlanRuth Senorin
 
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and Management
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and ManagementIntroduction DM 211 Project Development and Management
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and ManagementJo Balucanag - Bitonio
 
Participatory Approach (PA)
Participatory Approach (PA)Participatory Approach (PA)
Participatory Approach (PA)Khemraj Subedi
 
Lecture 2 rup 218 planning traditions
Lecture 2  rup 218 planning traditionsLecture 2  rup 218 planning traditions
Lecture 2 rup 218 planning traditionsMARKZIMUNYA
 
Introduction to Policy Analysis
Introduction to Policy AnalysisIntroduction to Policy Analysis
Introduction to Policy AnalysisIan Necosia
 
Lecture 3 rup 218 planng theories
Lecture 3  rup 218 planng theoriesLecture 3  rup 218 planng theories
Lecture 3 rup 218 planng theoriesMARKZIMUNYA
 

What's hot (20)

Local development planning
Local development planningLocal development planning
Local development planning
 
Managing Urban Development
Managing Urban DevelopmentManaging Urban Development
Managing Urban Development
 
Rationalized Planning System
Rationalized Planning SystemRationalized Planning System
Rationalized Planning System
 
Urban governance [compatibility mode]
Urban governance [compatibility mode]Urban governance [compatibility mode]
Urban governance [compatibility mode]
 
Participatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisalParticipatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisal
 
monitoring and evaluation
monitoring and evaluationmonitoring and evaluation
monitoring and evaluation
 
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt
326918375-Barangay-Development-Planning.ppt
 
Urban Governance
Urban GovernanceUrban Governance
Urban Governance
 
What is a policy?
What is a policy?What is a policy?
What is a policy?
 
Sectorial planning
Sectorial planningSectorial planning
Sectorial planning
 
Participatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisalParticipatory rural appraisal
Participatory rural appraisal
 
Field of Specialization of Public Administration
Field of Specialization of Public AdministrationField of Specialization of Public Administration
Field of Specialization of Public Administration
 
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative Informations
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative InformationsPRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative Informations
PRA & PLA Techniques for Collection of Qualitative Informations
 
Monitoring and Evaluation of Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation of PlanMonitoring and Evaluation of Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation of Plan
 
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and Management
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and ManagementIntroduction DM 211 Project Development and Management
Introduction DM 211 Project Development and Management
 
Participatory Approach (PA)
Participatory Approach (PA)Participatory Approach (PA)
Participatory Approach (PA)
 
Lecture 2 rup 218 planning traditions
Lecture 2  rup 218 planning traditionsLecture 2  rup 218 planning traditions
Lecture 2 rup 218 planning traditions
 
Public Policy
Public PolicyPublic Policy
Public Policy
 
Introduction to Policy Analysis
Introduction to Policy AnalysisIntroduction to Policy Analysis
Introduction to Policy Analysis
 
Lecture 3 rup 218 planng theories
Lecture 3  rup 218 planng theoriesLecture 3  rup 218 planng theories
Lecture 3 rup 218 planng theories
 

Similar to Participatory Planning

Participatory Development Particip.docx
Participatory Development Particip.docxParticipatory Development Particip.docx
Participatory Development Particip.docxherbertwilson5999
 
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.ppt
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.pptCESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.ppt
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.pptRazel Canada
 
Participatory approach in development.pptx
Participatory approach in development.pptxParticipatory approach in development.pptx
Participatory approach in development.pptxKechaTaye
 
Community Engagement Part4
Community Engagement Part4Community Engagement Part4
Community Engagement Part4Ron Razo
 
2.2 skill sh analysis
2.2 skill sh analysis2.2 skill sh analysis
2.2 skill sh analysisNigestAbebaw1
 
Public Participation in Urban Design and Planning
Public Participation in Urban Design and PlanningPublic Participation in Urban Design and Planning
Public Participation in Urban Design and PlanningNicholas Socrates
 
Social impact assessment and the public involvement process
Social impact assessment and the public involvement processSocial impact assessment and the public involvement process
Social impact assessment and the public involvement processyasra2001
 
Participatory approach
Participatory approachParticipatory approach
Participatory approachAthira Shynne
 
Community participaion community participation1
Community participaion community participation1Community participaion community participation1
Community participaion community participation1Subramaniam Jeyachandran
 
IAP2 USA Brochure
IAP2 USA Brochure IAP2 USA Brochure
IAP2 USA Brochure IAP2 USA
 
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptxPEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptxVaishnavi Choudam
 
Peoples participation UCD.pptx
Peoples participation UCD.pptxPeoples participation UCD.pptx
Peoples participation UCD.pptxsakthidmi
 
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptx
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptxCOMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptx
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptxMarceloManuel5
 
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_future
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_futureAlumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_future
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_futurebfnd
 
Coaching material about innovation process.pdf
Coaching material about innovation process.pdfCoaching material about innovation process.pdf
Coaching material about innovation process.pdfBrodoto
 
Brainstorming By Allah Dad Khan
Brainstorming By Allah Dad KhanBrainstorming By Allah Dad Khan
Brainstorming By Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
 

Similar to Participatory Planning (20)

Participatory Development Particip.docx
Participatory Development Particip.docxParticipatory Development Particip.docx
Participatory Development Particip.docx
 
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.ppt
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.pptCESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.ppt
CESC 1-28-19Participatory Development.ppt
 
Participatory approach in development.pptx
Participatory approach in development.pptxParticipatory approach in development.pptx
Participatory approach in development.pptx
 
B08 B4pc 144 Diapo Tullia E
B08 B4pc 144 Diapo Tullia EB08 B4pc 144 Diapo Tullia E
B08 B4pc 144 Diapo Tullia E
 
Community Engagement Part4
Community Engagement Part4Community Engagement Part4
Community Engagement Part4
 
2.2 skill sh analysis
2.2 skill sh analysis2.2 skill sh analysis
2.2 skill sh analysis
 
Public Participation in Urban Design and Planning
Public Participation in Urban Design and PlanningPublic Participation in Urban Design and Planning
Public Participation in Urban Design and Planning
 
Social impact assessment and the public involvement process
Social impact assessment and the public involvement processSocial impact assessment and the public involvement process
Social impact assessment and the public involvement process
 
Participatory approach
Participatory approachParticipatory approach
Participatory approach
 
Community participaion community participation1
Community participaion community participation1Community participaion community participation1
Community participaion community participation1
 
IAP2 USA Brochure
IAP2 USA Brochure IAP2 USA Brochure
IAP2 USA Brochure
 
2503-2.doc
2503-2.doc2503-2.doc
2503-2.doc
 
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptxPEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
PEOPLE CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
 
Peoples participation UCD.pptx
Peoples participation UCD.pptxPeoples participation UCD.pptx
Peoples participation UCD.pptx
 
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptx
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptxCOMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptx
COMMNUNTY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE MODULE TWO .pptx
 
Great planning game
Great planning gameGreat planning game
Great planning game
 
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_future
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_futureAlumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_future
Alumniportal deutschland e_participation_for_a_sustainable_future
 
Coaching material about innovation process.pdf
Coaching material about innovation process.pdfCoaching material about innovation process.pdf
Coaching material about innovation process.pdf
 
Brainstorming By Allah Dad Khan
Brainstorming By Allah Dad KhanBrainstorming By Allah Dad Khan
Brainstorming By Allah Dad Khan
 
Community development
Community developmentCommunity development
Community development
 

Recently uploaded

Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.Compdf
Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.CompdfConcept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.Compdf
Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.CompdfUmakantAnnand
 
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppURLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppCeline George
 
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION format.docx
MENTAL     STATUS EXAMINATION format.docxMENTAL     STATUS EXAMINATION format.docx
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION format.docxPoojaSen20
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxVS Mahajan Coaching Centre
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxiammrhaywood
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsanshu789521
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxNirmalaLoungPoorunde1
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxSayali Powar
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityGeoBlogs
 
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxContemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxRoyAbrique
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesFatimaKhan178732
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTiammrhaywood
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfsanyamsingh5019
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...Marc Dusseiller Dusjagr
 
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxIntroduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxpboyjonauth
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxmanuelaromero2013
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.Compdf
Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.CompdfConcept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.Compdf
Concept of Vouching. B.Com(Hons) /B.Compdf
 
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppURLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
 
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION format.docx
MENTAL     STATUS EXAMINATION format.docxMENTAL     STATUS EXAMINATION format.docx
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION format.docx
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
 
Staff of Color (SOC) Retention Efforts DDSD
Staff of Color (SOC) Retention Efforts DDSDStaff of Color (SOC) Retention Efforts DDSD
Staff of Color (SOC) Retention Efforts DDSD
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
 
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
 
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
 
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxContemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
 
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxIntroduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
 

Participatory Planning

  • 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: * Define Participatory Planning; * Know the responsible stakeholders in participatory planning; and * Recognize the effects of participatory planning in terms of: + Efficiency + Conflict + Localization + Authority and control
  • 3. What is PLANNING? - It is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. What is PARTICIPATORY PLANNING? - An approach in which everyone who has a stake in the intervention has a voice , either in person or by representation.
  • 4. FOR EXAMPLE: A photo taken during the wrath of Typhoon Ulysses Rep. Marcoleta on the issue of Module Reproduction Video Presentation
  • 5. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACH? - Participation carries with it feelings of ownership. - It ensures credibility of the intervention. - Bringing a broader range of people to the planning process. - Avoiding pitfalls caused by ignorance of the realities. - It involves important players from the outset. - Providing an opportunity for groups to be heard.
  • 6. - It teaches skills which last far beyond the planning process. - Bringing together community members. - A participatory planning process builds trust. - It generally reflects the mission and goals of organizations. - It implies respect for everyone in the community. - Logically, a participatory planning approach should be effective. - Finally, it does things the way they should be done.
  • 7. WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACH? - A participatory process takes longer. - Members may not agree with the "experts ". - Lots of education may be needed, both for community members and the organization. - One determined individual can wreck the whole process. - Difficult to assure that all the right people get to the table. - A participatory planning process takes patience and
  • 8. WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESS?- The "targets of change". * Members of the target community. * People whom the target community sees as significant opinion makers. The "agents of change”. * Policy makers. * Influential people in the community. * Interested members of the community at large * Members of the organization itself.
  • 9. IN EDUCATION… TEACHERS DECISION- MAKERS PARENTS/ GUARDIANS SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS ORGANIZATIONS OR GROUPS
  • 10.
  • 11. • A high productivity is marked by efficient utilization of resources, less wastage and more output in a less amount of time.