This document discusses components of religion and religious rituals. It outlines key elements of religions like sacred stories, texts, beliefs, communities and rituals. It specifically examines Christian and Jewish rites of passage and rituals of intensification. The document also presents two theories on the origins of religion: the evolution of religion from animism to monotheism, and the theory of original primitive monotheism. It explores folk religion and how it can merge with or evolve into formal religion over time.
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I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
Turning Points, chapter 13, Rise & Spread of Pentecostalismsandiferb
The Rise and Spread of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement (1906, 1960) is a major turning point in Church History according to Mark Noll, author of "Turning Points".
Christianity Of Religion Essay
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What Does Religion Mean To Me Essay
Essay on Religions of the World
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I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
Turning Points, chapter 13, Rise & Spread of Pentecostalismsandiferb
The Rise and Spread of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement (1906, 1960) is a major turning point in Church History according to Mark Noll, author of "Turning Points".
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
12. Rites of Affliction
Rituals directed at alleviating su
ff
ering
or resolving a problem. (Not rites that
cause su
ff
ering but alleviate them)
Howell & Paris, 2019, p. 268
22. 1. Evolution of Religion
• Mana: spiritual forces
• Animism: spirits in things
23.
24. 1. Evolution of Religion
• Mana: spiritual forces
• Animism: spirits in things
• Polytheism: many gods
25. 1. Evolution of Religion
• Mana: spiritual forces
• Animism: spirits in things
• Polytheism: many gods
• Henotheism: favorite god
26. 1. Evolution of Religion
• Mana: spiritual forces
• Animism: spirits in things
• Polytheism: many gods
• Henotheism: favorite god
• Monotheism: Only 1 God
27. What might be some problems with
The Theory of Evolution of Religion?
28. 1. Evolution of Religion
• Mana: spiritual forces
• Animism: spirits in things
• Polytheism: many gods
• Henotheism: favorite god
• Monotheism: Only 1 God
• Secularism: No God
40. Argument for Primitive Monotheism
1. Ubiquitous story of a Creator God, Creation, and Fall of Humans
2. Tied together parallel stories in most global cultures
3. Evolution of Monotheism has not been observed & documented
4. Devolution of religion is readily observed & documented
49. Institutional Religion is Established
• Established Texts (ex. Bible, Quran, Talmud)
• Established Leaders (ex. Rabbi, Priest, Buddhist Monk)
• Established Places of Worship (Synagogue, Mosque, Church
• Established Rituals or Ceremonies (ex. Communion, the Haj, Bar Mitzvah)
• Established Beliefs or Doctrines (ex. Nicaea Creed, Shema 6 Pillars of Islam)
50. Van Rheenen. (n.d) “Folk Religion” in Missiology Retrieved from http://missiology.org/folkreligion/introduction.htm
Folk religions synthesize popular beliefs and practices,
frequently animistic in nature, that are developed within
cultures to handle every day problems. Often, they co-
exist within formal religion and sometimes even with
secular humanism.
51. Popular (Folk) Religion — Ground Up
Formal (institutional) Religion — Top Down
Stan Meyer, PhD
52. Folk Religion
• Grass roots rituals and beliefs
• Meets a need that formal religion failed to meet
• Flexible and not codi
fi
ed
• Varies by region and practice
• No
fi
xed institutions or creeds
• No
fi
xed hierarchy or clergy
53. Folk Religion Over Time…
1. Fades Away
2. Merges with formal religion and becomes part of it
3. Evolves into a formal religion
58. As the sacred and life-giving cross is everywhere set up as a symbol, so
also should the images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, the holy angels, as
well as those of the saints…to be revered by all who might see them. For the
more they are venerated, the more they move to fervent memory of their role
models. Therefore, it is proper to venerate them.
https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum07.htm
61. Dear Saint Christopher,
Protect me today in all my travels along
the road’s way. Give your warning sign if
danger is near so that I may stop while
the path is clear. Be at my window and
direct me through when the vision blurs
from out of the blue. Carry me safely to
my destined place, like you carried
Christ in your close embrace.
Amen
63. Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda says: Two angels accompany a person on
Shabbat evening from the synagogue to his home, one good angel
and one evil angel. And when he reaches his home and
fi
nds a
lamp burning and a table set and his bed made, the good angel
says: May it be Your will that it shall be like this for another Shabbat.
And the evil angel answers against his will: Amen.
(B Shabbat 119b)
https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.119b.3
64. But…if a person’s home is not prepared for Shabbat in that manner,
the evil angel says: May it be Your will that it shall be so for another
Shabbat, and the good angel answers against his will: Amen.
(B Shabbat 119b)
https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.119b.3
70. Folk Religion
1. Oral traditions instead of written texts
2. Self-appointed leaders instead of formally ordained leaders
3. Local rituals instead of temples or sacred sites
4. Varying rituals instead of
fi
xed rituals
5. Varying beliefs instead of canonized beliefs
71. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions — cannot appeal to, or discuss meaning of a text like
you can with the Quran, Old Testament, or Bhagivad Gita
72. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders — discuss practices and meaning of those
practices with the people, not ordained leaders.
73. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders
3. Local rituals — easier access to observe the rituals in the community
74. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders
3. Local rituals
4. Varying rituals — Expect rituals and practices to vary in the way
people do them, and how they understand them
75. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders
3. Local rituals
4. Varying rituals
5. Varying beliefs — Expect people to hold personal interpretations of
the rituals, their own beliefs, and that these beliefs are not always held
tightly. The beliefs change over time.
76. Engaging devotees of folk religion
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders
3. Local rituals
4. Varying rituals
5. Varying beliefs — beliefs will vary from textbook to textbook, journal
article to journal article
77. How do you engage members of religion?
1. Oral traditions
2. Self-appointed leaders
3. Local rituals
4. Varying rituals
5. Varying beliefs
80. The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects,
and natural phenomena. the belief in a supernatural
power that organizes and animates the material universe
Oxford Dictionary
81. Animism, belief in innumerable spiritual beings
concerned with human affairs and capable of
helping or harming human interests.
Park, G. Kerlin (2020, October 29). Animism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/animism
82. Theory of Animism
Theorized Animism is the most basic,
primitive form of religion, that religions
evolve from
Sir Edward Tylor (1832 - 1917)
McClenon, James. (1998). “Edward Tylor” in William Swatos Ed. Encyclopedia of religion and society. Sage Publication. Retrieved from http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Tylor.htm
83. Theory of Animism
Taylor studied ancient religions of
Mexico and published theories in
Researches into the Early History of
Mankind and Development of
Civilization (1865), and his book
Primitive Culture (1871)
Sir Edward Tylor (1832 - 1917)
McClenon, James. (1998). “Edward Tylor” in William Swatos Ed. Encyclopedia of religion and society. Sage Publication. Retrieved from http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Tylor.htm
84. Theory of Animism
1. There is a soul that survives death
2. There are spirits and deities inhabiting things
and animals
Sir Edward Tylor (1832 - 1917)
McClenon, James. (1998). “Edward Tylor” in William Swatos Ed. Encyclopedia of religion and society. Sage Publication. Retrieved from http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Tylor.htm
85. Tyler’s Theory how Animism Developed
1. Human attempted to explain dreams, trances, apparitions, visions,
unconsciousness, and death.
2. If humans have souls, then so do living & moving things
3. If souls exist, then so must other spirits as well
4. If other spirits exist, then there must be hierarchies & spiritual world
5. If there are hierarchies, the there must be deities in charge.
86. How did Animist practices develop?
1. If souls live on as departed ancestors, and
2. If spirits and deities control our world,
3. Then there should be rituals to communicate with ancestors & spirits
4. There should be rituals to venerate deities, and
5. Spirits & Deities must have sacred places where they live, and
6. Only sacred people are allowed to communicate with them.
87. What are common animist practices?
1. Funeral rites: to honor departed ancestors
2. Rituals to help lingering ancestors move on
3. Shamanistic rituals: To communicate with spirits
4. Fetishism: Veneration to articles representing spirit entities of animals,
trees, and objects in nature
5. Veneration of deities who control the world
92. Friends on the Other Side. (2009). The Princess and the Frog. Disney Studios
93. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances - people dream of dead relatives & believe they’re
still alive, and believe that the dream state is a spiritual realm & their
dead relatives are trying to communicate with them.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
94. Example of Dreams & Trances
• Student trance- is the student day dreaming, zoned out, or soul
traveling?
95. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds - A spiritual world intersects the physical
world in which spirits, ancestors, and gods live.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
97. Example
• House inexplicably burns down - someone angered the spirits of
the property who burned the house down. Maybe it was built over an
ancestral sacred site.
98. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds
• Animated things have souls - Things that move (rivers, animals, wind)
have souls and are imbued with humanlike qualities.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
99. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds
• Animate things possess souls
• Animal Spirits - Animal spirits display their personalities according to
how they act toward humans (ex. A deer gives itself up to be hunted).
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
100. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds
• Animate things possess souls
• Animal Spirits
• Sacred Spaces - Places where the spiritual world intersects the physical
and special people can communicate or interact with it.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
101. Examples
• Hunting - Native Americans ask the animal spirit to guide their hunt,
and then thank the spirit before killing it.
• Sacred Trees - Animist societies revere a sacred tree (mountain,
volcano, lake) and forbid touching them.
103. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds
• Animate things possess souls
• Animal Spirits
• Sacred Spaces
• Sacred People (Shamans) - Humans with the ability to interact with the
spiritual world and communicate with spirits.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
104. Themes in Animism
• Dreams & Trances
• Spiritual & Physical Worlds
• Animate things possess souls
• Animal Spirits
• Sacred Spaces
• Sacred People (Shamans)
• Ancestors - Departed family members still part of the community.
Swancutt, Katherine. (15 June 2019). Animism. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/19anim
111. SHAMAN
A person with access to, and in
fl
uence in the spiritual world. Usually a
mediator between ancestors and living beings
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shaman
114. Topic 5 Assignment
1. Identify one religious system in your culture you will research
2. Report on that system Friday in class, describing your paper
3. Write a report of that system
a. Part 1 Introduce the religious system
b. Part 2 Describe in speci
fi
c detail ONE belief and ONE practice
c. Part 3 Write an ethnographic report on a video documentary (or visit a place of worship)
d. Part 4 Evaluate 2 religious challenges and barriers in explaining the gospel
e. Part 5 Propose 2 points of connection or bridges in explaining the gospel
