4. Review
Q: Why do many students, minority groups, and small countries align themselves against Israel?
4
5. Review
Q: Why do students, minority groups, and small countries often align themselves against Israel?
A: Post-Colonial Worldview
5
6. Review
Q: Why do students, minority groups, and small countries often align themselves against Israel?
A: Post-Colonial Worldview
Q: Why do younger generations including Jews often align against Israel
6
7. Review
Q: Why do students, minority groups, and small countries often align themselves against Israel?
A: Post-Colonial Worldview
Q: Why do younger generations including Jews often align against Israel
A: They were born after 2000, grew up only knowing the Israel-Gaza con
fl
ict
• Hearing criticism of Israel in the news media
• Don’t remember the Arab-Israeli Con
fl
ict.
• For them Israel is Goliath. Palestinians are David.
7
8. Review
Q: Why do students, minority groups, and small countries often align themselves against Israel?
A: Post-Colonial Worldview
Q: Why do younger generations including Jews often align against Israel
A: Born after 2000, grew up with Israel-Gaza con
fl
ict.
Don’t remember the Arab-Israeli Con
fl
ict. For them Israel is Goliath. Palestinians are David.
Q: How are Israeli and Palestinian Meta-narratives di
ff
erent?
8
9. Israel’s Narrative
1. God gave Jews the Land
2. Jews were scattered 2000 years
3. Jews wandered and persecuted
4. Holocaust demonstrated need a homeland
5. Israel was Jewish re-birthed out of ashes
6. Israel continues to struggle to survive
9
10. Israel’s Narrative
1. God gave Jews the Land
2. Jews were scattered 2000 yrs
3. Jews homeless and persecuted
4. Holocaust demonstrated need a homeland
5. 1948 State of Israel
6. Israel continues to struggle to survive
7. October 7 latest chapter of survival
10
11. Palestinian Narrative
1. Palestinians indigenous to land
2. Muslims custodians of 3rd holy site in Islam
3. Jews are white European foreigners
4. Christians persecuted the Jews
5. Sent them to Palestine to get rid of them
6. Use Israel for geopolitical / economic gain
7. Jews are settlers who displaced and
oppress Palestinians
11
12. Palestinian Narrative
1. Palestinians indigenous to land
2. Muslims custodians of 3rd holy site in Islam
3. Jews are white Europeans (not indigenous)
4. Christians persecuted the Jews
5. Sent them in Palestine to get rid of them
6. Use Israel for geopolitical / Economic gain
7. Jews displaced & oppress Palestinians
8. October 7 is the latest chapter of resistance
12
17. 1948
• Israel Declared Statehood
• Arab League invaded Israel
• Vowed to drive the Jews into the Sea
• Told Arab inhabitants to
fl
ee
• Israel promised citizenship to Arabs stayed
18. 150,000 Stayed
2.1 Million Arab-Israeli Citizens (21.1%)
“Demographic Characteristics”, Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics, (2024). https://www-cbs-gov-il
19. 700,000 left
14.3 Million in the world
“Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics” (July, 2022).https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf
29. Benny Morris
Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
Revisited, (Cambridge: 2004).
29
30. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware Jewish State would displace Arab inhabitants
• Knew more Arabs than Jews
• Knew democratic state must be majority Jewish
Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, (Cambridge: 2004): 588-601.
31. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware a Jewish State would displace Arabs
2. Zionists had been refugees. Israel had no plan to expel the Arabs
Morris, p. 588
32. “In the War of Independence between 1947 - March 1948 Israel’s
government never had a grand scheme to expel Arabs”
Morris, 588
33. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware a Jewish State would displace Arabs
2. No plan to expel Arabs as they had been
3. No Broadcast by the Arab League ordering Arabs to
fl
ee
Morris, p. 588
34. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware a Jewish State would displace Arabs
2. Zionists were refugees. No plan to expel Arabs as they had been
3. No Broadcast by the Arab League telling inhabitants to
fl
ee
In fact Arab League hoped local militias would join the
fi
ght.
Morris, p. 588
35. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware Jewish State would displace Arabs.
2. No plan to expel Arabs as they had been
3. No broadcast by the Arab League.
4. Arab militias joined
fi
ght, and IDF found themselves
fi
ghting belligerent villages
Morris, p. 589
36. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware Jewish State would displace Arabs (p. 588).
2. No plan to expel Arabs as they had been (ibid).
3. No broadcast by the Arab League.
4. Arab militias did join the
fi
ght.
5. Yes, IDF did expel some Arab villages and did destroy villages.
Morris, p.600
37. What historically happened?
1. Early Zionists were aware Jewish State would displace Arabs (p. 588).
2. No plan to expel Arabs as they had been (ibid).
3. No broadcast by the Arab League.
4. Arab militias did join the
fi
ght.
5. Yes, IDF did expel some Arab villages and did destroy villages.
6. BUT, mass expulsion was never Ben Gurion’s scheme
Morris, p. 588
39. How did the crisis unfold
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs
fl
ed Haifa, Gaza, & Ja
ff
a (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
Morris, 588-610
40. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs
fl
ed Haifa, Gaza, & Ja
ff
a (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
Anarchy unfolded as working-class Arabs panicked and followed them.
Morris, 588-610
41. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs
fl
ed Haifa, Gaza, & Ja
ff
a (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
Anarchy unfolded as working class Arabs began following.
Arab neighborhoods in the urban cities emptied
Morris, 588-610
42. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
STAGE 2 — Arab military defeats by IDF led to widespread panic (Apr - June, 1948)
Farmers, villages, and working-class Arabs feared Jewish retaliation
Abandoned surrounding villages and
fl
ed in panic
Morris, 588-610
43. Arab morale collapsed giving way to general blind panic or a ‘psychosis of
fl
ight” as one IDF intelligence eye-witness report said. With each military
victory, a corresponding number of inhabitants
fl
ed smaller towns
Morris, p. 591
44. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
STAGE 2 — Arab military defeats by IDF led to widespread panic (Apr - June, 1948)
STAGE 3 — Ben Gurion Ordered Plan D (June, 1948)
Haganah expelled villages to create a bu
ff
er zone in the East
Secure lines of communication expelled belligerent villages
Prevented a “Fifth Column”
Prevent refugees from returning
Morris, 592
45. In early March, Haggadah created Plan D to completely clear vital
areas of Arab Populations where the village had served as bases for
Arab militias that assisted in attacks on Israelis
Morris, 592
46. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
STAGE 2 — Arab military defeats by IDF led to widespread panic (Apr - June, 1948)
STAGE 3 — Ben Gurion Ordered Plan D (June, 1948)
STAGE 4 — IDF in the South began large-scale expulsions (July - Nov, 1948)
Morris, 588-610
47. There was no explicit “expulsion policy”, but the July o
ff
ensives were
characterized by many more expulsions…Ben-Gurion approved a large
expulsion of the war from Lydda and Ramle, but left Christian, Beduin, & Druze
communities intact.
Morris, 597
48. Why did Ben Gurion order expulsions?
• To prevent the creation of a Fifth Column (belligerent villages)
• To prevent refugees from returning
• Foresight that an Arab majority would threaten Jewishness of Israel
• Foresight that Israel needed space for in
fl
ux of Jewish refugees
Morris, 597
49. But Ben Gurion offered Concession 1949
• Israel o
ff
ered to accept 100,000 refugees back as part of peace settlement
Morris, 610
50. But Ben Gurion offered Concession 1949
• Israel o
ff
ered to accept 100,000 refugees back as part of peace settlement
• Israel o
ff
ered to pay compensation and damages
Morris, 610
51. But Ben Gurion offered Concession 1949
• Israel o
ff
ered to accept 100,000 refugees back as part of peace settlement
• Israel o
ff
ered to pay compensation and damages
• Arab League rejected the o
ff
er
Morris, 588-610
52. But Ben Gurion offered Concession 1949
• Israel o
ff
ered to accept 100,000 refugees back as part of peace settlement
• Israel o
ff
ered to pay compensation and damages
• Arab League rejected the o
ff
er
• Israel admitted 10,000 Refugees anyway (became citizens)
Morris, 588-610
53. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
STAGE 2 — Arab defeats by the Haganah led to widespread panic (Apr - June, 1948)
STAGE 3 — Plan D, Haganah expulsion orders (June, 1948)
STAGE 4 — Haganah in the South began large scale expulsions (July - Nov, 1948)
Deir Yassin — Arab Village overlooking road to Jerusalem prevented IDF from liberating the
Jewish quarter which was besieged. Irgun Forces and Stern Gang in house-to-house battle
killed 100 villagers (April, 1948).
53
54. How did expulsion unfold?
STAGE 1 — Upper & Middle Class Arabs (Dec 1947 - Mar 1948)
STAGE 2 — Arab defeats by the Haganah led to widespread panic (Apr - June, 1948)
STAGE 3 — Plan D, Haganah expulsion orders (June, 1948)
STAGE 4 — Haganah in the South began large scale expulsions (July - Nov, 1948)
Deir Yassin — Arab Village overlooking road to Jerusalem
Arab radio broadcaster said that soldiers raped & killed women, children
Further led to widespread Arab Panic in smaller villages
54
55. Deir Yassin
The Masacre That Never Was
(Eliezer Tauber, 2021)
• Carefully identi
fi
ed each victim
• Interviewed Arab survivors
• 101 were killed
• 700
fl
ed as eyewitnesses
• They were killed in battle
• 84 were Arab militants
• No accounts of rape
Elizer Tauber, The Masacre that Never Was, (2021),
56. Deir Yassin
Husayn al-Khalidid, secretary of
Arab High Command Arab told
Journalist Hazzim Nusayba to
optimize this for propaganda
purposes
Elizer Tauber, The Masacre that Never Was, (2021),
57. “We must make the most of this,” Khalidi told Arab journalist Hazzim Nusayba. “I think
we should give this the utmost propaganda possible because the Arab countries
apparently are not interested in assisting us.” According to Khalidi, the Arab authorities
were therefore “forced to give a picture—not what is actually happening—but we had
to exaggerate a little bit so that maybe the Arab countries would become enthusiastic
to come and assist us.”
Eliezer Tauber
Elizer Tauber, The Masacre that Never Was, (2021),
59. The conclusion of the war
1. In the 1949 Arab Truce, Ben Gurion o
ff
ered 100,000 Palestinian Arabs to
return and be citizens in exchange for permanent peace treaty.
59
60. What historically happened?
1. In the 1949 Arab Truce, Ben Gurion o
ff
ered to allow 100,000 Palestinian
Arabs to return and be citizens
2. The Arab League refused the o
ff
er
60
62. Who are Palestinians?
The Palestinians are those Arab nationals who, until 1947, normally
resided in Palestine regardless of whether they were evicted from it
or have stayed there. Anyone born, after that date, of a Palestinian
father - whether inside Palestine or outside it - is also a Palestinian.
Article 6, 1964 Palestinian Charter
“1964 Palestinian Charter” (1964), https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-original-palestine-national-charter-1964
63. Who are Palestinian Refugees?
Any persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine
during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both
home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 con
fl
ict
regardless of their current status or citizenship.
UNRWA, 2021
“UNRWA” (2021). https://www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees?__cf_chl_tk=bwPZ4IaHCJ7I9cFZOxiKiRW93VBqx5wqMHemxpJ8GYQ-1707507125-0-3899
64. Critical Questions
1. Are ALL paternal descendants Palestinian regardless of generations of
intermarriage?
2. Are ALL paternal descendants outside of the Palestine refugees
regardless of country of citizenship?
64
70. How many Palestinians are there?
• Worldwide — 14.3 Million *(13.4 Million)
• West Bank — 3.19 Million
• Gaza Strip — 2.17 Million
• Israel — 1.96 Million
• Diaspora — 8.94 Million *(5.25 Million)
* Israel Bureau of Statistics
“Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics” (2022), https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf
74. Egypt’s losses in 1967 & 1973 Wars
• 1000’s casualties in 1967 & 1973
• Lost planes and tanks
• Lost the Sinai Peninsula
• Egypt’s economy collapsed
• Anwar Sedat broke with USSR in 1976
• Aligned with the West
• Carter pressed Sedat to make peace
74
75. 1977
Sadat
fl
ew to Israel
Addressed Knesset
Recognizing Israel
Jimmy Carter, ”Camp David Accords." Encyclopedia Britannica, (2023). https://www.britannica.com/event/Camp-David-Accords.
76. September 1977
Camp David Accords
Brokered by Jimmy Carter
Anwar Sadat & Menahem Begin
Carter, “Terms”
77. March, 1979
Peace Treaty
1. Israel withdraw from Sinai
2. Egypt normalize relations
3. Egypt open Suez Canal
Carter, “Terms”
79. Arab - Israel Relations 1996 to 2024
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel
1996 — Qatar (diplomatic)
2016 — Turkey
2017 — Kurdistan (Iraq rejected)
2020 — United Arab Emirates, Sudan, Morocco, Bahrain
Today — Saudi Arabia (in process)
80. Why did Arab nations seek peace?
1. Rise of Islamic Extremism required military support from the West
2. Collapse of the USSR, Arab nations turned to the West
3. PLO became an international pariah to the Arab Countries, therefore they no
longer felt peace with Israel should hinge on the Palestinians.
80
82. What obstructed peace talks?
• PLO refused to recognize the State of Israel
• PLO’s charter called for the destruction of the State of Israel.
Doc Waxman, The Israeli-Palestinian Con
fl
ict, (NY: Oxford University, 2019): 105-120.
83. What obstructed peace talks?
• PLO refused to recognize the State of Israel
• PLO’s charter called for the destruction of the State of Israel.
• Israel refused to recognize the PLO as the representative of Palestinians
• Israel refused to speak with the PLO considering it a terrorist organization.
Waxman, 105
84. What obstructed peace talks?
• PLO refused to recognize the State of Israel
• PLO’s charter called for the destruction of the State of Israel.
• Israel refused to recognize the PLO as the representative of Palestinians
• Israel refused to speak with the PLO considering it a terrorist organization.
• Few countries wanted to mediate between the PLO and Israel
Most western nations considered PLO terrorist
Most Arab Countries didn’t recognize Israel.
Waxman, 105
85. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World — lost funding and support.
Dov Waxman, The Israeli-Palestinian Con
fl
ict, (NY: Oxford University, 2019): 105-120.
86. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World — lost funding and support.
Sided with Iraq in the First Gulf War
Saudi Arabia and Gulf States cuto
ff
aid to PLO
PLO had become a pariah to the Arab Nations, stirring up strife and
Flooding Arab countries with refugees.
Waxman, 105-120.
87. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World
2. Arafat was in Tunis — far from Palestine and losing control of region.
Daniel Gordis, The Israeli-Palestinian Con
fl
ict, (NY: Oxford University, 2019): 105-120.
88. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World
2. Arafat was in Tunis — far from Palestine and losing control of region.
3. Rise of Hamas threatened to wrest control of territories from PLO
Waxman 105-120.
89. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World
2. Arafat was in Tunis — far from Palestine and losing control of region.
3. Rise of Hamas threatened to wrest control of territories from PLO
4. PLO lost support from USSR when it ended in 1991
Ibid
90. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World
2. Arafat was in Tunis — far from Palestine and losing control of region.
3. Rise of Hamas threatened to wrest control of territories from PLO
4. PLO lost support from USSR when it ended in 1991
5. Israel was pressed by First Intifada (1987 - 1993) to
fi
nd a solution
6. Israel was pressed by the international boycotts resulting from Intifada.
Ibid
91. What led the PLO & Israel to peace table
1. PLO was alienated by the Arab World
2. Arafat was in Tunis — far from Palestine and losing control of region.
3. Rise of Hamas threatened to wrest control of territories from PLO
4. PLO lost support from USSR when it ended in 1991
5. Israel was pressed by First Intifada (1987 - 1993) to
fi
nd a solution
6. Israel was pressed by the international boycotts resulting from Intifada.
7. PLO & Israel encountered each other at the 1991 Madrid Conference
Ibid
93. Madrid Conference
Gulf War placed America in a
powerful position in Arab World
to call leaders together.
Ibid
94. Madrid Conference
George H Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev
called the meeting.
PLO wasn’t invited, but representatives came.
Israel & Palestinian Delegation face-to-face
Ibid
97. Declaration of Principles
1. Recognition of State of Israel and her right to exist
2. Recognition of PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people.
3. Israel withdraw Gaza Strip and Jericho
4. Israel withdraw from rest of West Bank over course of 5-years
5. Creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to administer day-to-day management
6. Begin discussion on dismantling Jewish settlements, complete withdrawal of Israeli
forces, security for Israel, Status of Jerusalem, and the refugee problem.
Waxman, 115
100. West Bank Occupation
Area C — Israeli Administration
Area B — Joint Administration
Area A — Palestinian Administration
100
https://www.anera.org/what-are-area-a-area-b-and-area-c-in-the-west-bank/
105. Feb & Mar 1996
Hamas Suicide bombers
Killed 59 Israelis on a bus
Gordis, 128
106. Results of the bombings and assassination
• Israel’s left blamed the religious right for assassination and scuttling peace
• Israel’s right blamed the left for giving away Israel’s land
• Both sides abandoned the peace process
Waxman, 128
107. 1996 Netanyahu Elected
Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud)
Promised Security
Critic of Oslo Accords
Critic of Labor party’s land for peace
Waxman, 128
108. Netanyahu stopped the peace process. He put o
ff
talks with Arafat,
delayed implementing steps in the Oslo Accords, reneged on the promise
to build airport in Gaza and refused to transfer money to PA…He lifted the
freeze on settlements. Finally, he opened a tunnel under Dome of Rock
leading to deadly riots.
Waxman, 127
109. Netanyahu Lost
Israel’s support
Stalled peace talks
Increased Palestinian riots
Netanyahu Indicted on corruption charges
Israel wanted withdraw Lebanon
Ibid
110. Gaza & Lebanon
Israelis wanted to get out of Lebanon and
the Gaza Strip.
Just tired of occupation.
Ibid
111. 1999 Barak Elected
• Ehud Barak (Labor Party)
• Promised to withdraw Lebanon
• Promised to withdraw from Gaza
• Promise to re-open peace talks with Arafat
Ibid
112. Every attempt [by Israel] to hold on to [the West Bank and Gaza]…leads
us to become either a nondemocratic or a non-Jewish state. If the
Palestinians vote, then Israel becomes a binational state. If Palestinians
don't vote Israel becomes an apartheid state.
Ehud Barak, 1999
Jimmy Carter, “Don’t Give Up on Mideast Peace” [Op Ed], New York Times (April 12, 2012). https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont-give-up-on-mideast-peace.html
114. Palestinian Concerns
1. Palestinian Autonomy & Total Sovereignty
2. Withdrawal of Israel’s troops from WB and Gaza
3. Dismantling of Jewish Settlements from WB and Gaza
4. Right of Return for Palestinian exiles
5. Palestinian control of East Jerusalem
6. Palestinian Contiguity between the territories
114
115. Israel’s Concerns
1. Israeli security
2. Israeli control of Temple Mount and Jewish Quarter
3. Jewish majority within the State of Israel
115
118. Arafat
1. Palestinian sovereignty over 1967 borders
2. Open to land swap for Orthodox Settlements
3. Full control of all East Jerusalem
4. Control of all Dead Sea
5. West Bank & Gaza Strip all contiguous
(connected)
David Shyovitz, “2000 Camp David Summit”, Jewish Virtual Library (2020) , https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-2000-camp-david-summit
1. Sovereignty over 73% of West Bank & 100% of Gaza
2. Sovereignty over 92% of West Bank in 10-25 years
3. Dismantle 15 out of 42 settlements but keep Hebron
4. Control Dead Sea and have highway from Jerusalem
to the Dead Sea
5. West Bank divided into 3 Cantons, but highways
connecting them and connecting Gaza Strip
Barak
120. Arafat
1. Complete Control over Temple Mount and
all of East Jerusalem
Shyovitz, 2020
1. Custodianship over Temple Mount but Israel
controlling Western Wall, and administering
security over East Jerusalem.
2. Palestinian sovereignty over Christian & Muslim
quarters.
3. Palestine annex parts of East Jerusalem
Barak
122. Arafat
1. Unconditional right of return for refugees
who wished to settle in Israel
2. Mechanism to control the
fl
ow of returnees
and channel some to WB & Gaza
3. Returnees in gradual stages @ 150,000/yr
Shyovitz, 2020
1. Maximum of 100,000 refugees to Israel
2. Based on humanitarian or family reuni
fi
cation
3. International fund of $30 billion for reparations
and compensation for lost property to families.
Barak
124. Arafat
1. Unconditional sovereignty
2. Complete withdrawal of Israel’s army
3. Right to have Palestinian Army
4. Control of Jordan Valley
Shyovitz, 2020
1. Radar Stations inside Palestine
2. Right to deploy troops in Palestine in emergency
3. International force in Jordan Valley
4. Palestine control of border crossings
5. Israeli troops stationed along 15% of the border
6. Palestine demilitarized except for police.
7. Palestinians cannot make alliances without approval.
May not allow foreign forces inside.
Barak
125. Summary of Barak’s Offer
1. Palestinian National Sovereignty
2. Withdrawal from West Bank with quali
fi
cations for security
3. Complete withdrawal from Gaza
4. Dismantle most Jewish Settlements in WB
5. Dismantle all Jewish Settlements in Gaza
6. Palestinian custodianship over Temple Mount annex parts of East Jerusalem
7. Highways connecting all of West Bank and Gaza
Shyovitz, 2020
127. Arafat Rejected Offer
• Made no counter o
ff
er
• Refused any discussion
• He abruptly packed up & left
• Summit ended in failure
Shyovtiz, 2020
128. I regret that in 2000 Arafat missed the opportunity to bring that nation
into being and pray for the day when the dreams of the Palestinian
people for a state and a better life will be realized in a just and lasting
peace.
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton, “Statement: Death of Yassar Arafat”. Clinton Foundation, (November 11, 2004). https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-and-news/general/statement-death-of-yasser-arafat/
129. Right before I left o
ffi
ce, Arafat, in one of our last conversations,
thanked me for all my e
ff
orts and told me what a great man I was.
“Mr Chairman,” I replied, “I am not a great man. I am a failure, and
you have made me one.” Then I warned Arafat that he had single-
handedly elected Ariel Sharon to Israel’s o
ffi
ce and would su
ff
er
the consequences of his own actions.
Bill Clinton, My LIfe, (New York: 2005), 944
130. Bibliography
Anera. “What Are Area A, Area B, and Area C in the West Bank?,” 2023. https://www.anera.org/what-are-area-a-area-b-
and-area-c-in-the-west-bank/.
Carter, Jimmy. “Don’t Give Up on Mideast Peace [Op Ed].” The New York Times, April 12, 2012, Online edition, sec.
Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont-give-up-on-mideast-peace.html.
Clinton, Bill. My Life. New York: Knopf, 2004.
Clinton, Bill. “Statement: Death of Yasser Arafat.” Clinton Foundation (blog), November 11, 2004. https://
www.clintonfoundation.org/press-and-news/general/statement-death-of-yasser-arafat/.
Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics. “Demographic Characteristics,” 2024. https://www-cbs-gov-il.
Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2004.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. “Press Release,” July 2022. https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/
PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf.
Shyovitz, David. “The 2000 Camp David Summit.” Jewish Virtual Library, 2020. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/
the-2000-camp-david-summit.
Virtual Jewish Library Editors. “Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel.” Jewish Virtual Library,
2023. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel.
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