4. Frank Boas
1858 - 1942
Father of Cultural Anthropology
Challenged Western Centrism
Tax, S. (2021, December 18). Franz Boas. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Boas
5. Classical Approach to Culture
Cultures all begin as primitive animist
Societies develop along a
fi
xed path
Developed cultures look like Western Culture
Western Culture became the benchmark
9. Theory of
Cultural Relativism
Boaz theories that cultures develop
relative to the community’s history,
geography, and natural conditions
Tax, S. (2021, December 18). Franz Boas. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Boas
10. Cultural Relativism
The view that various cultural practices and beliefs are best
understood in relation to their entire context.
(Howell & Paris, 2019, 56)
11. Margaret Meade
1901 - 1978
• Student of Frank Boaz
• 1928 Traveled to Samoa to study
how children were raised,
educated, and mature.
12. Coming of Age in Samoa
1928
• Research question: Is human
development biological, thus the
same as Western culture or is it
cultural, thus di
ff
erent?
• Found that social norms, such as
and gender norms and family are
driven by culture and
environment.
13. Zora Neale Hurston
1891 - 1960
• Student of Frank Boaz
• Born in Notasulga, AL
• Raised in Easton, FL
• 1925 Barnard, Columbia Univ. Was the only
Black student
• Boaz encouraged her to go down South
and write ethnography of African-American
Community
20. Ethnography: Exegeting Culture
Culture Reader
Cultural
Biases
Type of Study
Roles
Rituals
Artifacts
Use of Space
Language
Why should I believe
Her ethnographic study?
She’s biased!
INT-450 Student
21. Scienti
fi
c Methods compensate for our biases
Culture Reader
Cultural
Biases
Type of Study
Roles
Rituals
Artifacts
Use of Space
Language
INT-450 Student
34. Emile Durkheim’s
study on Suicide
France, 1897
The
fi
rst methodological study on the
phenomenon
Crossman, Ashley. (2020). The study of suicide by Emile Durkheim. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/study-of-suicide-by-emile-durkheim-3026758
35. Four Types of Suicide
1. Egoist — prolonged sense of not belonging
2. Altruistic — Overwhelmed (i.e. burned out)
3. Anomic — Moral confusion, lack of purpose
4. Fatalistic — Feeling choked, sti
fl
ed, oppressed.
Crossman, Ashley. (2020). The study of suicide by Emile Durkheim. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/study-of-suicide-by-emile-durkheim-3026758
42. Longitudinal Study
• Studies one cohort over many years
• Ex. Study of 3 generations of immigrants
• Requires huge budgets and personnel
43. 3. Mixed Methods
• Involves surveys and interviews
and/or focus groups
• Example: Barna Studies
44. Trends in the Black Church
• Study conducted Apr - May, 2020
• 822 Black adult Churchgoers
• 1,083 Black US adults
• 293 Black pastors
• Interviews & focus groups
48. Climate change in the
Arctic: An Inuity Reality
Duane Smith
Published in Green Our World
Vol. XLIV, No. 2, 2007
UN Environmental Programme
49. Study of the effect of oil
drilling on Alaskan Sea Life
Conducted by Exxon Mobil
In Alaska North Slope
On September, 2018
50. Who did the study?
• For pro
fi
t company (ex. P
fi
zer)
• Government organization (ex. Pew)
• Non-pro
fi
t religious organization (ex. Barna)
• Non-pro
fi
t advocacy (ex. Environmental group)
• Academic Institution (ex. USC)
51. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
53. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
54. Who was the focus of the study?
• How many participants were there?
• How were they selected (criteria)?
• Ex. Age, gender, social status, race
55. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
4. What kind of study was done?
56. What kind of study?
• Quantitative
• Qualitative (what type)?
• Narrative, Phenomenological
• Case, Ethnographic
• Grounded Theory
• Mixed-Methods
57. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
4. What kind of study was done?
5. What was the research question?
58. What was the Question?
• What was (were) the central research questions
the researcher(s) asked?
• Look for the study’s purpose, and a question
59. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
4. What kind of study was done?
5. What was the research question?
6. How was the study done (methodology)?
60. How was the study done?
• # of Surveys?
• # of Interviews?
• # of focus groups
• Field observations on site
• # Case studies of events or venues
61. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
4. What kind of study was done?
5. What was the research question?
6. How was the study done (methodology)?
7. What were the
fi
ndings?
62. How to read social scientific studies
1. Who did the study?
2. When & where was the study done?
3. Who was the focus of the study?
4. What kind of study was done?
5. What was the research question?
6. How was the study done (methodology)?
7. What were the
fi
ndings?
8. What are the implications for ministry to this group?
63. What are the implications?
• What does this study tell you about culture?
• What implications did study describe?
• What implications for your ministry?
65. Where do I start
1. Abstract — one paragraph summary of he study
2. Introduction or Executive summary — Usually summarizes the study and its
fi
ndings.
66. Where do I start
1. Abstract
2. Introduction or Executive summary
3. Read the table of contents or scan the headings
67. Where do I start
• Read the Executive Summary or Abstract
• Read the Conclusion at the end
• Skip the technical charts
68. Where do I start
1. Abstract
2. Introduction or Executive summary
3. Table of Contents or Headings
4. Findings— are described in one section after the methodology
69. What were the findings?
• Go to the section you are most interested in
70. Where do I start
1. Abstract
2. Introduction or Executive summary
3. Table of Contents or Headings
4. Findings
5. Implications — at the very end in the conclusion or just before
71. Where do I start
1. Abstract
2. Introduction or Executive summary
3. Table of Contents or Headings
4. Findings
5. Implications
6. Answer the questions — who, when, where, what, how, why…
72. Where do I start
1. Abstract
2. Introduction or Executive summary
3. Table of Contents or Headings
4. Findings
5. Implications
6. Answer the questions
7. Write your report — summarize the study concisely, and directly.
73. Write your report
• Introduce the study
• Answer the questions
• Select 1 or 2 graphics and embed a screen
shot. Explain the graphic.
• What are implications for ministry?
Pew Research Center. (24 May 21). Gen Z, Millennials more active than older generations addressing climate change.
https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/05/26/gen-z-millennials-stand-out-for-climate-change-activism-social-media-engagement-with-issue/ps_2021-05-26_climate-and-generations_00-01/
74. Cite! Cite! Cite!
• OMG please Cite!
• Always cite your studies
• Always cite the page #’s of graphics
Pew Research Center. (24 May 21). Gen Z, Millennials more active than older generations addressing climate change.
https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/05/26/gen-z-millennials-stand-out-for-climate-change-activism-social-media-engagement-with-issue/ps_2021-05-26_climate-and-generations_00-01/
75. Oh yeah, did I say “cite!” ?
Be sure to properly cite the report and any supporting sources you consult
76. What Palestinians
Really think of Hamas Trends in the Black Church Cumulative Gender
Discrimination
In Women
Bullying of Mexican
Immigrant Students “Being Hopi by Living Hopi”
Chapter 4 in the book
Indigenous Youth & Multilingualism
What Attracts and Engages
Young Adults & Teens to
Messianic Jewish Congregations?
77. Let’s Find a Study
Go to the GCU Library Journal Database and Search for Studies in our area of research
