The document discusses evangelism in a pluralistic society. It argues that Christians should practice civil discourse by acknowledging cultural sensitivities, becoming friends with those of other beliefs, openly sharing spiritual experiences, finding connections to the gospel, and asking about openness to learn more while relying on scripture. Civil discourse means respectful discussion of religious beliefs rather than having no beliefs. Most non-Western cultures respect deep personal convictions. The evangelical approach involves acknowledging religious truth claims and that other religions have wisdom while still sharing the gospel message.

2. Devotion: Larson Nooh

3. Question:
How can a Christian
practice evangelism while maintaining a
politically correct posture in American
pluralistic culture

4. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. The term Politically Correct is pejorative

5. Political Correctness
1. Pejorative term implying sti
fl
ed speech
2. Used in Nazi Germany and Soviet Union
3. Criticized by Alan Bloom in The Closing of the
American Mind (1987).
4. Weaponized by critics in 1990s

6. Civil Discourse
Instead of thinking politically correct
Think about Civil Discourse and Cultural
Sensitivities

7. Civil Discourse
Seek sensitivities in the language we use. But that
sensitivity should not sti
fl
e our ability to freely
share our personal beliefs

8. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we
seek to engage

9. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we
seek to engage
2. Become friends and ask questions about their
beliefs and practices

10. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we
seek to engage
2. Become friends and ask questions about their
beliefs and practices
3. Openly share about our own spiritual
experiences

11. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we
seek to engage
2. Become friends and ask questions about their
beliefs and practices
3. Openly share about our own spiritual experiences
4. Find bridges and points that connect to the gospel

12. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we seek to engage
2. Become friends and ask questions about their beliefs and
practices
3. Openly share about our own spiritual experiences
4. Find bridges and points that connect to the gospel
5. Don’t be afraid to ask about a person’s openness to learn
more

13. Evangelism in a Pluralistic Society
1. Acknowledge cultural sensitivities of those we seek to engage
2. Become friends and ask questions about their beliefs and practices
3. Openly share about our own spiritual experiences
4. Find bridges and points that connect to the gospel
5. Don’t be afraid to ask about a person’s openness to learn more
6. Always go to Scripture, so that they know its not your private opinion

14. Civil Discourse means
respectful discussion

15. Civil Discourse does not mean
having no religious beliefs

16. Most non-Western cultures respect
deep personal convictions
(Especially Muslims!)

17. Evangelical Approach
to Studying Religion

18. Evangelical Approach
Civil Discourse

19. • Truthful
• Productive
• Audience-based
• About listening and talking
• Each Speaker's own responsibility
Civil Discourse is…
https://www.american.edu/spa/civildiscourse/what-is-civil-discourse.cfm

20. • Mere politeness
• An exercise in martyrdom
• About telling other people who they are
• Purely performative
Civil Discourse is not…
https://www.american.edu/spa/civildiscourse/what-is-civil-discourse.cfm

21. Evangelical Civil Discourse
1. Truthful — Maintaining Christian truth claims

22. Evangelical Civil Discourse
1. Truthful — Maintaining Christian truth claims
2. Listening — Seeking to learn another’s beliefs

23. Evangelical Civil Discourse
1. Truthful — Maintaining Christian truth claims
2. Listening — Seeking to learn another’s beliefs
3. Talking — Willing to share Christian perspective
4. Each Speaker — Taking another’s view based on
what they say, not inferring from what they don’t say

24. General Revelation

25. Evangelical Approach
1. Acknowledge holding religious truth claims
2. Acknowledge there is wisdom in other religions
3. Acknowledge discourse is valuable

26. Evangelical Approach
1. Acknowledge holding religious truth claims
2. Acknowledge there is wisdom in other religions
3. Acknowledge discourse is valuable
4. Maintain the need to share the gospel

27. Islam
Topic 3

28. Demographics

29. Muslims in the World
24.20% of the world’s population
https://worldreligiondatabase-org

30. Muslims in the World
• 1.89 billion Muslims Worldwide
• 4.56 million Muslims in United States
• 50k - 60k Muslims in Arizona
https://worldreligiondatabase-org
https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2016/08/15/arizona-muslims-one-perception-many-faces/

31. 50,000 - 60,000 in Arizona
https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2016/08/15/arizona-muslims-one-perception-many-faces/

32. Muslims in the World
• 20% live in Middle East
• 62% live in Asia-Paci
fi
c
• 10% of Europeans will be Muslim by 2050
https://worldreligiondatabase-org

33. Lipka, Michael. (9 Aug 2017). Muslims and Islam: Key Findings. Pew Research Center.
1.89 billion Muslims Worldwide
4.56 Million in United States
4.56 million
United States

34. Islam in the United States
• 56% of American Muslims immigrated after 2000
• 82% of Muslims are US citizens
• 42% of American Muslims were US-born

35. https://www.allied-media.com/AM/

36. US. Department of State, April 2001

37. Pew Research (2017)

39. What can you say about the Muslim
community in the United States?

40. What can you say about the Muslim
community in the United States?
• Not a community of immigrants anymore
• Values learning and well educated
• Upwardly mobile and hard working

41. History of Islam

42. Backstory

43. Roman Empire Split 330 AD

44. Arab Tribes
Persian Empire
Byzantine
Ethiopia

45. Pagan
Zoroastrian
Christian
Christian Jews
Jews
Jews
Jews

46. Arabs
Zoroastrian
Christian
Christian Jews

47. Islam grew out of a conversation
between three religions

48. Descendants of
Ishmael
Persian Empire
Byzantine
Ethiopian

49. Ka’aba
Ka’aba = Cube
Meteorite
Venerated as divine
Mecca, Arab holy site

50. Birth of Islam

51. Muhammed ibn
Abdullah
570 - 632 AD

52. Muhammed’s Upbringing
• 570 AD Born in Mecca
• Hashemite Arab Tribe
• Family possibly Zoroastrians

53. Muhammed’s Upbringing
• Father (Abdullah) died before he was born
• Mother (Amina) died when he was a child
• Uncle (Abu Talib) raised him
• 595 Married (Khadija) who was 30 years older

54. Muhammed’s Life
• Two Sons who died
• Four daughters who became heirs
• Became a camel driver
• Watering camels for pilgrims to Ka’aba

55. Muhammed’s Revelation
• Prayed and meditated in Cave of Hira
• 610 AD Received revelation from Angel Gabriel
• Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Power)
• Angel said “Recite!”
• But Muhammed was illiterate

56. Cave of Hira
610 AD
The Night of Power

57. Cave of Hira
610 AD
Gabriel the Angel

58. Preached Oneness
of Allah
Kaaba
Pagan holy site in Mecca

59. ‘Allah = Arabic for God
‫=אלה‬ Aramaic in Book of Daniel

60. Hegira
622 AD
Flight to Medina
Year One

61. Medina
622 - 632 AD
King of Medina protected him
Converted to Islam
Islam grew
Islamic Law developed
Mosque of the Prophet

62. Sharia Law
Arabic "the clear, well-trodden
path to water”
Religious Civil Laws
Mosque of the Prophet

63. Battle of Trench
627 AD
Meccans attacked Medina
Defense of Medina

64. Slaughter of Qurayza
627 AD
Executed 400-600 Jews in Medina

65. Conquest of Mecca
630 AD
Led army back to Mecca
First Hajj (Pilgrimage)

66. Treaty of
Hudaybiyyah
Protected
Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
Choice
Live as subjects, convert,
or be killed

67. Treaty of
Hudaybiyyah
Dhimmi - Protected People
Jizya - Special Taxes

68. Death of Muhammad
632 AD
Abu Bakr took over

69. Abu Bakr
632 - 634 AD
Gathered Muhammed’s sayings
Wrote down Quran

70. Quran
Formation of the Arabic written
language

72. Spread of Islam

73. Abu Bakr
573 - 634 AD
First Caliph
Father-in-Law

74. Quran
Begun 632 AD
Finalized 656 AD
Means recitation

75. The Caliphates
622 - 632 Muhammad
632 - 661 Rashidun
661 - 750 Umayyad
750 - 1258 Abbasid
1261 - 1517 Mamluk
1517 - 1924 Ottoman Empire

77. Caliph Umar
637 AD
Conquered Jerusalem
Dome of the Rock / Mosque of Omar

78. Pact of Omar (644 AD)
• Protects Dhimmis (non-Muslims)
• Prohibits rebuilding churches/synagogues
• Churches/Synagogues lower than mosques
• Dhimmis must pay Jizya
• Prohibits evangelism
• Prohibits public religious celebrations

79. Pact of Omar (644 AD)
• Prohibits public displays of crosses
• Prohibits loud sounds (ex. Call to worship)
• Prohibits stopping a conversion to Islam
• Prohibits imitating Muslims
• Requires Dhimmis rise in presence of Muslim

80. Pact of Omar (644 AD)
• Christians to wear blue belts or turbins
• Jews to wear yellow belts or hats

81. Golden Age of Islam

82. How did Islam Spread (632 - 750)
Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews given a choice
1. Submit to the Pact of Omar
2. Become Dhimmis (subjects) and pay the Jizya (tax) or
3. Convert to Islam or
4. Be Killed

83. How do we talk about the
spread of Islam?

84. Islam’s Contributions
To Civilization

85. Islamic Contributions
• Math: Algebra, Geometry
• Science: Medicine, Astronomy
• Culture and Trade with the East
• Medicine: surgery, medicines

86. Islamic Contributions
• Literature: Preservation of Greek
manuscripts including the Bible

87. Islamic Contributions to Europe
Rice, sugar cane,
Egyptian Cotton,
hemp, oranges,
lemons, melons,
pistachios,
apricots, syrups

88. Coffee!

89. Clark, 2017, The Story of Europe

90. Islamic Contributions
Jews
fl
eeing christian Europe
found sanctuary in Islamic lands

92. Does the Golden Age of Islam
change your perspective on Islam?

93. How did the Islamic world decline?

94. Ottoman Empire
The Last Great Islamic Empire

95. Ottoman Empire at its Height

96. Ottoman Empire at its End

97. Europe Colonizes Islamic World

98. Islamic Nationalism & Modernization

99. Islam’s Modern History

103. Rise of Modern Arab Nationalism
• Modernization in Islamic Countries
• Rise of Nationalism and Arab Moderates
• Rise of Oppressive Leadership
• Pushback from Religious Muslims

104. Modernization spreads through Islamic World

105. Modernization of the Islamic World
• Women’s rights
• Modern
fi
lm and TV
• Popular Music
• Democratic Institutions
• Popular Dress and culture

106. Political Polarization in Islamic World
• Cold War forces political alliances
• Alliances with the Soviet Union or
• Alliances with American Allies

107. Mohamed Morsi
Muslim Brotherhood
Egypt
Taliban
Afghanistan
Khomeini
Iran
Religious Backlash to Modernization

108. Rise of Islamic Extremism
• Reaction to Modernization
• Reaction to Western culture
• Reaction to Secular Civil Government
• Reaction to perceived Western & Russian Military Alliances which
are seen as efforts to colonize and control

109. The Shia - Sunni Schism

110. Sunni Islam
Caliph Abu Bakr
573 - 634 AD
Abu Bakr was a Caliph
But not a divine prophet

111. Shi’a Ali
Ali ibn Talib
601 - 661 AD
Divinely appointed Imam
Muhammad’s successor
Abu Bakr’s Cousin

112. Schism
Shia’t Ali (followers of Ali)
Sunni (the Way)

113. Sunni Islam
Shia Islam

114. Islam’s 4 Holy Sites

115. Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock
Medina: Mosque of the Prophet
Mecca: The Ka’aba
Damascus: Umayyad Mosque
Najaf, Iraq: Imam Ali

116. 1.Ka’aba in Mecca

117. 2. Mosque of the Prophet in Medina

118. 3. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

119. 4. Umayyad Mosque
Damascus, Syria
The Great Mosque
Muhammad’s grandson Husayn ibn Ali
Place where Isa (Jesus) will return

120. 5. Imam Ali
Najaf, Iraq
Sacred to only to Shi’a
Tomb of Ali, brother of Muhammad

121. Beliefs

123. Shahada
Confession
There is no God but Allah
and Muhammad is his
prophet.

125. Salat
Praying Five Times
• Before sunrise
• Noon
• Midday
• After sunset
• Night

126. Great Mosque in Istanbul
Minaret (Beacon)

127. Adhan (Call to worship)
• Allahu akbar Allah is great
• Ashadu an la ilaha illa llah I bear witness there is no god but Allah
• Ashadu ‘Anna Muhmmadan rasulu illah I bear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s prophet
• Chayya ‘ala s-salah Hasten to prayer!
• Chayya ‘ala I-falah Hasten to salvation
• As-salatu khayrun mina n’nawa prayer is better than sleep
• Allahu ‘akbar Allah is great
• la ilaha illa llah. There is no god but Allah

129. Zakat
Taxes and Alms

130. Sawm
Fasting During Ramadan

131. Ramadan
• Sat., April 2 — Mon, May 2, 2022
• Fast, and Restraint (ex. No movies, dance, intimacy)
• Allah gave
fi
rst chapters of Quran to Muhammad in 610

132. Iftar (meal after sunset)

133. Eid al-Fitr (Feast after Ramadan)

134. Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca

136. Six Articles of Faith
1. Belief in One God
2. Belief in Angels
3. Belief in the Prophets
4. Belief in the Resurrection and Final Judgment
5. Belief in the Holy Books
6. Belief in Divine Decree

137. Belief in One God
Allah, who is indivisible, incomparable
to men or women, not begotten, and
not a trinity

138. Belief in Angels
Angels are agents of God, created
from light, with no free will, who are not
to be venerated

139. Belief in the Prophets
God sent men & women prophets
including Abraham, Moses, Isa (Jesus),
and His last prophet, Muhammad.

140. Belief in Resurrection
and Final Judgement
All men & women will die, and rise
again in the resurrection after which
they will face judgement

141. End Times
• Signs of the End times: Immorality, crime, callousness
• Coming of the Mahdi (Guided One)
• Unite Muslims
• Isa will return & rule
• Satan will be killed
• Resurrection of the Dead
• Day of Judgement

142. Belief in the Holy Books
Allah revealed Himself in the Old
Testament, New Testament, and the
Quran. Only the Quran is the divine
Word of God that has not been
corrupted.

143. Belief in the Divine Decree
All things happen according to the Will
of Allah. Men and women’s duty is to
accept His will.

144. Beliefs of Islam
• One God who is indivisible and cannot be a man
• God’s prophets: Abraham, Moses, Isa (Jesus), Muhammad
• Old & New Testament, Quran, Hadith
• Paradise, Hell, and temporal place before judgement
• Satan, good and bad angels (Jinn)
• Judged by our deeds on earth

145. Beliefs of Islam
• Quran is the divine Word of Allah (given to Muhammad)
• Hadith: the oral traditions of Muhammad
• Shi’a believe divine authority of the Imam
• Will of Allah determines all that we do

146. Beliefs of Islam
• Jihad (struggle)
• Judgement Day

147. Sacred Story
1. God called Abraham,
fi
rst monotheist
2. Ishmael, not Isaac, was Abraham’s Heir
3. Ishmael traveled to Mecca where Abraham built the Ka’aba
4. God sent prophets, all rejected
5. Gabriel appeared to Muhammad,
fi
nal prophet
6. Resurrection at the end of time and
fi
nal battle
7. Final judgement of the world

148. Practices & Religious Objects

149. Quran
Revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad
Over 23 years
Concluded in 632 AD

150. Quran
Means Recitation
Read Aloud
Read in Arabic
Memorized

151. Quran
114 Surahs (Chapters)
Each chapter has Ayat (Verses)
Begins with Bismillah
“In the name of Allah”
Ordered in size, not chronology

152. 1. In the Name of Allah the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.
2. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds -
3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense.
5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help
6. Guide us to the straight path-
7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those
who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.
Quran 1:1–7

153. Prayer Mat
Prostration & Sitting
Value Cleanliness
Prostrate forehead to
fl
oor

154. Prayer Beads
Misbaha
99 small beads (or)
33 large Beads

155. Hijab
Presence of men
Modesty

156. Burqa
Central Asia
Iran

157. Wudhu
Ceremonial Washing
Before prayer
Ablution (cleanse of sin)

158. Branches

159. Worldatlas.com

160. Sunni Islam
• 89 - 90% of Muslims
• Abu Bakr Siddique Caliph
• Await the Mahdi, true successor
• Imam is only a religious leader
• Followers do not need intermediary

161. Shi’a Islam
• 200 Million followers
• Iran, Iraq, Yemen, and Syria
• Ali ibn Talib was divine successor
• Imam religious & community leader
• Imam decides meaning of Quran

162. Ibadi Islam
• Oman
• Claims they pre-date Sunni & Shi’a
• God will not show himself Judgement day
• Do not need community leader a

163. Ahmadiyya Islam
• East Africa, Southeast Asia
• Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835 - 1908)
• Ahmad was newest prophet
• Renewal movement
• Beliefs similar to Sunni

164. Su
fi
sm Islam
• Turkey, Iran, Greece, Balkans
• Follow Ali Ibn Talib (successor)
• Puri
fi
cation of the Inner Self
• Personal, mystical experience with Allah
• Cross-denominational movement

165. Cultural Values

166. Cultural Values
• Learning and Study
• Restraint (not indulgent)
• High power distance

167. Cultural Values
• Patriarchal (women subservient roles)
• Collectivist (not individual)
• High uncertainty avoidance

168. Cultural Values
• Giving to charity
• Modesty and conservative dress
• Hospitality and generosity
• Respect religion and tradition

169. Sensitivities
• Israel and their occupation of the territories
• Palestinians and autonomy
• Dietary restrictions
• Social interaction of men with women
• Modest dress (especially women)

170. Sensitivities
• Movies, music, celebration (ex. Alcohol)
• Depicting Muhammed
• Criticizing Muhammed

171. The Muslim-American
Experience

172. Discrimination
Workplace
Market place
Conversation

173. Solidarity with
Palestine

174. Turkish Public Broadcast Service (2019)

175. What are ways we
can be sensitive?

176. What are ways we
can explain the
gospel?