Instructional design is the systematic process of developing instructional materials to ensure quality education. It involves analyzing learning needs, developing instructional content and activities, testing materials, and evaluating the effectiveness of the instruction and learner activities. A common model for instructional design is the ADDIE process, which consists of five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. In the analysis phase, designers analyze learner and task needs. In design, they define objectives and strategies. Development involves creating materials. Then, materials are implemented and evaluated for effectiveness. Some weaknesses of the ADDIE model include that the upfront analysis is often unrealistic, it ignores political realities, storyboards are ineffective design tools, and

1. Instructional design Mandirashahi Associate professor NCHPED

2. definations Instructional Design as a Process:Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.

4. Design ADDIE process Perhaps the most common model used for creating instructional materials is the ADDIE Process. This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model: Analyze – analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc. Identify Instructional Goals, Conduct Instructional Analysis, Analyze Learners and Contexts Design – develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approach Write Performance Objectives, Develop Assessment Instruments, Develop Instructional Strategy Develop – create instructional or training materials Design and selection of materials appropriate for learning activity, Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation Implement – deliver or distribute the instructional materials Evaluate – make sure the materials achieved the desired goals Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation Most of the current instructional design models are variations of the ADDIE process.[21]Dick,W.O,.Carey, L.,&Carey, J.O.(2004)Systematic Design of Instruction. Boston,MA:Allyn&Bacon.

5. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADDIE_Model Figure 1 ADDIE Model, Diagram by: Steven J. McGriff, Instructional Systems, College of Education, Penn State University Kemp's Instructional Design Model

6. Seven Common Weaknesses of the ADDIE Process 1.) Typical processes require unrealistically comprehensive up-front analysis Most teams respond by doing very little at all and fail to access critical elements 2.) Ignores some political realities. Opportunities are misses, vital resources aren't made available, support is lacking, and targets shift. 3.) Storyboards are ineffective tools for creating, communicating and evaluating design alternatives. Poor designs aren't recognized as such until too late. 4.) Detailed processes become so set that creativity becomes a nuisance. 5.) No accommodation for dealing with faults or good ideas throughput the process. 6.) Learning programs are designed to meet criteria that are measured (schedule, cost, throughput) and fail to focus on identifying behavioral changes. 7.) Posttests provide little useful information to assist in improving instruction From Rapid Interactive Design for E-Learning Certificate Program