Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
A farm machinery and/or implement can be defined as any type of machinery or implement that can be used in the process of agricultural production; it can be for crop production or animal production.
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
this testing includes weeding, its objective ,types and testing of both manual and power weeders
Testing of weeder includes General test or lab test and Field test
General test or lab test includes
Checking of specifications
Checking of hardness of material
Chemical analysis of soil engaging components
Wear of the soil engaging components
Engine performance
Noise level
Air cleaner oil pull over
Amplitude of mechanical vibration
Discard limit
Turning ability
Rotary blades
Safety requirements
---Field test
Field parameters
Speed of travel
Field capacity
Depth of weeding
Draft of the weeder
Weeding efficiency
Power requirement
Plant damage
Field efficiency
Performance index
Fuel consumtion
Soundness of construction
Ease of adjustment and operation
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Tillage is a piece of farm equipment used for the preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, mixing, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling techniques using hand tools include shoveling, gathering, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. The meaning of “Tillage” is the land that can be tilled.
There are various types of tillage implement like rotary tiller or rotavator, plough, harrow, cultivator, subsoiler and many more used in agriculture activity
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
A farm machinery and/or implement can be defined as any type of machinery or implement that can be used in the process of agricultural production; it can be for crop production or animal production.
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
this testing includes weeding, its objective ,types and testing of both manual and power weeders
Testing of weeder includes General test or lab test and Field test
General test or lab test includes
Checking of specifications
Checking of hardness of material
Chemical analysis of soil engaging components
Wear of the soil engaging components
Engine performance
Noise level
Air cleaner oil pull over
Amplitude of mechanical vibration
Discard limit
Turning ability
Rotary blades
Safety requirements
---Field test
Field parameters
Speed of travel
Field capacity
Depth of weeding
Draft of the weeder
Weeding efficiency
Power requirement
Plant damage
Field efficiency
Performance index
Fuel consumtion
Soundness of construction
Ease of adjustment and operation
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Tillage is a piece of farm equipment used for the preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, mixing, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling techniques using hand tools include shoveling, gathering, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. The meaning of “Tillage” is the land that can be tilled.
There are various types of tillage implement like rotary tiller or rotavator, plough, harrow, cultivator, subsoiler and many more used in agriculture activity
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
This presentation will provide knowledge on losses in combine harvester and adjustments to overcome those losses. It posses some related formulas, calculation and image to identify the components of combine harvester as well.
The process involved in sugarcane harvesting is base cutting of sugarcane, detopping, detrashing, bundle making and transporting the harvested cane to sugar mills.
Manual sugarcane harvesting is a very labor-intensive and laborious activity.
About 850-1000 man working hours per hectare is required for harvesting of sugarcane manually. Detopping and detrashing of crop itself takes about two-third of manpower required for harvesting. Delayed harvesting affects the quality of sugarcane, yield, juice quality and sugar recovery.
Mechanical harvesting also makes green cane harvesting possible, which reduces Green House Gas emissions. Sugarcane harvester should be capable to perform the following sequence of functions:
1- Gather and feed the cane toward the functional mechanisms
2- Cut the base of cane stalk.
3- Cut the green top of the cane stalk.
4- Feed cane stalks inside the machine.
5- Chop cane stalks into billets.
6- Blow out green tops and dry leaves.
7- Elevate chopped cane up to be loaded on a vehicle.
Threshing – traditional methods mechanical
threshers – types-principles and operation-moisture content –measurement –direct and indirect
methods – moisture meters – equilibrium moisture content.
Harvesting
For paddy, harvesting refers to the cutting and gathering of panicles attached to the stalks.
Harvesting at the right time and in the right way maximizes grain yield and minimizes grain losses and quality deterioration.
Once the plants have reached full growth (approximately three months after planting) and the grains begin to ripen-the tops begin to droop and the stem yellows-the water is drained from the fields.
As the fields dry, the grains ripen further and harvesting is commenced.
Stage of harvest :
Many factors must be considered to obtain optimum rice harvest.
The grain must be mature, high in quality and have proper moisture content.
Field should be sufficiently dry to support harvesting and transport.
Timely harvesting ensures good grain quality, high market value and improved consumer acceptance.
The right stage for harvesting is when about 80% panicles have 80 % ripened spike lets and their upper portion is straw colored. The grain contains about 20% of moisture.
Rice should be harvested when the grains on lower part of the panicle are in hard dough stage.
Maturity may be hastened by 3-4 days by spraying 20 % NaCl a week before harvest to escape monsoon rains
Harvesting methods :
Depending on the size of the operation and the amount of mechanization, rice is either harvested by hand or machine. The different harvesting systems are as follows:
Manual harvesting
Manual harvesting makes use of traditional threshing tools such as threshing racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling or by hand using sharp knives or sickles. Gives 55-60 % grain recovery.
Manual harvesting and machine threshing
Rice is manually threshed, then cleaned with a machine thresher.
Machine reaping and machine threshing
A reaper cuts and lays the crop in a line. Threshing and cleaning can then be performed manually or by machine.
Combine harvesting
The combine harvester combines all operations from paddy harvesting to rice extraction - cutting, handling, threshing and cleaning. Gives 50 % recovery.
Average yield :
A well-managed crop of mid-late duration varieties yield about 60-70 quintals/ ha.
Short duration varieties yield about 45-55 quintals.
About 40-60 quintals/ ha of fodder also becomes available per season.
Top
Post Harvest Technologies
Threshing
Threshing is the process of beating paddy plants in order to separate the seeds or grains from the straw.
To maintain the high quality of the harvested grains, it should be threshed immediately after harvesting.
Avoid field drying and stacking for several days as it affects grain quality due to over drying. Stacked grains of high moisture content results in discoloration or yellowing.
Threshing can be done manually or mechanically
Manual threshing
The manual methods of thr
We've compiled a list of modern farm tools and their agricultural applications. Give yourself some time to learn about agricultural equipment that will make your life much easier and save you a lot of time on the farm. Farm Equipment and Their Uses can also be found here.
Tools and equipment were created to minimize the amount of effort required by humans. It is obvious that all farmers want to enhance their farm produce with the least amount of labour. These machines and tools are interchangeable. The ability to master a wide range of tools can increase one's chances of success. This agricultural equipment are mostly used for weed control, fertilisation, general tillage, and fumigation. To keep these ideas in mind, we've compiled a list of farm tool names and agricultural tools. Take a look at the list below
In this Ebook " Modern Rice Milling" , We are discussing about what is rice milling?, rice milling systems, modern rice milling process, modern rice milling machines – Cleaning Machines, De husking or de hulling Machines, Whitening or polishing Machines, Grading Machines and Color Sorting Machines.
Similar to Agricultural machinery chapter 4 threhing (20)
Reverse Engineering
Definition
It is described in Wikipedia as:
… the process of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made. The process often involves disassembling something (a mechanical device, electronic component, computer program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) and analyzing its components and workings in detail.
Reverse Engineering
Definition
A process of discovering the technological principles of a human made device, object or system through analysis of its structure, function and operation
Systematic evaluation of a product with the purpose of replication.
Design of a new part
Copy of an existing part
Recovery of a damaged or broken part
An important step in the product development cycle.
Lecture # 06 Tools for Additive Manufacturing ANSYSSolomon Tekeste
The Additive Manufacturing Potential
Topology Optimization
A technique for optimum material distribution in a given design domain.
Why do topology optimization?
Able to achieve the optimal design without depending on designers’ a priori knowledge.
More powerful than shape and size optimization.
Why Topology optimization?
What's behind? Explanation of the optimization methods
Topology Optimization
Software… soft procedure
Optimal Design via Topology Optimization
Topology Optimization
Materials for AM Processes
Numerous laboratories around the world have researched and developed materials for various AM processes.
Below is a list of commercially available materials systems from a selected list of current manufacturers. Together they include;
Photo-curing resins,
Viscous-binder polymers,
Infiltrated metal,
Direct metal and
Infiltrated non-metallics.
Materials for AM Processes
Stereolithography.
All commercial photopolymers for SLA are proprietary epoxies and acrylate–epoxy hybrids. 3D Systems markets the following photopolymers currently.
Lecture # 03 Design for Additive ManufacturingSolomon Tekeste
Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)
DfAM - A generic term used to describe rules and parameters for a part design to be produced with an AM process
DfAM - is the practice of designing products to reduce or minimize manufacturing and assembly difficulties and costs,
DfAM aims
To take advantages of the unique AM technologies capabilities to design and optimize a product/component,
To utilize the characteristics of AM methods to improve the product/component functions according to the capability of the selected AM process.
In doing so, the designers should tailor their designs to maximize the advantages of AM methods, such as complex geometries and lightweight
Design Aspect and Design Consideration in AM
Design aspect
Any particular feature which can be quantified at the design phase.
Includes;
Geometric features of the part’s shape (overhangs, bores, channels, etc.)
Part’s programming parameters (layer thickness, orientation, etc.).
Design consideration
The result on the manufactured part
Specific properties of the process and quantified with certain key performance indicators.
These includes; surface roughness, accuracy, build time, etc.
Design Aspect and Design Consideration in AM
With conventional manufacturing processes, these aspects are mostly a concern for the production engineer rather than for the designer;
But, the significance of these aspects is high for the outcome in AM technologies.
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
They can be categorized by material: photopolymer, thermoplastic, and adhesives.
Photopolymer systems start with a liquid resin, which is then solidified by exposure to a specific wavelength of light.
Thermoplastic systems begin with a solid material, which is then melted and fuses upon cooling.
The adhesive systems use a binder to connect the primary construction material
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
The initial state of material can come in either
solid, liquid or powder state
The current range materials include
paper, polymer, nylon, wax, resins, metals and ceramics.
Liquid Based RP Systems
Solidification of a Liquid Polymer
These process involve the solidification of a resin via electromagnetic radiation
There are different processes in this category
Stereolithography (SL)
Liquid Thermal Polymerization (LTP)
Beam Interference Solidification (BIS)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
Objet Quadra Process (Objet)
Holographic Interference Solidification
Liquid Based RP Systems
Stereolithography (SL)
Principle of Operation
Patented in 1986,
Started the RP revolution
Developed by 3D Systems, Inc.
Most popular RP methods.
The technique builds 3D models from liquid photosensitive polymers that solidify when exposed to ultraviolet light.
Builds plastic parts a layer at a time by tracing a laser beam on the surface of a vat of liquid photopolymer.
The liquid photopolymer, quickly solidifies wherever the laser beam strikes the surface of the liquid
Rapid prototyping (RP)
Definition
Rapid prototyping is a layer based automated fabrication process for making scaled 3-dimentional (3D) physical objects directly from 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data without using part depending tools.
More concisely, it is a process of building a prototype in one step.
Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or “additive layer manufacturing” technology.
Historical development
The first method for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and was used to produce models and prototype parts.
Historical development
In today’s industry, RP exceeding the scope of prototype model creation, expands the possibility of the layered manufacturing, into the next level, where parts for real-world engineering applications are fabricated.
Historical development
Titanium powder-based 3D printing technology is reported recently with many successful stories.
For example, a 3D-printed bike has been fabricated with the Titanium powder.
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Reverse Engineering hardware used for data accusation.
The output of RE data accusation are 2-D cross-sectional image & point clouds that define the geometry of an object.
RE Software transforms RE data produced by RE hardware into a 3D geometric models.
The RE data processing chain can be one of two types
Polygon
Curves
Polygon models are commonly used rapid prototyping, laser milling, 3D Graphics, Simulation and animations.
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Reverse Engineering Software
ANSYS SpaceClaim
SolidWorks
Catia
Geomagic Design X,…
Reverse Engineering Software
Geomagic Design X Introductory Tutorial
Interface
File Import
Live Scan
Point Processing
Regions
Reference Geometry
Align
Repair Mesh
CAD Modeling
Auto surface
Export
Reverse Engineering Software
Reverse Engineering Software
Geomagic Design X Introductory Tutorial
Point Processing
Edit Mesh
Optimize mesh data to improve its quality. The following tools will be used to edit a mesh:
Heal mesh
Global remesh
Decimate
Fill holes
Enhance shape
Edit boundaries
Optimize mesh
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts Preparation for use as a Pattern Often
Guidelines for process selection
Guidelines for process selection Approaches to Selection
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
Guidelines for process selection - Selection Example
In this example, it is decided to allow customization of certain features.
Only standard 12 mm diameter x 100 mm length bolts will be used for the inner bore, therefore, these dimensions will be constrained.
Customers will be allowed to customize all other features of the caster wheel
within allowable ranges for this model wheel, as displayed in the table below.
Guidelines for process selection - Selection Example
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
In this example, we examine two weighting scenarios (relative importance ratings).
Scenario 2
All selection attributes were equally weighted.
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Agricultural machinery chapter 4 threhing
1. BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
Course Title: Agricultural Machinery
Technology(AEng5161)
Course Title: Agricultural Machinery
Technology(AEng5161)
Chapter-4
Threshing Machine
By
Solomon Tekeste
(Lecturer)
7/13/2018 1
2. Threshing
• Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels
from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of
impact and rubbing action.
• It is accomplished either by treading the harvested
crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals,
and/or beating the harvested crop with stick orand/or beating the harvested crop with stick or
striking the harvested crop on hard and rough
surface or using mechanical thresher.
3. Method of threshing
• Hand beating
• Trampling/ treading with a bunch of animals
• Manual threshers (Pedal thresher, Hands driven
threshers)
• Stationary Mechanical threshers• Stationary Mechanical threshers
• Combine Harvesters
4. Threshing in Ethiopia
• Mainly threshing in Ethiopia is done in a traditional way,
by trampling with a bunch of animals and/or by beating
the crop with stick. This method is usually tedious and
time consuming.
• In addition exposed the grain for contamination with
inert matter such as soil, small stones, weed seed, straw,
and immature and unfilled grains.
These extraneous materials will degrade the final grain• These extraneous materials will degrade the final grain
quality and market value of the produce.
• High threshing losses occurred due to some grains
remain unthreshed, some grains scatter around, some
grains stick to the mud floor and cannot be recovered,
and cracking and breakage due the hoof pressure of
trampling animals.
• Therefore, in this system quantitative and qualitative
postharvest losses are often very high.
5. Stationary/Mechanical Threshers
Parts of Mechanical Thresher
• A mechanical thresher consists of the following
parts:
– Feeding device
(chute/tray/trough/hopper/conveyor)
Threshing cylinder (hammers/spikes/rasp
(chute/tray/trough/hopper/conveyor)
– Threshing cylinder (hammers/spikes/rasp
bars/wire loops/syndicator)
– Concave (woven wire mesh/punched sheet/welded
square bars)
– Blower/aspirator
– Sieve shaker/straw walker
7. The threshing process/principle
• In mechanical threshers threshing operation is
accomplished by a rotating cylinder and a concave
grate.
• As the cylinder rotates, crop is forced through the
gap between the concave and the cylinder and is
subjected to impact and rubbing action that causesubjected to impact and rubbing action that cause
grains to be detached.
• Mechanical threshers are also equipped with cleaning
unit to separate the straw from the grain. The
cleaning unit mainly consists of sieve mechanism and
blower. The sieve can be reciprocating or rotary type.
8. • Separating process/ Mechanism:-The main separation
of the grain from the straw is through the concaves.
The loose grains mixed with straw as it leaves the
cylinder are separated by rotating straw rack. These
racks may consist either of one piece or of several
sections which alternately move with a slight elliptical
action to pitch the straw rewarded with each
movement
• Cleaning process/mechanism:-The function of cleaning• Cleaning process/mechanism:-The function of cleaning
unit is to remove chaff or other foreign matters from
the grain. This is done by passing un-cleaned grains
over a series of oscillating sieves and screens through
which a current of air is forced/blowed by a
fan/blower. Different types of sieves and screens are
available for different kinds of crops.
9. Threshing Unit
Types of threshing cylinders and associated concaves
• In mechanical threshers, there are four primary
types of threshing cylinders and associated concaves.
These include:
rasp-bar cylinder and concave,– rasp-bar cylinder and concave,
– spike-tooth cylinder and concave
– angle-bar cylinder and concave, and
– wire loop cylinder and concave.
10. Rasp-bar cylinder
• The rasp-bar cylinder
consists of a number of
corrugated steel bars
that are mounted on
cylinder.
• The concave is made of• The concave is made of
parallel bars that are
held together by
parallel curved bars
11. Spike-tooth cylinder
• The spike-tooth cylinder
has spikes on the bars
• The concave has matching
spikes,
• The threshing action in• The threshing action in
this design is that of
tearing and shredding.
Compared to other
cylinders, there is less
damage to the grain.
13. Angle-bar cylinder
• The angle-bar
cylinder is made of
helical rubber-
coated angle irons
• The concave is also• The concave is also
rubber-coated.
• The angle-bar design
is commonly used for
crops such as clover
and alfalfa seed.
15. Threshing performance
• The performance of threshing mechanisms is measured by
threshing efficiency, separation efficiency, the amount of
grain damage, percentage of scattering loss, percentage of
untreshed grain and the amount of straw breakup.
• Threshing performance parameters are affected by the
following factors:following factors:
– Design factors: cylinder diameter, concave length, number
of rasp bars, cylinder-concave gap(fixed);
– Operating parameters: cylinder speed, cylinder-concave
gap(adjustable), material feed rate;
– Crop condition: crop moisture content, crop maturity, crop
type.
16. Factors affecting threshing performance
Concave length
• It increases asymptotically with concave length up to a
certain point. Increasing concave length beyond this point
does not increase threshing efficiency and might even
decrease it under certain conditions.
• Increasing the concave length increases the separation
efficiency but at a diminishing rate.
• Increasing concave length tends to increase grain damage• Increasing concave length tends to increase grain damage
slightly.
Cylinder diameter
• Increasing the diameter of the conventional threshing
cylinder increases threshing losses at a rate of about 0.9%
for each 7.5 cm increase in the diameter.
• Increasing cylinder diameter reduces grain damage.
17. Factors affecting threshing performance
Cylinder speed
• Cylinder speed is one of the most important variables
affecting threshing efficiency. Cylinder speed varies between
150 to 1500 rev/min for different crops. The cylinder speed
is determined by the crop type and condition. Wet, hard-to-
thresh conditions require higher speeds, but grain damage
increases as cylinder speed is increased.
• Grain separation efficiency increases with cylinder speed.
• Cylinder speed has the most profound effect on grain damage• Cylinder speed has the most profound effect on grain damage
during threshing, as increasing cylinder speed increases
damage exponentially.
Feed rate
• Threshing losses increase with material feed rate.
• Increasing the feed rate has a negative effect on the
separation efficiency.
• Increasing feed rate provides more cushioning that may
reduce grain damage.
18. Factors affecting threshing performance
Cylinder speed
• Cylinder speed is one of the most important variables
affecting threshing efficiency. Cylinder speed varies
between 150 to 1500 rev/min for different crops. The
cylinder speed is determined by the crop type and
condition. Wet, hard-to-thresh conditions require highercondition. Wet, hard-to-thresh conditions require higher
speeds, but grain damage increases as cylinder speed is
increased.
• Grain separation efficiency increases with cylinder speed.
Feed rate
• Threshing losses increase with material feed rate.
• Increasing the feed rate has a negative effect on the
separation efficiency.
19. Factors affecting threshing performance
Cylinder-concave gap
• Another factor affecting the quality of threshing is the
cylinder-concave gap. If the gap is too large, the crop is not
threshed completely. Too narrow a gap results in excessive
power and grain damage.
• Increasing the cylinder-concave clearance tends to reduce the
separation efficiency
Moisture content
• Moisture content also affects threshing efficiency. Generally,
the crop becomes hard to thresh at higher moisture content
and as a result the threshing losses become higher. Also, if
the crop is not fully mature and if there is a lot of green
material in the crop, threshing becomes difficult and losses
increase.
• Increasing grain moisture increases grain damage, however at
very low moisture content the kernels tend to crack and
increase grain damage.
20. Threshing efficiency (Te%)
• Threshing efficiency is the percentage of the
threshed grains calculated on the basis of the total
grains entering the threshing mechanism.
• Where CTG = Clean threshed grain
• SpL = Separation loss
• ScL = Scattering loss
• TL = Total threshing loss
• UT = unthreshed grain
21. Separation efficiency
• The separation efficiency of the threshing cylinder is
defined as the percent of grains separated through
the concave grate of a thresher, to the total grain in
the crop entering the threshing mechanism.
22. Grain damage
• Grain damage refers to mechanical damage to grain
during the process of threshing. It includes broken
kernels, kernels with skin damage, and kernels with
internal damage. Mechanical damage to grain results
in poor germination, poor storability, and poor
processing characteristics.
23. Table 1 Typical cylinder peripheral speeds (rasp-bar or spike-tooth)
and clearances for various crops
Crop Peripheral Speed,
m/s
Mean Clearance (rasp-
bar cylinders), mm
Alfalfa 23–30 3-10
Barley 23–28 6–13
Edible beans 8–15 8–19
Beans for seed 5–8 8–19
Clovers 25–33 1.4–6Clovers 25–33 1.4–6
Corn 13–22 22–29
Flax 20–30 3–13
Grain sorghum 20–25 6–13
Oats 25–30 1.5–6
Peas 10–15 5–13
Rice 25–30 5–10
Rye 25–30 5–13
Soybeans 15–20 10–19
Wheat 25–30 5–13
24. • Depending on flow of material in the threshing units,
mechanical threshers are divided in to two; these are;
– Radial/Tangential Threshing Unit
– Axial Threshing unit
25. • Depending of feeding of material to the threshing
cylinders
26. The Current Advancement of Threshing Operations
• In the current technological advancement threshing
operation is carried out in combine harvester where
harvesting, threshing, winnowing, cleaning the
threshed crops is done in a single operation by a
single unit of machine called combine harvester.
• A modern grain combine performs many functional• A modern grain combine performs many functional
processes. These are gathering and cutting (or in case
of windrows, picking up), threshing, separation, and
cleaning.
28. Combine Harvester
• There are two main kinds of combines, conventional
types and rotary types. Either of these types may be
self-propelled or pulled by a tractor and powered by
the PTO drive.
29.
30. Reference
1. Ajit K. Srivastava et. al. 2012. Engineering Principles
of Agricultural Machines. Second Edition. American
Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
2. D. N. Sharma and S. Mukesh. 2010. Farm Machinery
Design Principles and Problems. Second Edition.
Pusa Agri-Book Service, IARI, New Delhi.Pusa Agri-Book Service, IARI, New Delhi.
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