This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.

1. WELCOME

2. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
BENGALURU
College of Agriculture, Hassan
NRM 403 &CMA403 -AGRONOMY

3. Interaction of Different IFS
Components on
Farm Profitability, Soil Productivity,
Crop Productivity, etc

4. INTIGRATED FARMING SYSTEM?
1. SYSTEM: Set of inter related practices &
process into functional entity.
2.FARMING: Harnessing solar energy into
economical plant and animal product.
Farming system:- set of agricultural activities
organized into functional units to profitably
harness solar energy.

5. Different farming systems
• Specialized FS
• Diversified FS
• Mixed FS
• Arable FS
• Organic Farming
• Integrated FS

7. Integrated farming system
 Resources management strategy
 achieve economic and sustainable
production
 meet requirements of house hold
 maintaining resources and high quality
environment

8. Conventional farming system v/s IFS
Conventional FS
• Mono cropping
• Extensive use of chemicals
and fertilizers
• High expenditure on
inputs
• decrease in soil fertility
• Imbalance in ecosystem
IFS
• Integration of cereal crops and
legume crops
• Limited
• Lowered by efficient utilization
of available resources
• Soil fertility is well maintained
• Well balanced between different
components

10. GOALS OF IFS
• Maximization of yield of all component
enterprises to provide steady and stable income.
• Rejuvenation of systems productivity and achieve
agro-ecological equilibrium.
• Avoid build up of insect pests, diseases and weed
population through natural cropping system and
keep them at low level of intensity.
• Reducing use of chemicals.

11. Elements of IFS

12. Components of IFS

13. Interaction of components of IFS on
soil productivity, crop productivity and
farm profitability
• Soil productivity
• Crop productivity
• Farm profitability

14. Crop
husbandry
grain
Income &
house hold
purpose
Straw/
residues
Feed for
animals
compostin
g
mushroom

15. Cropping Systems followed in IFS
• Crop rotation
• Multiple cropping- Intercropping, Mixed
intercropping, Strip cropping, Relay
cropping, Multi storied cropping, Alley
cropping, Ley cropping
• Sequential / none over lapping cropping

17. Live stock
milk
Income and
sustainability
meat
Manure /
composting

18. poultry
Egg/meat
Income and
sustainabili
ty
manure
Feed for
piggery,
fishery

19. Duckery
pisiculture meat
Income
Manure and
pest
management

20. Horticulture
Fruits and
vegetables
Commercial
purpose
House hold
purpose
Leaf litter
manuring

21. Aquaculture
meat
commercial
High protein
food
Water weed
control

22. Apiculture
Honey
products
Honey, bee
wax
Royal gelly
pollination
Increase in
crop
production

23. Sericulture
litter
manuring
Biogas
slurry
Silk worm
cocoons
INCOME
Leaf
residue as
feed

24. Mushroom
Cultivation
Straw
residues
composting
Mushrooms
income

25. Agro
forestry
Wood
purpose
Wind
breaks
Commercial
cultivation
Fuel
Ash in
manuring

26. Biogas
plant
fuel
Light
purpose
cooking
manure
Crop
productio
n

27. composting
Vermi
composting
commercial
Manure for
crop
Traditional
composting
Crop
purpose

28. How these components will
integrate, interact for better
production and productivity of crop
and soil and farm profitability

29. Low land
• Crops- paddy-paddy-
maize / rice-green gram
• Poultry-20 layers
• Live stock
• Fishery 500 fingerlings
• Mushroo-2-3 kg/dayIFS
Crop
Mushro
om
Fishery
Poultry

31. Garden land
IFS
Crop
Silkw
orm
Dairy
Bioga
s
Mush
room
• Crops- cotton+redgram,
vegetables, fodder spp on
bunds perennial legume
fodder like Lucern or
paddy.
• Dairy 2 cows and 2 calves.
• Mushroom 1.5 – 2 Kg per
day.
• On bunds forest trees can
be grown

32. Sericulture based Integrated Farming System
Sericulture, Goat rearing, Poultry production, Byproducts utilization, Income
and employment generation
LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ( 2015-04-07 )
On farm field experiments were conducted during August, 2011 to January,
2013 to study on sericulture based integrated farming system (SIFS) in
mulberry ecosystem. The experimental results indicated that the
integration of mulberry + fodder sorghum + Stylosanthus hamata +
cumbu napier grass and Cenchrus spp resulted in higher productivity
than rest of the combinations. The productivity of animal components viz.,
silkworm, goat and desi poultry were 53.3, 7.38 per cent and 1.26 per cent,
respectively. Recycled and composted organic manures applied to
maize not only increased the grain yield (6828 kg/ha) and stover
yields (11647 kg/ha), but also had a significant residual influence on
the productivity of the succeeding crop of sunflower in the cropping
system. Mulberry + Fodder Sorghum + Stylosanthus hamata + Cumbu
Napier grass+ goat + poultry integration earned the highest gross and net
returns with enhanced benefit cost ratio of 2.93 with generated the highest
employment of 587 man days.
By:R. Shanmugam
K. Ramamoorthy

33. Dry land
IFS
CROP
Goat /
sheep
pond
Tree
farmi
ng
• Crops cereals, millets,.
• 5 goats and 5 sheeps.
• Agrisilviculture /
silvipasture(tree+perrenia
l legume fodders)/
agrihorticulture.
• Teak /silver oak/jack
fruits.

34. Waste land
IFS
Crops
Silvicu
lture
Sheep
or
goat
Fisher
y
• Crops - millets + legumes.
• Trees – pongamia, neem,
jatropa, simaruba.
• Pasture
• If water is available for
more than 6 months
fishery can be done.

35. Hilly /
Coastal region
IFS
Crop
Hortic
ulture
Inland
Fisher
y
Poultry
Mushr
oom
• Field crops – paddy /
vegetables.
• Horticultural crops –
coffee, arecanut, coconut,
cashew, rubber, pepper,
banana, cardamum.
• Fishery.
• Poutry / duckery.

37. Conclusion
• Farmers work hard but do not make money,
especially small farmers because there is very little
left after they pay for all inputs
• The emergence of Integrated Farming Systems
(IFS) has enabled us to develop a framework for an
alternative development model to improve the
feasibility of small sized farming operations in
relation to larger ones.
• In IFS we not only utilizes wastes as resources, we,
but we also ensure overall increase in productivity
and profitability for the whole agricultural systems.

38. Reference
• IFS A Strategy for Sustainable Farm
Production And Livelihood Security, By B K
Desai, Sthyanarayana Rao, B M Chittapur
• Internet
• Class notes: Farming system, Organic
farming, Precision agriculture AGR 303

41. Defined as organic and inorganic
waste material produced by households,
commercial, institutional and industrial
activities that have lost their value in the
eyes of the first owner.

42. includes,
• garbage-organic material discarded or
remaining of the storage, preparation and
consumption of food, rubbish, paper, wood,
glass, metal, leaves, dead animals; and
debris-construction and demolition of
structures mainly generated from vegetable
markets, hotels, community halls, street
sweepings and residential areas.

43. • The average quantity and composition of
each category of waste vary significantly
according to city, season and income level.
For example Calcutta has 54% domestic
waste, 31% trade and industrial waste, 2%
of clinical waste, 13% of other sources viz.,
silt and debris, street sweepings and cattle
waste (Mukerjee, 1993).

45. Per Capita Value of Solid Waste in
Indian Cities (1999)

46. Chemical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste From
Indian Cities (Average value in % of wet weight)
PERTICULAR PERCENTAGE
Moisture Content 41.41
Organic matter 35.24
C 19.58
N 0.55
C:N 37.41
P 0.58
K 0.2707

47. Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian
Cities ( Average Values in % of Total Weight)
PERTICULAR PERCENTAGE
Paper 3
Plastic 0.75
Rags 2.8
Metals 0.92
Glass 0.55
Rubber &Leather 0.99
Wooden Matter 0.37
Crockery 1.12
Bones 0.35
Stones & Bricks, Ash & Fine
Earth, Putrescible Matter
3.65, 41.16, 44.70
respectively

48. Recycling Organic Waste
History of Composting
First time it became a recognized method to
treat the organic waste in 1920s.
India can take credit for developing systematic
manual composting when Howard and his
associates, as also Acharya and
Subramanyam independently, developed
Indore and Bangalore methods of
composting.
(Bhide and Sundaresan, 1983)

51. Bangalore method
Alternate layers of refuse and night soil are
repeated till it reaches a height of 30 cm
above 25 cm deep pit. Mass is either covered
with soil to prevent the rain water entry. It
is allowed to decompose for 4 to 6 months
after which the compost is taken out for use.
Depth may be 25-90cm
Width 1-1.5m
Length as per convenient

53. Indore method/windrow method
Composting in pits is similar except that it is
turned at specific intervals to maintain
aerobic conditions. First turning is carried
out after 4-7 days, the second 9- 17 days.
Further turning is not necessary and
composting will be complete in a period of
4-5 weeks.

55. Composting of large quantities of urban waste in India
was considered only in 1970s.
• A committee headed by Sri. B. Shivaraman, former
member, Planning Commission, recommended
composting for the hygienic disposal of urban solid
waste.
• On this recommendation, 10 semi-mechanized
composting plants were set up in Ahmadabad,
Bombay, Bangalore, Baroda, Delhi, Calcutta, Jodhpur,
Jaipur, Kanpur and Vijayawada in 1975-76.
• The process included removal of big pieces,
pulverization, forced aeration with augers and sieving.

56. Other Ways of Recycling Organic
Waste
Excel Industries Plant
• solid waste microbial degradation process, which
within few hours, eliminates all smell and helps its
rapid decomposition.
• The process is exothermic fermentation and
therefore treated wastes become free of bacterial
contamination; fly and mosquito problems are also
prevented.
• conversion process is completed in 6 to 8 weeks
time.
• biomass is processed using mechanical sieves to
remove non-biodegradable substances

57. Fuel Pelletisation Plant Operated at Deonar
• The garbage unloaded in a specially prepared floor for
sun drying so that the moisture is reduced to 40 to 60 %.
Further drying is done by rotary dryers to reduce
moisture to 10 per cent.
• After drying, the inert and metallic particles are
removed by sieve and by magnet.
• The final material is crushed and mixed with binders
and fed into pelletiser.
• Fuel pellets of 30, 20 and 8 mm are manufactured.
• Calorific value of the pellet is 3500 to 4000 K.cal/kg. The
market for the pellets is industrial furnaces.
• It is estimated that for 100 tones of raw garbage 20
tones of pellets will be produced (GOI, 1996)

58. Pelletisation Plant Operated by Shiv
Shankar Engineering, Bangalore
Similar to the process used at Deonar.
Utilizing heat for drying of the solid waste
through mechanical drying.
Plant could function, though at reduced
efficiency, even during rainy season.
The pilot plant has not been in operation for a
while and is now mainly being used as a
demonstration plant.

59. Ucal Power Systems Limited,
Madras
• Using municipal solid waste for electricity
generation.
• Modified version of the Shiv Shankar
pelletisation. Instead of pelletising, dry waste
will be pressed to a degree sufficient for easy
combustion as a fuel for boiler operation.
• 500 tones of solid waste is expected to
generate about 5 MW of power, of which 1.25
MW utilised for internal combustion, leaving
3.75 MW for sale or other use.

60. • Petrocoal Pellets
The process involves separation of
combustible garbage from
noncombustible's, mixing of garbage and
petro waste, drying and pelletising.
• Vermicomposting
Involves use of earthworms in
composting organic waste. On a commercial
basis, this has been tried in Pune and
Bangalore.

61. Landfils

62. • A method of disposal of solid waste without
creating a nuisance or hazard to public
health or safety.

63. KARNATAKA COMPOST
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
• Karnataka Compost Development
Corporation (KCDC) was established in
1975
• Only plant surviving unlike other plants,
which closed down their operations within
one year due to unsuitability of technology
to Indian un-segregated garbage conditions
and lack of economic viability.

64. ROLE
• KCDC receives the wet waste from different
vegetable markets across the city as
decomposed waste to produce lower quality
compost used as Fertilizer by Farmers.
• There was huge garbage dumped at the KCDC
site in the year 2007 when Bangalore City
witnessed Garbage crisis and that created
FOUL SMELL around the area and huge
protests were organized by residents with help
of local Politicians.

65. • From September 2008 onwards the receipt of
garbage was stopped at instance of local public and
elected representatives in view of environmental
problems and plant was processing only the
already stocked garbage.
• In 2012,judment is made clear that Karnataka
Compost Development Corporation Limited was
established in that area in the year 1975. It is only
over the years, the people have constructed houses
near the plant. Therefore, they cannot prevent this
unit from working which in effect is only
processing the garbage of the residents including
those persons. At any rate till this backlog of
garbage is completely processed, the said residents
have no right to object.

67. • Bangalore produces nearly 4000 MT of
waste and it was recommended to have 8
more KCDC type of units across the city with
each treating 500 MT of waste every day as
Decentralized model.

68. Conclusion
• The recycling of urban organic waste brings
several ecological advantages that can
enhance energy efficiency through carbon,
nutrient and water conservation in urban.
• Maximising nutrient exploitation of urban
organic wastes

69. Reference
• Composting Technology by Laxmi Lal and D
K Gupta.
• KCD Ltd
• Internet

70. THANK
YOU