climate-smart technologies and practices addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change.CSA as “agriculture that sustainably increases productivity enhances resilient (adaption), reduces/removes GHGs ( Mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals.

1. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION DIVISION
ICAR-CENTRA INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINERING
NABIBAGH, BERASIA ROAD, BHOPAL-38
Himanshu S. Pandey
Scientist
Climate Smart Agricultural
Machinery

3. Climate-Smart Agriculture
 Climate-smart agriculture is not a new agricultural system, nor a set of practices.
 CSA as “agriculture that sustainably increases productivity enhances resilient
(adaption), reduces/removes GHGs ( Mitigation) where possible, and enhances
achievement of national food security and development goals”.
 It is a new approach, a way to guide the needed changes of agricultural systems,
given the necessity to jointly address food security and climate change.
 CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily
new but are used in the context of climatic changes.
 Addresses multiple challenges faced by agriculture and food systems
simultaneously and holistically, which helps avoid counterproductive policies,
legislation or financing.

4. Resources Conventional Agricultural
Intensification
Climate Smart Agriculture
Energy Conversion of energy sources from
human to fossil fuel dependent
machinery.
Use of energy efficient
technologies for agricultural
power (irrigation or tillage).
Inputs Increased use of fertilizer, pesticides
and herbicides (dependent on fossil
fuels) generally very inefficiently
applied.
Increased efficiency of fertilizer
/inputs and wider use of organic
fertilizer.
Land use Expansion of agricultural land area
through deforestation and conversion
from grasslands to cropland.
Intensification on existing land as
main source of production
increase rather than expansion to
new areas.
System Increased specialization in ag
production and marketing systems.
Greater diversification in
production, input and output
marketing systems.
Varieties Emphasizing improved and hybrid
crop varieties
Valuing the resilience of
traditional varieties

5. Laser Guided Land Leveling

8. Direct Seeded Rice

9. Residue Management
Possible residue
management practices
➢ Collection
➢Straw incorporation (most
difficult)
➢Burning
•Complete burning (mostly
practiced)
•Partial burning
➢ Straw Mulch

11. Challenges under heavy residue
condition
 Straw accumulation in the seed drill furrow
openers,
 Poor traction of the seed metering drive wheel due
to the presence of loose straw and
 Uneven seed depth due to frequent lifting of the
implement under heavy trash conditions

12. Happy Seeder Technology
➢ The HS solve the problem of direct drilling into heavy
stubbles, enabling the stubble to be retained on the surface as a
mulch.
➢ Development of the HS machine was initiated at PAU,
Ludhiana, collaboration with Australian scientists and funded
by the (ACIAR) in 2002.
➢ The original HS was conceived and developed by John
Blackwell Australian scientist.
➢ There are three major prototypes developed till date, each
being an improvement on the previous versions and having
their own particular advantages.

14. ➢Helped cut and lift the standing stubble and loose straw ahead of
the sowing tynes.
➢Deposit the stubble as mulch on the sown area behind the seed
drill.
➢Could also be used for collecting rice residue for other uses
Prototype 1: Happy Seeder (2002)
Problems:
➢Poor maneuverability and visibility
the seeding unit.
➢Establishment was poor due to poor
soil seed contact and uneven
distribution of straw.

15. ➢The straw management and sowing units were combined into a
single, compact unit.
➢It includes strip tillage in front of the inverted T-tynes to
improve establishment
Prototype 2: Combo Happy Seeder (2004)
Problems:
➢Considerable dust generation
and difficulty in lining up
adjacent sowing passes
accurately
➢The sown rows were difficult
to see, especially with partial
cutting of standing straw
➢Required a minimum of 45 hp
to power and lift the machines

16. ➢Consists of a rotor for managing the paddy residues and a zero till
drill for sowing wheat.
➢Flails are mounted on the straw management rotor that cuts
(hits/shear) the standing stubbles/loose straw encountered in front
of the sowing tyne.
➢All the furrow openers (tynes) are now on the same bar and are
curved.
➢Small clearance (15 mm) between
the rotating flails and tynes, which are
swept clean twice with every revolution
of the rotor and the straw is fed between
the tynes.
Prototype 3 : Turbo Happy Seeder

17. 1. Seed boot 2. Fertilizer boot 3. Slit 4. Tynes 5. Furrow opener
changing nuts 6. Point of share
Ground wheel Furrow opener

18. Table . Specifications of improved version of Turbo Happy Seeder
Horse Power Requirement 40 hp tractor with double clutch
Field Capacity 0.25-0.30 ha/hr
Working width of machine 2.0 m
Row to row distance: 225 mm
Weight of machine 550 kg
No. of rows 9
Rotor drum diameter 750 mm
Rotor diameter 140 mm
Types of flail blades Reversible straight gamma type
Flails length from rotor surface 240 mm
Blade Overlap with furrow openers 60 mm
Blade cutting width 75 mm
No. of wheels with adjustable depth 2

20. Agricultural
Operations/inputs
C emission kg CE/ha in
traditional practices
C emission kg CE/ha in CA
Practices
Punjab Haryana UP MP Punjab Haryana UP MP
Field operations (Field
preparation, sowing, irrigation
and harvesting)
109.7 102.7 167 165.5 43.1 59.3 66 59.5
Chemical (DAP, urea,
insecticide, fungicide and
weedicide)
231.4 211.9 84.4 78.4 231.5 214.8 84.4 44.44
Total Carbon emission in wheat
cultivation
341.1 314.6 251.4 243.9 274.6 274.1 150.4 103.9
Field operations (Field
preparation, sowing, irrigation
and harvesting)
158.7 124.5 120.8 121.5 38.3 49 84.9 103.3
Chemicals (DAP, urea,
insecticide, pesticide and
weedicide)
231.4 109.2 169.6 75.2 231.4 109.2 169.6 75.20
Total Carbon emission in rice
cultivation
390.1 233.7 295.8 196.8 269.7 158.2 259.9 178.5
Total annual carbon emission
from R-W system
731.2 548.3 547.2 440.7 544.3 432.3 410.3 282.4

22. Thank You