This document examines the food-energy-irrigation nexus in three Indian states - West Bengal, Punjab, and Karnataka. It finds that while the broad issues are the same across states, with agriculture dependent on unsustainable groundwater extraction and electricity subsidies, each state manages this nexus differently. West Bengal has implemented a hi-tech metering system with time-of-day pricing that has improved efficiency. Punjab has taken steps like rationing that have reduced losses but subsidy burdens rise. Karnataka shows utter mismanagement as groundwater extraction and pumps continue increasing rapidly. Effective management of this nexus depends on political will and governance that states like West Bengal and Punjab have demonstrated to some extent but is lacking in Karnataka
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
This document discusses groundwater use in Eastern India, specifically West Bengal. It notes that while much of India faces groundwater depletion and scarcity, some areas of West Bengal have potential for underutilized groundwater resources that could help alleviate rural poverty. However, West Bengal has highly restrictive groundwater policies and high electricity costs that have led to low rates of groundwater irrigation development. Research presented suggests intensive groundwater use in West Bengal may have positive externalities through increased recharge, lower flood risk, and providing an alternative to surface storage. The document argues arsenic contamination should not be an obstacle to groundwater development given its natural occurrence and lack of viable alternatives to groundwater in the region.
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure by shashi she...Shashi Singh
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, putting strain on water resources and sanitation. Green infrastructure can help address these problems by managing stormwater and recharging groundwater. Examples of green infrastructure include rain gardens, permeable pavement, green roofs, and wetland conservation. Case studies show how green infrastructure projects in India have effectively captured and recharged stormwater runoff from roads and buildings. An integrated urban water management approach is needed to sustainably manage water resources through practices like water reuse, rainwater harvesting, and awareness campaigns.
Solar Irrigation Pumps in India: Can Electricity Buy-Back Curb Groundwater Ov...Bradley Franklin
Presented at ICID 2015 in Montpellier, France. Discusses economic incentives for famers to sell electicity generated by solar irrigation pumps to the grid so that groundwater overuse is mitigated. Application to Punjab, India.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
Groundwater Use and Depletion in Asia:Implications for Irrigated AgricultureTingju Zhu
This document discusses groundwater use and depletion in Asia and its implications for irrigated agriculture. It notes that Asia accounts for 70% of the world's net irrigated area and half of global groundwater used for irrigation. Regions like Northwestern India and North China Plain are heavily dependent on groundwater for irrigation and are experiencing high rates of depletion. The sustainable management of groundwater resources in Asia is becoming increasingly important to ensure future food security given the region's growing population and climate change impacts.
Asia Regional Planning Meeting-Efficient use of limited water resource:Safe R...ICRISAT
In developing countries, a large portion of population resides in villageswhere formal waste management systems do not exist.Recycling and reuse of available waste in villages provides sustainable solutions for a waste management system and reduces environmental degradation.Inappropriate reuse of untreated wastewater is unsafefor farmers and consumers.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
This document discusses groundwater use in Eastern India, specifically West Bengal. It notes that while much of India faces groundwater depletion and scarcity, some areas of West Bengal have potential for underutilized groundwater resources that could help alleviate rural poverty. However, West Bengal has highly restrictive groundwater policies and high electricity costs that have led to low rates of groundwater irrigation development. Research presented suggests intensive groundwater use in West Bengal may have positive externalities through increased recharge, lower flood risk, and providing an alternative to surface storage. The document argues arsenic contamination should not be an obstacle to groundwater development given its natural occurrence and lack of viable alternatives to groundwater in the region.
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure by shashi she...Shashi Singh
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, putting strain on water resources and sanitation. Green infrastructure can help address these problems by managing stormwater and recharging groundwater. Examples of green infrastructure include rain gardens, permeable pavement, green roofs, and wetland conservation. Case studies show how green infrastructure projects in India have effectively captured and recharged stormwater runoff from roads and buildings. An integrated urban water management approach is needed to sustainably manage water resources through practices like water reuse, rainwater harvesting, and awareness campaigns.
Solar Irrigation Pumps in India: Can Electricity Buy-Back Curb Groundwater Ov...Bradley Franklin
Presented at ICID 2015 in Montpellier, France. Discusses economic incentives for famers to sell electicity generated by solar irrigation pumps to the grid so that groundwater overuse is mitigated. Application to Punjab, India.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
Groundwater Use and Depletion in Asia:Implications for Irrigated AgricultureTingju Zhu
This document discusses groundwater use and depletion in Asia and its implications for irrigated agriculture. It notes that Asia accounts for 70% of the world's net irrigated area and half of global groundwater used for irrigation. Regions like Northwestern India and North China Plain are heavily dependent on groundwater for irrigation and are experiencing high rates of depletion. The sustainable management of groundwater resources in Asia is becoming increasingly important to ensure future food security given the region's growing population and climate change impacts.
Asia Regional Planning Meeting-Efficient use of limited water resource:Safe R...ICRISAT
In developing countries, a large portion of population resides in villageswhere formal waste management systems do not exist.Recycling and reuse of available waste in villages provides sustainable solutions for a waste management system and reduces environmental degradation.Inappropriate reuse of untreated wastewater is unsafefor farmers and consumers.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy, contributing 21% to GDP. However, Pakistan faces increasing water scarcity issues as per capita water availability has declined by 77% since 1950. The country relies heavily on irrigation, with 75% of cultivated land being irrigated. However, the irrigation system faces numerous problems like water theft, poor maintenance, and low efficiency. Future water availability is projected to further decline unless immediate steps are taken to optimize water usage and develop new supplies.
This document discusses industrial wastewater reuse and membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for treatment. It provides examples of MBR systems treating wastewater from automotive, refinery/petrochemical, and food & beverage facilities for reuse in industrial processes. GE's ZeeWeed MBR technology using immersed hollow fiber membranes is shown to reliably produce high quality effluent meeting reuse standards. The presentation concludes that MBR fits the need to treat difficult industrial wastewater to levels required for reuse applications.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct effective seminars. It defines a seminar as an educational session involving a smaller number of students than a lecture, where students are actively involved through discussion, presentations, or hands-on activities. The purpose of seminars is to expand on material from lectures in more depth and engage students through discussion, debates, group work, and other interactive techniques. The document outlines best practices for conducting seminars, such as preparing a presentation with an introduction and conclusion, providing handouts, listening to a practice run of the presentation, outlining the seminar schedule, and using discussion techniques to promote student engagement.
Sewage Treatment Plant Treatment For WastewaterKaleem
The document describes the process of a sewage treatment plant. It goes through primary treatment which removes solids, secondary treatment using bacteria to break down organic matter, and tertiary treatment using physio-chemical processes to refine the water. The sludge from treatment receives further processing like incineration or composting. The overall goal is to clean water through physical, chemical, and biological processes to make it suitable for local consumption or other reuse applications like watering gardens.
This document discusses the seminar method of instruction. It defines a seminar as involving a group guided discussion on a theme presented by one or more members. The objectives are to develop higher cognitive abilities like analysis and evaluation, as well as affective objectives like tolerance of other ideas and cooperation. Key roles in a seminar include the organizer, president, speaker, participants, and observers. The seminar method stimulates thinking and develops openness while representing behavioral norms. It is used in higher education to clarify complex topics.
This document discusses the importance of rural roads in reducing poverty. It finds that public investment in rural roads can lift many people out of poverty through several effects: increased agricultural productivity (24% of impact), more non-farm jobs (55% of impact), and higher rural wages (31% of impact). Improved roads also lower food prices and transportation costs. Studies from India, China, and Vietnam show correlations between better road access and decreased poverty rates. The document then provides details on the classification and current status of India's rural road network.
The 9-year research program aimed to improve water and food security for rural poor through better water management. It analyzed 10 river basins home to 1.5 billion people, half living on under $1/day. The research focused on developing innovations to increase social-ecological resilience to challenges of increasing population, scarcity, and climate change. Key interventions included improving water productivity, equitable sharing of benefits, rainwater management, value chains, hydropower development, small reservoirs, rangeland management, and ecosystem restoration. The goal was to enhance resilience, food security, water access, and empowerment through diversified production systems and strengthened institutions.
The document discusses the impact that increasing water scarcity will have on global food security. It provides historical examples of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East, India, Australia, and other regions to meet growing demands. Reasons for rising water scarcity include population growth, changing diets, urbanization, biofuel production, and climate change. To ensure future food security, the document calls for adaptive responses like improving water storage and irrigation systems, increasing water productivity, and developing new policies around water allocation and management.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
The document discusses the global food and water paradox of needing to produce more food with less available water resources due to population growth, increasing wealth, and climate change. It notes that water withdrawals have increased much faster than population over the 20th century. Solutions proposed to address the paradox include improving irrigation efficiency, building water storage, recycling/reuse, improving urban/industrial efficiency, water reforms, reducing food waste, and enhancing agricultural supply chains.
1) China faces challenges of growing population, decreasing farmland, increasing water competition and climate change which threaten its food security.
2) To address these challenges, China is improving integrated water resource management at national, basin, irrigation scheme and farm levels through strategies like South-North Water Diversion, reinforcing reservoirs, upgrading canals and introducing water user associations.
3) The government is increasing investment in the water sector, clarifying management roles, and encouraging national and international cooperation to ensure sustainable water and food resources.
The document summarizes the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). WLE aims to improve food security, livelihoods and equitable sharing of ecosystem services through sustainable agriculture intensification and collaborative resource management policies. It brings together 11 CGIAR research centers and partners working across scales to develop innovative solutions to complex problems related to agriculture, natural resources and poverty. Key aspects include working at different scales, integrating disciplines and sectors, leveraging partnerships, and ensuring research leads to impact through learning and communication. WLE operates in 8 regions covering over a billion people through regional interventions and a global knowledge base to minimize tradeoffs across landscapes and basins.
Presented at the 2nd Phase Planning and Review Workshop of the Indo-Ganges Basin Focal Project, 24-25 February, 2009, Haryana, India. Visit http://cpwfbfp.pbwiki.com for additional information
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
This document discusses Amrit Tulya, a solar-powered water purification system developed by Team Faded Flame from IIM Kozhikode as a national finalist. [1] It provides details on the concept, features, target segment, competitors, market opportunity, and marketing strategies for rural areas. [2] The system uses reverse osmosis powered by solar energy to purify water at low cost, making clean water accessible for rural communities without grid electricity. [3] The document outlines the challenges and opportunities of marketing in rural India.
Dr. Ranjit Kumar, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change including increasing global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and consequences for agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. Key points mentioned are that temperatures could rise 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, precipitation trends have varied by region from 1900 to 2000, and climate change is exacerbating issues like water scarcity, declining crop yields, reduced forest health, and increased risk of diseases. Specific impacts discussed for India include changing rainfall patterns, more frequent droughts, and effects on rural livelihoods that depend on natural resources. Adaptation strategies proposed include changing cropping patterns, using resilient seeds, and diversifying livelihoods.
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
Agcapita is Canada's only RRSP and TFSA eligible farmland fund and is part of a family of funds with almost $100 million in assets under management. Agcapita believes farmland is a safe investment, that supply is shrinking and that unprecedented demand for "food, feed and fuel" will continue to move crop prices higher over the long-term. Agcapita created the Farmland Investment Partnership to allow investors to add professionally managed farmland to their portfolios. Agcapita publishes a monthly agriculture briefing.
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy, contributing 21% to GDP. However, Pakistan faces increasing water scarcity issues as per capita water availability has declined by 77% since 1950. The country relies heavily on irrigation, with 75% of cultivated land being irrigated. However, the irrigation system faces numerous problems like water theft, poor maintenance, and low efficiency. Future water availability is projected to further decline unless immediate steps are taken to optimize water usage and develop new supplies.
This document discusses industrial wastewater reuse and membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for treatment. It provides examples of MBR systems treating wastewater from automotive, refinery/petrochemical, and food & beverage facilities for reuse in industrial processes. GE's ZeeWeed MBR technology using immersed hollow fiber membranes is shown to reliably produce high quality effluent meeting reuse standards. The presentation concludes that MBR fits the need to treat difficult industrial wastewater to levels required for reuse applications.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct effective seminars. It defines a seminar as an educational session involving a smaller number of students than a lecture, where students are actively involved through discussion, presentations, or hands-on activities. The purpose of seminars is to expand on material from lectures in more depth and engage students through discussion, debates, group work, and other interactive techniques. The document outlines best practices for conducting seminars, such as preparing a presentation with an introduction and conclusion, providing handouts, listening to a practice run of the presentation, outlining the seminar schedule, and using discussion techniques to promote student engagement.
Sewage Treatment Plant Treatment For WastewaterKaleem
The document describes the process of a sewage treatment plant. It goes through primary treatment which removes solids, secondary treatment using bacteria to break down organic matter, and tertiary treatment using physio-chemical processes to refine the water. The sludge from treatment receives further processing like incineration or composting. The overall goal is to clean water through physical, chemical, and biological processes to make it suitable for local consumption or other reuse applications like watering gardens.
This document discusses the seminar method of instruction. It defines a seminar as involving a group guided discussion on a theme presented by one or more members. The objectives are to develop higher cognitive abilities like analysis and evaluation, as well as affective objectives like tolerance of other ideas and cooperation. Key roles in a seminar include the organizer, president, speaker, participants, and observers. The seminar method stimulates thinking and develops openness while representing behavioral norms. It is used in higher education to clarify complex topics.
This document discusses the importance of rural roads in reducing poverty. It finds that public investment in rural roads can lift many people out of poverty through several effects: increased agricultural productivity (24% of impact), more non-farm jobs (55% of impact), and higher rural wages (31% of impact). Improved roads also lower food prices and transportation costs. Studies from India, China, and Vietnam show correlations between better road access and decreased poverty rates. The document then provides details on the classification and current status of India's rural road network.
The 9-year research program aimed to improve water and food security for rural poor through better water management. It analyzed 10 river basins home to 1.5 billion people, half living on under $1/day. The research focused on developing innovations to increase social-ecological resilience to challenges of increasing population, scarcity, and climate change. Key interventions included improving water productivity, equitable sharing of benefits, rainwater management, value chains, hydropower development, small reservoirs, rangeland management, and ecosystem restoration. The goal was to enhance resilience, food security, water access, and empowerment through diversified production systems and strengthened institutions.
The document discusses the impact that increasing water scarcity will have on global food security. It provides historical examples of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East, India, Australia, and other regions to meet growing demands. Reasons for rising water scarcity include population growth, changing diets, urbanization, biofuel production, and climate change. To ensure future food security, the document calls for adaptive responses like improving water storage and irrigation systems, increasing water productivity, and developing new policies around water allocation and management.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
The document discusses the global food and water paradox of needing to produce more food with less available water resources due to population growth, increasing wealth, and climate change. It notes that water withdrawals have increased much faster than population over the 20th century. Solutions proposed to address the paradox include improving irrigation efficiency, building water storage, recycling/reuse, improving urban/industrial efficiency, water reforms, reducing food waste, and enhancing agricultural supply chains.
1) China faces challenges of growing population, decreasing farmland, increasing water competition and climate change which threaten its food security.
2) To address these challenges, China is improving integrated water resource management at national, basin, irrigation scheme and farm levels through strategies like South-North Water Diversion, reinforcing reservoirs, upgrading canals and introducing water user associations.
3) The government is increasing investment in the water sector, clarifying management roles, and encouraging national and international cooperation to ensure sustainable water and food resources.
The document summarizes the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). WLE aims to improve food security, livelihoods and equitable sharing of ecosystem services through sustainable agriculture intensification and collaborative resource management policies. It brings together 11 CGIAR research centers and partners working across scales to develop innovative solutions to complex problems related to agriculture, natural resources and poverty. Key aspects include working at different scales, integrating disciplines and sectors, leveraging partnerships, and ensuring research leads to impact through learning and communication. WLE operates in 8 regions covering over a billion people through regional interventions and a global knowledge base to minimize tradeoffs across landscapes and basins.
Presented at the 2nd Phase Planning and Review Workshop of the Indo-Ganges Basin Focal Project, 24-25 February, 2009, Haryana, India. Visit http://cpwfbfp.pbwiki.com for additional information
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
This document discusses Amrit Tulya, a solar-powered water purification system developed by Team Faded Flame from IIM Kozhikode as a national finalist. [1] It provides details on the concept, features, target segment, competitors, market opportunity, and marketing strategies for rural areas. [2] The system uses reverse osmosis powered by solar energy to purify water at low cost, making clean water accessible for rural communities without grid electricity. [3] The document outlines the challenges and opportunities of marketing in rural India.
Dr. Ranjit Kumar, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change including increasing global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and consequences for agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. Key points mentioned are that temperatures could rise 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, precipitation trends have varied by region from 1900 to 2000, and climate change is exacerbating issues like water scarcity, declining crop yields, reduced forest health, and increased risk of diseases. Specific impacts discussed for India include changing rainfall patterns, more frequent droughts, and effects on rural livelihoods that depend on natural resources. Adaptation strategies proposed include changing cropping patterns, using resilient seeds, and diversifying livelihoods.
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
Agcapita is Canada's only RRSP and TFSA eligible farmland fund and is part of a family of funds with almost $100 million in assets under management. Agcapita believes farmland is a safe investment, that supply is shrinking and that unprecedented demand for "food, feed and fuel" will continue to move crop prices higher over the long-term. Agcapita created the Farmland Investment Partnership to allow investors to add professionally managed farmland to their portfolios. Agcapita publishes a monthly agriculture briefing.
This document provides a summary of India's biomass power sector. It notes that India has a biomass availability of 150 million metric tons per year, providing potential to install 16,000 MW of biomass power plants. However, only 600 MW is currently installed due to higher costs and inconsistent biomass fuel availability. The government provides several incentives to promote investment in biomass power. Major investments are planned from both public and private sectors to develop biomass power projects across various Indian states. Biomass cultivation and improved technologies are also areas of focus to boost the biomass power sector in India.
This document discusses an autonomous solar powered irrigation system. It aims to supply water for fields through a solar powered water pump and automate the system for better resource management. Farmers can water fields remotely using GSM technology, which provides status messages. The system optimizes power usage through water management and saves subsidized electricity. It provides an efficient and cost-effective way to automate irrigation in agriculture.
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By J. Bhattacharya, M.K. Mondal, E. Humphreys, M.H. Rashid, P.L.C. Paul, S.P. Ritu
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
1) The study evaluated the feasibility of growing three rice crops per year in the coastal zones of Bangladesh where fresh water is available year-round.
2) The study tested different establishment dates for aus and aman rice varieties as well as sowing dates for boro rice. It found that growing three rice crops per year is possible and can yield 13.4 to 17.2 tons per hectare per year.
3) The study recommends further evaluating the system over a range of weather conditions and developing ecologically friendly management practices to address potential increases in pests and diseases from triple rice cropping.
By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The document discusses using innovation platforms to improve goat markets and farming systems in Zimbabwe. Key points:
- Innovation platforms bring together farmers, traders, processors, researchers and others to identify challenges and opportunities to improve goat production and marketing.
- Objectives are to improve market efficiency, reduce transaction costs, promote productivity-increasing technologies, and build local innovation capacity.
- Results included dramatically reduced goat mortality rates (from 25% to under 10%), higher prices for farmers, and investments in improved feeding and health practices.
- Other actors like NGOs and the government also increased support like building sale pens and improving veterinary services. The approach transformed the system from crop-focused to more livestock-focused and
By Urs Schulthess, Timothy J. Krupnik, Zia Uddin Ahmed, Andy J. McDonald
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kr Chandna, Andy Nelson, Zahirul Khan, Moqbul Hossain, Sohel Rana, Fazlur Rashid, M. Mondal, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kumar Chandna, Andy Nelson, Sohel Rana, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Sam Mohanty, Nazneed Sultana, Deepak Sethi, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Sanjida P. Ritu, M.K. Mondal, T.P. Tuong, S.U. Talukdar, E. Humphreys
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Kazi Ahmed Kabir, S.B. Saha, Manjurul Karim, Craig A. Meisner, Michael J. Phillips
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
BRAC aims to increase agricultural and aquacultural productivity in coastal Bangladesh through several strategies. These include converting single cropping areas to double or triple cropping, introducing short-duration rice varieties, stress-tolerant crops and fish varieties, and integrating fish/prawn-rice-vegetable systems in ghers. Technologies are disseminated to over 55,000 farmers across 59 upazilas. Hybrid rice varieties yield up to 9.5 tons/hectare. Integrated ghers provide net profits from 172,558-416,975 taka/hectare. Aquaculture in floodplains involves 257 farmers utilizing 73 acres in 2013, yielding an average 795 kg/hect
By Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray (Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Innovations in managing the agriculture-groundwater and energy nexus
1. Innovations in
managing the
agriculture-
groundwater and
energy nexus
Evidence from three
states in India
Aditi Mukherji, IWMI
Photo Davidvan Cakenberghe/IWMI
Photo: :Tom van Cakenberghe/IWMI
Tom Brazier/IWMI
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
2. The irrigation story of India….
Since 1970s,
groundwater
irrigated area has
increased, as has
number of wells and
tubewells….
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
7. Rising contribution of groundwater in agriculture
% of Agricultural GDP
60
1970-73
40
20
BUT, depletion, scarcity
and over-exploitation have
0
emerged as serious problems
Percentage to Agricultural GDP
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241
Districts
60
2000-03
40
20
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241
Districts
% contribution of SWI to Agricultural GDP % contribution of GWI to Agricultural GDP
8. Leading to groundwater over-exploitation in many states……
Districts depicted in red
and yellow are the
districts with over-
exploitation problems
9. Growth in electricity consumption in agriculture has
outpaced growth in other sectors
There has been 12 fold
increase in overall
electricity demand in
India from 1950 to 2010,
but 25 fold increase in
agricultural electricity
demand
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
10. Electricity subsidy as percentage of state fiscal deficits is
very high in some states
Bihar
West Bengal Agriculture is often blamed for
U.P (Power corp) poor state of electricity utilities
Maharashtra
Punjab
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan (Transco)
Karnataka Yet farmers receive
Andhra Pradesh poor quality service
Gujarat
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage
BRISCOE, 2005, Data pertains to 2002
11. And requirement for subsidy keeps rising…
Net electricity
subsidy in India is
close to USD 9 billion
and is rising year by
year
Source: ICRA
12. Farmers get free or highly subsidized electricity in
most states (though not all).
2500 2160
2000
Rs/HP/Year
1512
1500
850
1000
420
500
0
0
Punjab Haryana Gujarat Uttarakhand West Bengal
States
Flat rate tariff (Rs/HP/year)
Even when farmers pay for electricity, they pay it on a flat tariff basis. Only
exception is the state of West Bengal where agricultural tubewells are
Metered and farmers pay a time of the day (TOD) tariff
13. But then, there is the energy divide: Farmers in eastern India depend
pre-dominantly on diesel pumps, while rest of India has electric pumps
So the food-
energy-
irrigation nexus
is also different
in east vs. rest
of India
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
14. To sum up…what is this food-irrigation and energy
nexus?
• India’s irrigation sector is dependent on groundwater
• Much of this groundwater is pumped using electricity
• Groundwater use is more than sustainable recharge in most
states leading to groundwater over-exploitation
• Electricity is subsidized in most (though not all) states
• This creates a nexus where one sector (agriculture) is
dependent on unsustainable trends groundwater and
electricity sectors
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
15. The Food-Energy Support price policy/
Assured market
AGRICULTURE
Irrigation Nexus Re-aligning food procurement
Choice of crops
Uncertain markets for
policiesdiversification
crop
Providing incentives to grow low
Agriculture
water consuming crops
Better field water management
techniques
Ene
ific er
n
rgy
atio
t
Wa d Agr
wa
an
und
s ta
ers
ge/ cultur
Gro
div
Mis
i
ng
op
dire Subsi
leti
Water-
f cr
Dep
cte
Energy -
e
ko
Agriculture
d
Lac
Nexus
die
s
ELECTRICITY and
Low recoveries
GROUNDWATER low investment in
Limited reach of Demand side management
infrastructure
GW laws and regulations
surface irrigation/ Supply management through
Supply augmentation
uncertain rainfall
rationing Poor quality and
unreliable power
Lucrative through MAR
Groundwater Long hours of pumping Energy
Increasing efficiency of Supply
groundwater Demand management pumps
markets
Low awareness community
Wastage of water and energy
through Highly subsidised/
Institutional reforms
regarding optimal free power
participation
irrigation
16. How are different states in India managing this
nexus through energy side interventions?
• West Bengal – Eastern India
• Punjab – Northern India
• Karnataka – Southern India
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
17. West Bengal: Alluvial aquifers, low
groundwater use and high recharge
Water tables recover after
monsoons and average
depth to water table in 88%
of villages less than 10 m.
42% of GW resources are
used and none of the blocks
are over-exploited
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
18. Managing the nexus in West Bengal through
Universal TOD and hi-tech metering
• Universal Time of the Day (TOD) metering of all agricultural
tubewells in the state. Till March 2010, 90% TWs metered
• High tech metering with remotely read meters
19. Impacts of metering
Pump owners:
Largely winners
Same hours of pumping
for own use– Less
electricity bill
Less hour of selling water
– Higher or same revenue
Higher bargaining power
vis-à-vis water buyers
Win – win situation
20. Water buyers:
Losers
Increase in water charges by 30-50%
Lesser hours sold by pump owners
Adverse terms & condition of buying water
21. Groundwater
use efficiency:
Winner
Increased adoption of plastic pipes for
conveyance
Better maintenance of field channels
Construction of underground pipelines
But will it save water?
22. Food-irrigation-energy nexus in Punjab
Unsustainable rates of GW depletion Rice Wheat crop combination matches
over-exploited zones in Punjab
WRSu
WR WMRSu
WR
WR
WRM
WR
WRC WRC
WR
WR
CR
Rice-Wheat Crop System in Punjab
is at the heart of its agrarian prosperity CROP COMBINATIONS
and also contributes to its GW crisis TWO CROP COMBINATION
THREE CROP COMBINATION
FOUR CROP COMBINATION
Alluvial aquifers and low rainfall
23. Steps taken by Punjab to manage the nexus
These measures are reasonably
successful in improving quality of
electricity to farmers, but severe
rationing pushes them to use
diesel. Fiscal discipline within the
utilities has improved. Has not
affected crop yields adversely yet.
24. Transmission and distribution losses have
reduced marginally…
T&D losses based
on AP
T&D loss level consumption
T&D loss level fixed reported by the approved by the
Year by the Commission Board Commission
2004-05 23.25 24.27 24.59
2005-06 22 25.07 25.38
2006-07 20.75 23.92 24.25
2007-08 19.5 22.53 25.12
2008-09 19.5 19.92 22.21
2009-10 22 19.5 22
2010-11 20 18 19.5
2011-12 19
2012-13 18
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
25. But subsidy burden for agricultural
consumption keeps rising….
This is because the state keeps
issuing new electricity
connections for farmers. There
are 1.1 million farm households
and around 1.2 million electric
pumps in the state!
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
26. Food-energy-irrigation nexus in Karnataka
Area under groundwater irrigation continues to
rise…
As does number of electric pumpsets..
Hard rock aquifers and low rainfall
28. Conclusions
• While the broad issues are same, different states
have managed this nexus differently
• Ranging from very hi-tech and text-book solution
in West Bengal, to second best solution in Punjab
to utter anarchy in Karnataka
• Much depends on political will and overall
governance at state level since both water and
electricity are state subjects in India
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
29. Thank You
a.mukherji@cgiar.org
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org