GERES [en] Biomass Energy Value Chain in CambodiaMathieu Ruillet
Analysis of biomass energy supply and demand in Cambodia - Consultation workshop on Cambodia wood and biomass energy strategy, Siem Reap, November 2012
EPWS Experience presented by Dosteus Lopa -Rio +20, BrasilweADAPT
The document summarizes the Equitable Payment Watershed Services (EPWS) program in Tanzania's Uluguru Mountains. The program aims to improve watershed management and livelihoods through establishing markets for watershed services. Key points:
1) The program identifies local communities as sellers of watershed services and companies as buyers, with sellers implementing conservation practices in exchange for payment.
2) Over 700 farmers have benefited from improved agricultural practices, increased yields, and higher incomes from crop sales.
3) However, initial costs are high and long-term impacts will take time, while engaging buyers and including landless groups remains challenging.
The document discusses the links between energy use, carbon emissions, and the water industry. It notes that the water sector accounts for a significant portion of total energy use and carbon emissions. The document calls for a systems approach and frameworks to understand interactions between carbon, water, and other stakeholders. It provides examples of carbon and water footprinting to identify opportunities. Balanced solutions are needed that consider carbon benefits, water benefits, costs, and other stakeholder priorities. Overall the water and energy issues are closely connected and will require systemic changes across sectors.
Lanier and Clinch Counties have 500,000 acres of timber land where nearly $30 million of timber is harvested each year. A Lanier County timber harvesting company purchased a grinder to mulch residue left from harvested timber. This mulched residue provided a cheaper soil amendment for blueberry growers, saving $400 per load compared to purchased pine bark. The USDA's Biomass Crop Assistance Program provides up to $45 per ton to deliver eligible biomass materials to facilities for heat, power, or biofuels. This program and ability to mulch residue have provided new sources of income for timber producers.
Presents a look at woody biomass as a viable feedstock for renewable fuel and power generation. Sustainability, climate change, wildfires, ghg, forest management, and policy issues are addressed.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
This document discusses the benefits of locally owned renewable energy facilities such as ethanol plants and wind farms. It outlines three key points:
1) Locally owned renewable energy facilities provide economic benefits to local communities by creating jobs, strengthening local markets for agricultural commodities, and increasing local expenditures. This keeps more money circulating within the local economy.
2) Common business models for locally owned renewable energy facilities include cooperatives, limited liability companies (LLCs), and franchises. Cooperatives are democratically controlled and return profits to members based on patronage.
3) While local ownership is decreasing due to corporate investment, it provides important benefits like allowing communities to control and profit from local resources and reducing pollution. Successful
Presentation on Local Supply Development in San Diego County by Toby Roy, Water Resources Manager for the San Diego County Water Authority. Provided at Water Talks: New Challenges, New Supplies on September 13, 2011.
Presentation covers recycled water, conservation, stormwater catchment, graywater.
GERES [en] Biomass Energy Value Chain in CambodiaMathieu Ruillet
Analysis of biomass energy supply and demand in Cambodia - Consultation workshop on Cambodia wood and biomass energy strategy, Siem Reap, November 2012
EPWS Experience presented by Dosteus Lopa -Rio +20, BrasilweADAPT
The document summarizes the Equitable Payment Watershed Services (EPWS) program in Tanzania's Uluguru Mountains. The program aims to improve watershed management and livelihoods through establishing markets for watershed services. Key points:
1) The program identifies local communities as sellers of watershed services and companies as buyers, with sellers implementing conservation practices in exchange for payment.
2) Over 700 farmers have benefited from improved agricultural practices, increased yields, and higher incomes from crop sales.
3) However, initial costs are high and long-term impacts will take time, while engaging buyers and including landless groups remains challenging.
The document discusses the links between energy use, carbon emissions, and the water industry. It notes that the water sector accounts for a significant portion of total energy use and carbon emissions. The document calls for a systems approach and frameworks to understand interactions between carbon, water, and other stakeholders. It provides examples of carbon and water footprinting to identify opportunities. Balanced solutions are needed that consider carbon benefits, water benefits, costs, and other stakeholder priorities. Overall the water and energy issues are closely connected and will require systemic changes across sectors.
Lanier and Clinch Counties have 500,000 acres of timber land where nearly $30 million of timber is harvested each year. A Lanier County timber harvesting company purchased a grinder to mulch residue left from harvested timber. This mulched residue provided a cheaper soil amendment for blueberry growers, saving $400 per load compared to purchased pine bark. The USDA's Biomass Crop Assistance Program provides up to $45 per ton to deliver eligible biomass materials to facilities for heat, power, or biofuels. This program and ability to mulch residue have provided new sources of income for timber producers.
Presents a look at woody biomass as a viable feedstock for renewable fuel and power generation. Sustainability, climate change, wildfires, ghg, forest management, and policy issues are addressed.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
This document discusses the benefits of locally owned renewable energy facilities such as ethanol plants and wind farms. It outlines three key points:
1) Locally owned renewable energy facilities provide economic benefits to local communities by creating jobs, strengthening local markets for agricultural commodities, and increasing local expenditures. This keeps more money circulating within the local economy.
2) Common business models for locally owned renewable energy facilities include cooperatives, limited liability companies (LLCs), and franchises. Cooperatives are democratically controlled and return profits to members based on patronage.
3) While local ownership is decreasing due to corporate investment, it provides important benefits like allowing communities to control and profit from local resources and reducing pollution. Successful
Presentation on Local Supply Development in San Diego County by Toby Roy, Water Resources Manager for the San Diego County Water Authority. Provided at Water Talks: New Challenges, New Supplies on September 13, 2011.
Presentation covers recycled water, conservation, stormwater catchment, graywater.
This document summarizes a study assessing the potential for utilizing forest biomass for bioenergy projects in small, remote communities in southern British Columbia. The study estimated energy consumption and biomass availability in 37 communities, evaluated biomass harvesting and transportation costs, and assessed the feasibility of small-scale combustion technologies. Results showed that many communities had sufficient local forest biomass available to generate heat and electricity to meet a significant portion of their energy needs through bioenergy.
Utkur DJANIBEKOV "Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood un...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood under CDM forestation on marginal croplands.
The study examines afforesting marginal croplands in Uzbekistan through cooperative institutions between farmers and a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. Three scenarios are modeled: business as usual, individual farmer afforestation, and a CDM cooperative. The cooperative scenario produces the highest total outputs of food, fuelwood, and tree products by efficiently allocating water across farms. However, some individual farms may lose profits in a cooperative. Compensating disadvantaged farms from gains by others ensures all farms benefit. Cooperation allows complementarity across heterogeneous farm types to maximize livelihoods and carbon sequestration.
Sustainable Wine: Practices from Leaders in Mendocino County, CaliforniaSustainable Brands
Presentation on sustainability and green farming practices at leading wineries in Mendocino County, California.
Learn more about Sustainable Business & Design at: http://sustainablelifemedia.com
Agriculture and Forest Plantations - BracelpaSistema FIEB
The document discusses Brazil's forest plantations and their role in agriculture and carbon sequestration. It notes that plantations are considered tree agriculture and the majority are certified. It describes how plantations integrate with agriculture through agroforestry systems. Plantations provide wood and other services, sequestering over 1 billion tons of carbon annually. They generate many jobs and economic development. Key pulp and paper producers worldwide are listed, showing Brazil as a top global producer. Future trends discussed include developing forest carbon trade and using new technologies like biotechnology to increase productivity sustainably.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for sustainable construction and design. It provides examples of sustainable building projects from around the world, including a Passivhaus school in Austria, the Hammarby Sjöstad development in Stockholm, and Paultons Park's new indoor play area in the UK. The case studies demonstrate how to design buildings to a higher sustainable standard through approaches like using local materials, passive design principles, and renewable energy systems.
The document outlines Carbon Cultures' potential revenue models, including:
1) A fee-for-biomass model where they charge landowners a fee to remove waste biomass from properties.
2) Generating revenue from the sale of biochar and consulting services to help clients implement biochar systems.
3) Potential franchise models are discussed where Carbon Cultures licenses their pyrolysis technology and provides training to partners.
The document also discusses packaging and pricing biochar for different market segments and notes some key contacts made with potential partners.
The document discusses opportunities for integrating solid waste conversion technologies with public works projects. It outlines CDM Smith's experience with waste-to-energy projects and emerging paradigms in sustainable waste management. These include considering waste as a renewable resource and implementing integrated waste and water management campus approaches. The presentation also reviews proven and emerging waste conversion technologies that can generate renewable fuels, electricity and other recyclable materials from municipal solid waste and organic wastes.
Greenway Grameen Infra is India's first ecosystem services company focused on sustainable rural infrastructure. It has been operational for 2.5 years and combines skills in engineering, natural resource management, and social engagement to design products and services that benefit rural communities in an environmentally responsible way. Native Konbac Bamboo Products is an emerging enterprise that has been operational for 1.5 years focusing on luxury bamboo furniture to revive the use of bamboo in the luxury goods market across India and for export. KNID focuses on organizing the vegetable supply chain in Bihar, UP, and Uttarakhand to reduce waste and facilitate direct links between producers and vendors.
Green Energy for the Poor in Rural Mexico and Southeast Asia.Ricardo Hamdan Zuno
Case study on USAID projects that EFI has developed successfully delivering biogas to communities to power their homes and cook using biogas as opposed to wood or to live in the dark.
We have developed generic and replicable tools to assess hydrological, carbon, biodiversity and hydrological functions of a landscape. The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) identifies and reconciles local, public/policymakers and scientist perspectives on hydrological issues in a landscape. Using a parsimonious hydrological model we can assess the current hydrological situation and prospect impact of possible land cover change on hydrological function. The Rapid Carbon Stocks Appraisal (RACSA) assesses landscape ability to store carbon. The tool entails measuring plot-level carbon stocks for forest and tree based systems, and performing land cover/land cover change analysis to produce landscape carbon/carbon loss map. Further integration with land use profitability data and a land change model, we can perform trade-off analysis on carbon versus livelihood for various plausible development pathways. The Quick Biodiversity Survey (QBS) provides an initial estimate of the biodiversity value of a landscape. Using indicator animal groups and plants, the approach surveyed a 1-km long transects in which the layout and frequency of sample points are determined by the animal groups being surveyed. The survey uses local guide who is knowledgeable about local plants and animals. Species identifications are carried out in consultation with experts. The outcome of three appraisal tools can further be used as the basis for PES schemes development. We had applied these tools in various regions in Southeast Asia. The tools potentially can be applied in other regions as well.
The Virgin Islands Energy Alliance program is designed to reduce energy consumption for all WAPA customers through energy efficiency improvements. The program offers grants up to $80,000 to cover 40% of project costs. Customers complete an application and energy assessment to identify improvements that save at least 15% in energy use. Common energy conservation measures include lighting upgrades, appliance replacements, insulation, renewable energy systems, and water conservation.
Generation of information system for water resource management in Indo Ganget...Barnava Chatterjee
This document discusses the India-WRIS project, which aims to create a centralized database and web-based information system for water resources data in India. The project collects hydro-meteorological, geological, ecological, and socio-economic data from various sources across the Indo-Gangetic plain. This includes data from 318 hydro-observation stations, 87 flood forecasting stations, weather stations, soil surveys, wildlife populations, fish stocks, and demographic statistics. The goals are to make this authentic water resources data more accessible to support advanced modeling, mapping, and improved management of India's water resources.
Accelerating Innovation in Agriculture 2014 01-23 ACIAR
Dr Achim Dobermann, outgoing Deputy Director General (Research) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) presented a seminar at ACIAR on “Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda” on 23 January 2014
This document summarizes a study that used multi-scale hydro-economic models to assess the effects of alternative water policies and conditions in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The models were used at the plot, sub-catchment, and basin levels to understand farmer behavior, predict outcomes of proposed policies, and inform policymaking. The models linked hydrologic models with economic models of agriculture to analyze impacts on cropping patterns, income, employment, water use and availability under different scenarios. Scenarios examined included drought years, implementation of water guidelines, and increases in sugarcane prices. The basin-wide model predicted changes across the basin in available water, agricultural land use, rural employment, profits and other factors.
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
This document summarizes a study assessing the potential for utilizing forest biomass for bioenergy projects in small, remote communities in southern British Columbia. The study estimated energy consumption and biomass availability in 37 communities, evaluated biomass harvesting and transportation costs, and assessed the feasibility of small-scale combustion technologies. Results showed that many communities had sufficient local forest biomass available to generate heat and electricity to meet a significant portion of their energy needs through bioenergy.
Utkur DJANIBEKOV "Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood un...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood under CDM forestation on marginal croplands.
The study examines afforesting marginal croplands in Uzbekistan through cooperative institutions between farmers and a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. Three scenarios are modeled: business as usual, individual farmer afforestation, and a CDM cooperative. The cooperative scenario produces the highest total outputs of food, fuelwood, and tree products by efficiently allocating water across farms. However, some individual farms may lose profits in a cooperative. Compensating disadvantaged farms from gains by others ensures all farms benefit. Cooperation allows complementarity across heterogeneous farm types to maximize livelihoods and carbon sequestration.
Sustainable Wine: Practices from Leaders in Mendocino County, CaliforniaSustainable Brands
Presentation on sustainability and green farming practices at leading wineries in Mendocino County, California.
Learn more about Sustainable Business & Design at: http://sustainablelifemedia.com
Agriculture and Forest Plantations - BracelpaSistema FIEB
The document discusses Brazil's forest plantations and their role in agriculture and carbon sequestration. It notes that plantations are considered tree agriculture and the majority are certified. It describes how plantations integrate with agriculture through agroforestry systems. Plantations provide wood and other services, sequestering over 1 billion tons of carbon annually. They generate many jobs and economic development. Key pulp and paper producers worldwide are listed, showing Brazil as a top global producer. Future trends discussed include developing forest carbon trade and using new technologies like biotechnology to increase productivity sustainably.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for sustainable construction and design. It provides examples of sustainable building projects from around the world, including a Passivhaus school in Austria, the Hammarby Sjöstad development in Stockholm, and Paultons Park's new indoor play area in the UK. The case studies demonstrate how to design buildings to a higher sustainable standard through approaches like using local materials, passive design principles, and renewable energy systems.
The document outlines Carbon Cultures' potential revenue models, including:
1) A fee-for-biomass model where they charge landowners a fee to remove waste biomass from properties.
2) Generating revenue from the sale of biochar and consulting services to help clients implement biochar systems.
3) Potential franchise models are discussed where Carbon Cultures licenses their pyrolysis technology and provides training to partners.
The document also discusses packaging and pricing biochar for different market segments and notes some key contacts made with potential partners.
The document discusses opportunities for integrating solid waste conversion technologies with public works projects. It outlines CDM Smith's experience with waste-to-energy projects and emerging paradigms in sustainable waste management. These include considering waste as a renewable resource and implementing integrated waste and water management campus approaches. The presentation also reviews proven and emerging waste conversion technologies that can generate renewable fuels, electricity and other recyclable materials from municipal solid waste and organic wastes.
Greenway Grameen Infra is India's first ecosystem services company focused on sustainable rural infrastructure. It has been operational for 2.5 years and combines skills in engineering, natural resource management, and social engagement to design products and services that benefit rural communities in an environmentally responsible way. Native Konbac Bamboo Products is an emerging enterprise that has been operational for 1.5 years focusing on luxury bamboo furniture to revive the use of bamboo in the luxury goods market across India and for export. KNID focuses on organizing the vegetable supply chain in Bihar, UP, and Uttarakhand to reduce waste and facilitate direct links between producers and vendors.
Green Energy for the Poor in Rural Mexico and Southeast Asia.Ricardo Hamdan Zuno
Case study on USAID projects that EFI has developed successfully delivering biogas to communities to power their homes and cook using biogas as opposed to wood or to live in the dark.
We have developed generic and replicable tools to assess hydrological, carbon, biodiversity and hydrological functions of a landscape. The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) identifies and reconciles local, public/policymakers and scientist perspectives on hydrological issues in a landscape. Using a parsimonious hydrological model we can assess the current hydrological situation and prospect impact of possible land cover change on hydrological function. The Rapid Carbon Stocks Appraisal (RACSA) assesses landscape ability to store carbon. The tool entails measuring plot-level carbon stocks for forest and tree based systems, and performing land cover/land cover change analysis to produce landscape carbon/carbon loss map. Further integration with land use profitability data and a land change model, we can perform trade-off analysis on carbon versus livelihood for various plausible development pathways. The Quick Biodiversity Survey (QBS) provides an initial estimate of the biodiversity value of a landscape. Using indicator animal groups and plants, the approach surveyed a 1-km long transects in which the layout and frequency of sample points are determined by the animal groups being surveyed. The survey uses local guide who is knowledgeable about local plants and animals. Species identifications are carried out in consultation with experts. The outcome of three appraisal tools can further be used as the basis for PES schemes development. We had applied these tools in various regions in Southeast Asia. The tools potentially can be applied in other regions as well.
The Virgin Islands Energy Alliance program is designed to reduce energy consumption for all WAPA customers through energy efficiency improvements. The program offers grants up to $80,000 to cover 40% of project costs. Customers complete an application and energy assessment to identify improvements that save at least 15% in energy use. Common energy conservation measures include lighting upgrades, appliance replacements, insulation, renewable energy systems, and water conservation.
Generation of information system for water resource management in Indo Ganget...Barnava Chatterjee
This document discusses the India-WRIS project, which aims to create a centralized database and web-based information system for water resources data in India. The project collects hydro-meteorological, geological, ecological, and socio-economic data from various sources across the Indo-Gangetic plain. This includes data from 318 hydro-observation stations, 87 flood forecasting stations, weather stations, soil surveys, wildlife populations, fish stocks, and demographic statistics. The goals are to make this authentic water resources data more accessible to support advanced modeling, mapping, and improved management of India's water resources.
Accelerating Innovation in Agriculture 2014 01-23 ACIAR
Dr Achim Dobermann, outgoing Deputy Director General (Research) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) presented a seminar at ACIAR on “Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda” on 23 January 2014
This document summarizes a study that used multi-scale hydro-economic models to assess the effects of alternative water policies and conditions in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The models were used at the plot, sub-catchment, and basin levels to understand farmer behavior, predict outcomes of proposed policies, and inform policymaking. The models linked hydrologic models with economic models of agriculture to analyze impacts on cropping patterns, income, employment, water use and availability under different scenarios. Scenarios examined included drought years, implementation of water guidelines, and increases in sugarcane prices. The basin-wide model predicted changes across the basin in available water, agricultural land use, rural employment, profits and other factors.
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
An integrated hydrologic-economic model can jointly represent river basin hydrology and economic systems. The model structure includes sub-models for hydrology, agriculture, industry, municipalities, and institutions. It uses an optimization approach to maximize total net water benefits across sectors. The model can help with strategic decision making by evaluating tradeoffs between off-stream and instream water uses under different policy and investment scenarios. However, it has limitations such as not being suitable for day-to-day river operations and not fully representing rainfed agriculture and poverty impacts.
The document discusses the water-food-energy nexus and the implications for investment in the water sector. It notes that water, food and energy production are closely interlinked, with increasing competition for freshwater resources. This poses challenges for development that are exacerbated by climate change. To address these challenges, investments in water supply, sanitation and related areas will need to expand. However, monitoring investments and results in the water sector is complex given its cross-sector nature and involvement of multiple stakeholders. Moving forward, an effective framework for monitoring investments and results can help improve development in the water sector.
This document examines the food-energy-irrigation nexus in three Indian states - West Bengal, Punjab, and Karnataka. It finds that while the broad issues are the same across states, with agriculture dependent on unsustainable groundwater extraction and electricity subsidies, each state manages this nexus differently. West Bengal has implemented a hi-tech metering system with time-of-day pricing that has improved efficiency. Punjab has taken steps like rationing that have reduced losses but subsidy burdens rise. Karnataka shows utter mismanagement as groundwater extraction and pumps continue increasing rapidly. Effective management of this nexus depends on political will and governance that states like West Bengal and Punjab have demonstrated to some extent but is lacking in Karnataka
The document discusses the close links between water and energy. It outlines how EPWU uses energy for water treatment and how water is used in energy production. EPWU has implemented successful water conservation programs that have saved over 231 billion gallons of water and 924 million KWH of electricity. EPWU is also working to increase use of renewable resources like solar power, reclaimed water, and converting wastewater digester gas to electricity to reduce costs and environmental impacts. EPWU partners with universities to conduct research on sustainable water technologies and solutions for the desert southwest region.
This document describes ways for irrigators to save energy and reduce irrigation costs. It discusses recommended irrigation system installations, how utilities charge for electricity use, common causes of wasted energy, and hardware improvements that can save energy. The document focuses on making mechanical improvements to irrigation systems so they use less energy per hour of operation, as well as management changes to reduce total hours of operation. Overall, the goal is to help irrigators identify inefficient equipment and practices that are wasting energy and costs.
This document describes ways for irrigators to save energy and reduce irrigation costs. It discusses recommended irrigation system installations, how utilities charge for electricity, common causes of wasted energy, and hardware improvements that can save energy. These include properly sizing pumps and motors, fixing leaks, maintaining equipment, and adjusting sprinklers for efficient water application. Adopting better management practices can also help by running irrigation systems for fewer hours.
Policy impacts on land use and agricultural practices in North-West India. Ni...Joanna Hicks
The document discusses policy impacts on land use and agriculture in North-West India. It notes that while the Green Revolution was initially successful in increasing food production, current policies favor intensive, irrigated crops like rice and wheat, leading to overuse of water resources and pollution from rice straw burning. Simply adding new programs risks entrenching problems and increasing costs, instead the principles answer is to reexamine existing policies and incentives to find better solutions. Modeling shows subsidizing new technologies like the Happy Seeder could significantly reduce rice burning and shift crops while costing less than further subsidies.
The document discusses several key issues related to water and agriculture in India:
1) Agriculture is the largest user of water in India but is not always an efficient user, and agricultural water demand can be reduced through various conservation measures and cropping changes.
2) The traditional approach of large irrigation projects is no longer sustainable, and water policy must shift priority to restraining demand growth and increasing local solutions like watershed management.
3) Groundwater exploitation also needs to be curtailed to protect resources and equity, as over half of India's irrigation water comes from unsustainable groundwater use.
The document discusses the need for a new paradigm in groundwater management in rainfed areas. It argues that past programs that brought investments, decisions, and knowledge to local communities have been successful. For groundwater management, it suggests taking a similar participatory approach focused on secure access to groundwater for all households to ensure crop security and livelihood stability. Case studies show how communities have collectively managed groundwater resources through pooling borewells and sharing water. The document calls for public investments to trigger such community-driven solutions and the development of a new localized knowledge system to support groundwater management goals.
G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique, April 2013Makoto Goda
Nippon Biodiesel Fuel Co., Ltd. (NBF) and ADM address issues of food security, rural electrification, energy security and reducing GHG emissions through a self-sustaining jatropha program in Mozambique. Over 10,000 smallholder farmers cultivate jatropha, from which oil is extracted and residue is used to produce compost. The jatropha oil substitutes fossil fuels for agriculture and generators that power telecom towers, while the compost increases agricultural productivity. ADM additionally supports food security by purchasing rice from villages and distributing it in Pemba.
Presented by IWMI's Brad Franklin at ICID's 26th ERC and 66th IEC meeting, held in Montpellier, France (October 11-16, 2015), at the session ’What governance for groundwater and surface water use in agriculture?' held on October 13, 2015.
Groundwater Management in Pakistan, by Dr Asad Sarwar Qureshi, IWMI PakistanGlobal Water Partnership
Groundwater is an important source of water in Pakistan, supplying over 57.9 BCM annually which is 40% of total water usage. It has led to increased crop yields and incomes but is now being overexploited in many areas. Over 1.2 million irrigation pumps extract groundwater, with depletion rates of 1.5 m/year on average. This poses many challenges including water quality deterioration, soil salinization, and non-compliance with water laws. Sustainable groundwater management is complex and requires solutions like improved surface water supplies and storage, rationalized cropping, increased use of alternative waters, and context-specific approaches depending on groundwater conditions. Climate change impacts will exacerbate water shortages unless urgent
This is a presentation from BOSCH, Jaipur one of the finalists at the 5th CII-GBC National Award for Excellence in Water Management in 2008.
The awards are in 2 categories, Within the Fence for work done on minimizing the organisations water footprint, and Beyond the Fence for work done in the community around the industry.
This presentation was in the "Within the Fence" category.
We thank CII and the respective companies for giving us permission to upload these presentations on the India Water Portal website for dissemination to a wider audience.
Similar to Institutional Analysis in the Indo-Ganges Basin (15)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Institutional Analysis in the Indo-Ganges Basin
1. IGB-BFP:
WP 4 Institutional Analyses
Energy squeeze on Agricultural Water Use in the IGB
and its impact on the poor
Changing dynamic of agrarian tenancy in the IGB.
A framework to study water governance in the IGB
states
2. Is Irrigation Water Free? A Reality Check in
the Indo-Gangetic Basin, World Development,
vol. 37, No. 2, pp422-434
Tushaar Shah, Mehmood Ul Hassan, Muhammad
Zubair, Parth Sarathi Banerjee, O.P Singh
3. The global water pricing debate argues that zero price of
increasingly scarce water is the prime cause of water scarcity.
Get the water price right; and all will be well.
The debate is
cast in the
context of
public irrigation
systems which
are viewed as
dominant
suppliers of
agricultural
water.
Throughout the
IGB, this
context has
become
increasingly
remote.
4. These buy
Classes of Irrigators in theirrigation for food
IGB and to
security
Rented diesel pump
IGB irrigation absorb family
economy has got labour
heavily
Own diesel pump
Own and
Electric pump
Irrigation output &
Irrigation cost/ha dieselized. rented gen-
Own electric pumps
purchase
sets
15-18 million
canals & tanks
Marginal farmers
7-8 and share
cropper families
mha
10-12 12-15
mha mha
30-32 mha
20-22 mha
Million ha of gross irrigated area
5. Energy Divide in South Asia’s
groundwater irrigation economy
Bangladesh and Pakistan
have metered out electric
tubewells. West Bengal is
following suit.
Eastern India has de-
electrified its country-side
In Indian Indus basin,
farmers have held the
political Class to ransom
and kept meters out.
6.
7. Rapid relative price of diesel: India
Increase in diesel price relative to food and
general price index (Base: 1996=100)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Diesel price index
Food price index for farm laborers
General price index for farm laborers
8. Leveraged Impact of energy-squeeze on
water buyers from diesel STWs
Diesel price rise and pump irrigation
120 price:Mirzapur, UP
100 Diesel Price (Rs/Lt)
Irrigation Charges (Rs/Hr)
80
Rs.
60
40
20
0
1990
1997
1997
1998
2000
2001
2004
2006
2007
9. User cost of irrigation relative to
the prices of irrigated crops
Index No of Diesel price, irrigation price and farm produce:
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
900
800
700
600
1990=100
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2007
Diesel (Rs/l) 5 hp Pump Irrigation (Rs/hr)
Diesel Pump Irrigation Price (Rs/hr, 5 hp)
Wheat (Rs/kg), farm gate
Paddy (Rs/kg), farm gate
Sugarcane (Rs/kg), farm gate
10. In 1990, buying a liter of diesel required selling less
than a kg of rice or wheat; today, it requires 3-5
times more.
kg
rice/litre Diesel Rice
of diesel (Rs/l) (Rs/kg)
India 5.67 34.00 6.00
Pakistan 3.20 37.80 11.80
Bangladesh 3.89 35.00 9.00
Nepal terai 5.70 57.00 10.00
11. Our fieldstudies in India-Pakistan-Bangladesh is showing that
groundwater irrigation demand is in a super-elastic phase with
respect to use cost of water. A major source of agrarian
stress.
12. Desperate Strategies:
Small-holder/Water Buyer
Responses to Diesel Price Increase
Diesel-saving crop substitution: boro rice on a decline
Among diesel pump buyers; Return to rainfed farming
West Bengal: Chinese diesel/kerosene pumps to is common for
It
the aid of India’s agrarian poor farmers in
eastern India to
Energy substitution: PDS kerosene for diesel;pay Rs 80-120 for
Electricity preferred but connections hard to come by water.
Pump irrigation 50 m3 of
price is
Forced exit from unviable farming-for landless who
Cultivated leased landsticky;
downwardly with rented diesel pumps
it does not fall
Energy saving irrigation practices: alternate furrow;
when diesel price Pump irrigation price
Rubber pipes; adjacent fields leased to use drainage
falls. for water buyers is
Gambler’s response: shift to high value, high input,
rising 30-40%
High risk crops-summer onion in North Bihar faster than diesel
price
Large increases in monopoly rents and power of electric tubewell owners:
Uttar Pradesh
13. Ideas to relieve stress on small-
holder irrigation in IGB
• Diesel efficient pumps; promote Chinese pumps
• Pumps in the hands of the poor
• Subsidized diesel-as for fisher-folk in Gujarat?
• Kerosene ration for farmers? As in Kerala.
• Give small farmers LPG ration?
• Treadle pump? Return to gravity flow irrigation?
• Mulayam Singh’s strategy: Increase power supply.
• Increase the supply of electric connections and do a
Jyotirgram
• Target electric tubewell connections to the poor
• Co-operative electric tubewells?
• Promote professional sellers of pump irrigation service.
14.
15. Similarly, far-reaching changes are
occurring in IGB’s land tenancy scene.
1. Extent, pattern, dynamic
and impact of tenancy
2. Irrigation impact on
Tenancy
3. Estimate irrigation value-
added
16. Indirect estimation of Irrigation Value Added
• Irrigation benefit is estimated by comparing farm budgets
with and without or before and after irrigation. Highly
susceptible to measurement errors and manipulation.
• Original Objective: Land-lease rentals as indicators of
“Irrigation Value Added”.
• We learnt some about this. But we also found that the
institution of tenancy is undergoing profound changes.
• Precursor of the ‘shake-out’ imminent in India’s countryside
17. Tenancy in South Asia’s agrarian history
• State as well as people lived off the land.
• Mughal and pre-Mughal times: no private property in land; all cultivators were
tenants-at-will; Emperor the heir to every subject.
• Land rents went upto 2/3rd of gross output; Akbar kept it at ½;
• East India Co. continued with rack-renting; the Colonial govt. policies encouraged
‘rent-seeking sub-infeudation’ akin to Western Europe’s feudal structure before
the Ind. Revolution.
• When India became independent, tenancy reform was a key component of the
land reform program.
• Security of tenure: Operation Barga in West Bengal
• Regulation of Maximum Rent: all states passed laws
18. Extent of lease farming is vastly under-
reported; moreover, there is explosive growth
in tenant farming since 1995
Tenancy is alive and kicking in Informal
Figure 1 Trends in tenant holdings and
tenanted land (Source: NSS reports) land lease markets.
30 Nair and Menon 2005, Laxminarayan and
25
Tyagi 1977, Sanyal 1972 show it has
always been higher than officially
20 believed.
15
%
Bandyopadhyay (2008) places it at 15-
10 35% of cultivated land.
5 We found indications that it is even
0
higher in most states. Our estimates
1960- 1970- 1981- 1991- 2002- range from 22-65% in the villages we
61 71 82 92 03 covered. More pervasive in West Bengal
(17th) (26th) (37th) (48th) (59th)
and Kerala than in many other states
Tenant holdings as % of total operated holdings
But more importantly, the nature of the
Tenanted area as % of total operated land
institution is changing
19. Drivers of land lease-markets
• Tenancy laws? Naah. Just minor irritants.
• Labor market environment: key driver in West Bengal and Kerala
• Land fragmentation: owners lease out distant parcels
• Dynamism in ‘non-farm economy’ of the area.
• Highly unequal land ownership: UP & Bihar
• Social structure: land owned by Kayastha’s in West Bengal Iyers in TN
who were never farming communities.
• Enterprising farming castes like Gounders in TN and Patidars in Gujarat
are seeking new pastures.
• Absentee owners: Irrational attachment to ‘ancestral property’; future
price appreciation.
• Irrigation is by far the biggest driver: demand for canal irrigated land
is highest; few takers for rainfed lands
• Rising cost of cultivation: owners find cultivating with hired labor
uneconomic.
• Sub-marginal dairy farmers find tenanting land for fodder more
affordable than buying fodder.
• NREGP is shrinking tenancy in central Gujarat and Nalgonda
20. Usurious rents levied from gullible tenants by emperors, overlords and
zameendars has been the stuff India’s economic history is made of.
Reform of tenancy institution has been top on the govt. agenda since
Independence. But today, tenancy is reinventing itself..
Regulation of ‘maximum
rent:
Kerala: 1/3rd to 1/4th
Classical crop-share
Gujarat, Maharashtra, and
contract persists in stagnant
Rajasthan= 1/6th of gross
farm and non-farm
produce
economies of eastern India;
Assam, Karnataka, Manipur
but even here, the terms are
and Tripura= 1/4th to
changing
1/5th.
Punjab =1/3rd
Tamil Nadu= 1/3rd to 2/5th
Andhra Pradesh= 1/4th for
In west and south, hundred
flowers bloom; a vast varietyland; 1/5th on
irrigated of
fixed rent and share tenancy
rainfed
flourish; tenants are no longer at
the receiving end.
21. Drivers of tenancy: broad trends
Population pressure on farm land
Relatively high Relatively low
Dynamism Relatively Eastern UP, Bihar, West Rajasthan, Vidarbha region;
of the low Bengal: 50:50 crop share eastern Madhya Pradesh,
economy contracts for single season Telangana: share-cropping
dominate, with owners dominates but owners share
dominating the bargaining input costs with tenants
process
Relatively Kerala: a variety of share, Gujarat, Tamilnad: fixed
high fixed rental and hybrid rental contracts for an year or
contracts are found with longer dominates; tenants
bargaining power shared by with credibility and loyalty
tenants and owners enjoy bargaining power;
22. Determinants of Terms of Tenancy
• Conventional wisdom: crop-sharing predominates: owner takes half the
crop for just land.
• We found this still popular especially in the east; elsewhere, this is
modified in myriad ways; moreover, scores of different contracts are
in use; we identified 30 different share and fixed rental contracts.
• Demand-side (tenant side) factors: highly skilled and resourceful
tenants prefer fixed-rent contracts; resource poor prefer share
cropping
• Kharif tenancy is generally crop-sharing; rabi is often fixed rent
• Food crops is generally crop-share; cash-crop is both; high value cash
crop is always fixed rent
23. Determinants of Terms ofTenancy
• ‘TINA tenancy”-the classical owner-dictated tenant contract
• “Scale-tenancy”-small/medium/large farmers seeking larger
operational unit by renting unviable marginal holdings.
• “monitoring costs”-absentee owner prefer fixed rental
• “Custodian tenancy”-NRI owners; 5-7 year written contracts
• “fodder-tenancy”-Gujarat
• “Banana-tenancy”-Kerala; rent/pit
• “Coconut-tenancy in TN and ‘orange tenancy’ around Nagpur
• “specialist-skill tenants’ fixed rental contracts”- Telugu rice
tenants in coastal Orissa; Mali’s of UP, Kachhias of Gujarat
• ‘niche tenancy”; migrant tenants tenanting land to exploit a
niche market
24. Profile of Lessees and Lessors
lessors
Large
farmers
lessees
landlesse Medium farmers Large farmers
Marginal
farmers
25. Irrigation Value Added in 12 systems
Rs/ha)
Location in Rainfed wells Canal Conjunctive
term crop
the system only only Use
Mahi system, Kheda, Gujarat tail 4950 10524 18648 1 year various
Mahi system, Anand, Gujarat middle reach 2166 15129 16299 1 year various
Checkdam, Banaskantha, Gujarat near the dam 5249 10806 25620 1 year potato
Sainthal Sagar, Dausa, Rajasthanhead 11856 23712 1 year any
Pench Project,Nagpur, Maharashtrahead 3705 9880 season various
Temni project, Chindwara, Madhya Pradesh
head 6175 9880 season various
Narayanpur Lift Canal, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh 19687
head 24063 2 seasonsrice-wheat
Nagarjunsagar, Nalgonda, Andhrahead
Pradesh 4200 5250 7350 season rice
Cheerakuzi regulator, Trichur, Kerala reach
middle 4500 4500 31250 1 year banana
Bhawani lift canal, Erode, Tamilnadu reach
middle 6175 16611 123500 1 year coconut
Mahandi barrage, Khurda, Orissa middle reach 13647 17224 16611 season rice
Sone canal, Rohtas, Bihar head 7039 17908 13585 season rice
Mayurakshi system, Birbhum ,West Bengal
head 6039 6002 11115 season boro rice
26. Some Implications and New Question
• “Irrigation Value Added”: if irrigation takes Rs 2.5 lakh/ha, it
creates an asset with a rental value of 5-7% of the capital cost.
• Irrigation value-add depends on variety of factors besides
system performance: skill and enterprise of the cultivator,
stakes, access to markets, and more
• What does growing tenancy imply for water reform programs?
What stakes would tenants have in WUAs and Watershed
Committees?
• Does tenancy reform-old and proposed– matter? Many believe
tenancy conforms to tenancy laws; others argue that liberalizing
tenancy laws will help the poor. Is either true?
27. A framework to understand water
governance in the IGB
• water governance is viewed as the sum total of
processes, mechanisms, systems and structures
that a State evolves and puts into place in order
to shape and direct its water economy to conform
to its near and long term goals.
28. Governments influence the working of sectoral economies by
using a combination of three classes of instruments
Positive Negative
Direct action Public production; canal Banning private provision:
by public sector systems; water supply administrative ban on private
systems; public tubewells tankers in Chennai
Promotion/ Promoting institutional Making laws to regulate
regulation arrangements; PIM laws; individual actions: e.g.,
PPP; GO-NGO Swachchh in groundwater laws; APWALTA
Rajasthan; inviting global
water companies
Price/economic Subsidizing Taxing ‘socially undesirable’
instruments products/services behavior: ‘Polluter pays’;
considered ‘socially
desirable’: subsidy to
micro-irrigation; canal
irrigation subsidies; power
subsidies
29. Indirect
instruments: Indirect
e.g., power instruments:
Direct Fixing Procurement
subsidies Instruments of Water policy
Governance
Backward linkages to Forward linkages to
input markets output markets
Access
Improved
Livelihood
Economics Institutions
Indirect instruments
e.g., subsidizing
Indirect
Physical and social Externalities (e.g., socio-economic,
arsenic filters
instruments:
setting environmental and health)
e.g., Gujarat’s
recharge program
30. Economic Growth and Water Governance
Poor Rich
Nature of the Highly informal; Highly formal;
water economy state’s direct state’s direct
outreach limited reach deep and
broad
Objectives of Livelihoods; Sustainable NRM;
water governance economic growth Environment;
Green Growth
Nature of water Indirect; reactive; Direct; proactive;
governance people-centred resource centered
31. Governance toolbox Un-governed Under- Moderately Intensively
governed governed governed
Polities Bihar, India Maharashtr Hebei, China The
a, India Netherlands
1 To what extent is the water economy 10-20% of 40-45% 60-65% of 95%
(in terms of volumes of water and users and Of volumes; volumes; 80%
number of water users) formalized? volumes 70-75% of of users
users
2 What is the ‘ambit’ of the water Very small; 1/3rd 4/5th Full
administration? How much of the <10%
water economy—volumes and users— *****
does it encompass?
3 How effective have been the public
systems in promoting institutional * ** *** *****
arrangements in the formal economy?
Or formalize informal IAs?
4 How effective and far-reaching is the 0
regulatory power of the public system ** **** *****
in the water economy?
5 How extensive is the use of economic 0
instruments—prices, taxes, *** *** *****
subsidies—to manage the water
economy in keeping with policy
goals?
6 What kind of indirect tools are used 0 No need
outside the water economy to produce * *
desired impact within it?