In this presentation, you will come to know about different kinds of diseases like bacterial, viral diseases. Hope you may gain knowledge about it.

4.  A disorder of structure or function in a
human, animal, or plant, especially one that
produces specific symptoms or that affects a
specific location and is not a direct result of
physical injury is termedd as disease.
 Disease may or may not show any
symptoms.

5.  There are many reasons to lead way to
disease. They are -
 Bacterial diseases
 Viral diseases and
 Mosquito borne diseases

7.  Cholera
 Diphtheria
 Dysentery
 Tuberculosis
 Tetanus

9.  It is caused by a bacterium Vibrio
cholera.
 It occurs mainly during rainy season
especially in slum and overcrowded areas.
 It is an infectious disease.
Vibrio cholera

10.  Rice water stools with fishy odor
 Dehydration
 Frequent bowel movement
 Breathlessness
 Dried mouth

11.  Cholera can b detected by a test called dip-
stick stool test.
 Electrolytes(E.g.: Walyte water, coconut
water etc.).
 Antibiotics(Eg:Tetracycline)under preference
of physician.
 Zinc rich supplements.

12.  Covering of sewages .
 Avoiding open defecation.
 Drinking boiled,cooled,filtered or RO processed or
ozonized treated water shut in air tight containers.
 Proper hand wash.
 Consuming properly cooked foods and ripened
fruits.

14.  Diphtheria is caused by bacterium called
Corynebacterium diphtheria discovered in
1882.
 This mainly occurs by direct contact.
Corynebacterium diphtheria

15.  Barking cough.
 Fever at 38 C(100.4 F).
 Bull neck.
 Painful swallow with difficulty in breathing.

16.  Airway blockage
 Heart failure
 Nerve damage
 Paralysis
 Nerve damage
 Death(depending on age)

17.  DTP vaccination doses.
 Antibiotics.
 Tracheosectomy during cases of bull neck.
 Antitoxins(Serum obtained from horse).

18.  First effective treatment of diphtheria was
discovered in 1880 by Joseph O’Dweyer.
 The first successful vaccine was developed
in 1913 by Behring.

21.  Dysentery is of 2 types.
 Dysentery may occur due to bacterium
Shigella and protozoan Entamoeba species.

22.  It is caused due to Shigella.
 It is also called Shigellosis or Marlow
syndrome.
 It may also be caused due to Escherichia
coli.
SHIGELLA

23.  This mainly caused due to Entamoeba
histolytica.
 This can occur due to open fecal dispose,
improper sewage.
 Cysts enter our body and scuffs the walls of
large intestine thereby causing sever
inflammation.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

24. SYMPTOMS BACILLARY
DYSENTERY
AMOEBIC
DYSENTERY
ONSET ACUTE GRADUAL
GENERAL CONDITION POOR NORMAL
FEVER HIGH GRADE LOW
TENESMUS SEVERE MODERATE
DEHYDRATION HIGH LOW
FAECES NO TROPOZOITES TROPOZOITES
PRESENT
CULTURE POSITIVE NEGATIVE

25.  Cultures of stools are obtained to test for
amoebic cysts.
 Blood tests are done in cases of shigellosis
due to loss of essential minerals and salts.

26.  Oral rehydration therapy due to continuous
bowel movement.
 Intravenous fluid replacements.
 Amoebicidal drugs( during amoebiasis).
 Antibiotics( during shigellosis).

28.  Tuberculosis is otherwise termed as
Phthisis.
 Tuberculosis is highly infectious disease
caused by bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculin bacilli.
 It majorily affects pulmonary system.
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULIN
BACILLI

29.  It rarely affects other organs( like lymph
nodes, spine etc.).
 It also affects cattle and named as BOVINE
TUBERCULOSIS.

30.  Cough with blood sputum.
 Fever
 Chest pain
 Chills and sweating during night time
 Weight loss
 No appetite

31.  CXR
 Tuberculin skin test
 Histoplasmosis

32.  BCG(Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) regular
doses.
 DOTS(Direct Observation Treatment Short-
course).
 Antibiotics.

33.  Covering mouth during cough.
 Burning away used tissue.
 No direct contact with patient or patient
objects.
 Ensuring vaccines in right period of time.
 Ensuring vaccines to cattle in right period of
time.

36.  It is caused due to tennis bat shaped
bacterium called Clostridium tetani.
 It mainly affects skeletal muscle.
 It mainly during wound conditions.
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

37.  Tetanus is of 4 types-
1. Neonatal tetanus
2. Local tetanus
3. Cephalic tetanus
4. Generalized tetanus

38.  Troubled swallowing.
 Cerebral palsy(8-10% cases).
 Fast heart rate.
 Strong contraction of muscles leading to
paralysis
 Death when untreated or when occurred to
cardiac muscle(10% of adult cases, often in
infants) .

39.  DTP(Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus) regular
doses during birth to occurrence of disease.
 TT vaccine(Tetanus Toxic).
 Immunoglobulins.

41.  The most emerging viral diseases are-
1. AIDS
2. Influenza
3. Measles
4. Polio

43.  AIDS is an abbreviated form of Acute
Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
 It is caused by virus HIV(abbreviated form of
Human Immuno Deficiency virus).
 HIV virus belongs to family Lenti-virus family.
 The first case was reported on 1981 June 5
in USA.
 The first case in INDIA was reported on 1983
July 10.

44.  Virus has genetic material ss RNA 2 in
number surrounded by capsid.
 The genetic material is divided by reverse
transcription with help of reverse
transcriptase enzyme.
 The capsid is surrounded by 2 protein
capsules.
 Outer most capsule has 2 glycoprotein
namely-gp120 and gp 41.

45. STRUCTURE OF HIV VIRUS

46.  The virus primarily affects CD4-T cells,
macrophages and dendritic cells.
 Macrophages and dendritic cells are
attacked directly.
 CD4-T cell are attacked indirectly.

47.  Cerebral-Meningitis, Encephalitis
 Eye-Retinitis
 Lungs-Pneumonia, Tumors
 GIT-Esophagitis,tumours

48.  Through pregnancy, lactating period.
 Sharing of used needles.
 Tattoos(reused pierced needles).

49. EXPOSURE ROUTE CHANCE OF INFECTION
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 90%
PREGNANCY 25%
NEEDLE
SHARING(INTRAVENOUS
DRUG USE)
0.3-0.6 %

50.  Determined by test ELISA(Enzyme Linked
Immune Sorbent Assay).
 Direct ELISA-antigens are determined.
 Indirect ELISA-antibodies are determined.
 PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction).

53.  Influenza is also termed as flu.
 It is caused by many types of viruses like-
H1N1, H5N1 etc.
 First case was reported in Pune,INDIA.
INFLUENZA VIRUS(H5N1)

54.  Pneumonia
 Fever
 Runny nose
 Fatigue
 Cough and cold
 Rash

55.  Breathlessness
 Confusion
 Vomiting diahorrea
 Dizziness
 Dehydration

56.  PCR
 Sputum test

59.  Measles is highly contagious infectious
disease caused by Measles virus.
 It is an air borne disease.
MEASLES VIRUS

60.  Seizures
 Fever(104 F)
 Koplick spots
 Pneumonia
 Red rash
 Inflammation of brain(very rare)

61.  MMR(Measles Mumps Rubella)vaccines
administered in proper doses.

64.  Polio is otherwise termed as
POLIOMYELITIS or INFANTILE
PARALYSIS.
 The disease is caused by Polio virus.
 It primarily affects nervous system.
 Symptoms may or may not be shown.
POLIO VIRUS

65.  Muscle weakness
 Inability to move
 Paralysis

66. OUTCOME PROPORTION OF
CASES
NO SYMPTOMS 72%
MINOR ILLNESS 24%
NON-PARALYTIC ASEPTIC
MENINGITIS
1 – 5%
PARALYTIC
POLIOMYELITIS
0.1 – 0.5%

67. OUTCOME PROPORTION OF
CASES
SPINAL POLIO 79%
BULBOSPINAL POLIO 19%
BULBAR POLIO 2%

68.  Jonas Sabin discovered first polio vaccine in
the year 1951.
 Jonas Salk discovered the first ever oral
polio vaccine in 1955.

69. BABY GIVEN ORAL POLIO VACCINE

70.  OPV(Oral Polio Vaccine)must should be
administered at right time upto 5 years of
age.
 America became the first country ever to be
polio free in 1994.
 37 Western Pacific countries including China
and Australia became polio free.

73.  Many mosquito diseases are prevailing in
the society.
 Among them most dangerous and alarming
are
1. Malaria
2. Dengue

75.  It is caused due to Plasmodium sps.
 Female anopheles mosquito acts as carrier
host.
 Monkey acts as a reservoir host.
 It completes its life cycle in RBC in humans.
 Plasmodium falciparum is highly fatal and
recurs after 30 years.
 Africa population is free from malaria due to
sickle cell anemia.

76.  Fever
 Vomiting
 Headache
 Low blood sugar
 During pregnancy, increased risk of abortion,
still births infant mortality.
PLASMODIUM VIVAX

77.  Yellowing of skin
 Seizures(Epilepsy episodes)
 Bleeding
 Shock
 Coma

78.  Peripheral smear
 Anti-malarial medications
 Quinine(ancient periods)

79. Malarial drug was successfully discovered on April
24,2019 in Geneva.

80.  Mosquito accessories like repellents, bats,
creams, jets etc.
 Spraying kerosene or pine or neem oil on
drainages.
 Placing larvicidal fishes in drainages.
 Planting insectivorous plants like Utricularia.

83.  Dengue is a mosquito borne disease.
 It is caused due to virus called Dengue
virus.
 Aedes egypti mosquito acts as carrier for
Dengue virus.
DENGUE VIRUS

84.  Dengue is often mistaken by the following
diseases
1. Malaria
2. Yellow fever
3. Viral Hepatitis
4. Leptospirosis

85.  Fever
 Headache
 Fatigue
 Joint pains
 Rash

86.  Bleeding
 High hematocrit with low platelet count
 Dangerously low blood pressure
 Vomiting diarrhea
 Worsening abdominal pain

87.  Dengue ELISA is the diagnostic procedure to
detect RNA of virus

88.  There no proper medicine discovered yet.
 But Dengue can be controlled and cured by
following measures
1. Supportive care
2. Intravenous fluids
3. Blood transfusions[Fresh donor platelet or
Fresh whole blood(with all blood
components]

89.  Covering sewages.
 Treating sewages with kerosene.
 Mosquito baits.