The document discusses various aspects of infection control and safety in a healthcare setting. It defines infection and different types of infections. It outlines the chain of infection and methods for controlling reservoirs and transmission of pathogens like cleansing, asepsis, disinfection and sterilization. It also discusses personal protective equipment, biomedical waste management categories, sharps safety, and various measures to ensure patient and staff safety in the physical environment.

1. PRESENTED BY:
PRAMOD KUMAR

2.  An infection is the entry and multiplication of
an infectious agent on the tissue of host.
 If the infection fails to cause injury to cell ore
tissue. Then infection is asymptomatic.
 If the pathogen multiply and cause clinical
signs and symptoms, then it is symptomatic.
 If the infectious disease can be transmitted
from one person to another then it is a
communicable disease.

3. COLONIZATION
INAPPARENT INFECTION
CLINICAL INFECTION

4. CHAIN OF
INFECTION
PATHOGEN
RESERVOIR
PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PORTAL OF ENTRY
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

5. 1) CONTROL OR ELIMINATION OF RESERVOIR:
 Cleansing.
 Asepsis
 Disinfection
 Sterilization

7.  MEDICAL ASEPSIS  SURGICAL ASEPSIS

9.  CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
 TYPE OF NUMBER OF PATHOGEN
 TEMPERATURE OF ENVIRONMENT
 SURFACE AREA TO TREAT
 PRESENCE OF SOAP
 PRESENCE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL

11.  PHYSICAL METHOD
 SUNLIGHT
 HEAT
 FILTERATION
 RADIATION

12.  CHEMICAL METHOD
 ALCOHOLS
 ALDEHYDES
 PHENOLS
 HALOGENS
 OXYDIZING AGENTS
 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
 DYES
 GASES

15.  The nurse follow prevention and
control practices to minimize or to
prevent organism from existing the
body.
 A nurse who has an upper respiratory
tract infection and continue to work
client should wear mask and
attention to hand washing.

18.  Nurse should educate client that Sharing bed
pans, urinals, basins, eating utensils can lead
to transmission if infection.
 Prevent infection through indirect contact,
soiled items and equipment must be kept
away from touching nurses clothing.
 Clarify the dirty linen in the arm against the
uniform
 Laundry hamper should be replaced before
they over flow.
 The most important technique in preventing
and controlling transmission of infection is
HAND HYGEINE

19.  The use of alcohol-based water less antiseptic.
 Wash hands with the plain soap or antimicrobial soap and
water when hands are visibly dirty.
 If hands are not visibly soiled, use an alcohol based waterless
antiseptic agent.
 After contact with a client intact skin.
 When moving from a contaminated body site during client
care, after contact.
 Before caring for client with severe neutropenia or other
forms of severe immune suppression.
 Before inserting indwelling urinary catheter or other invasive
devices.
 After removing gloves.

24.  Maintaining integrity of skin and mucous
membrane
 Turning and positioning
 Oral hygiene
 After elimination , women should clean anus and
premium by weeping from the urinary meatus
towards the anus.
 Drainage receptacles should only be opened when
it is necessary.
 The surgical wound the should be clean outward
from a wound site.

26. The nurses also protects himself or herself and
others through the use of isolation
precautions.
 Isolation precautions
 Protective environment.
 Specimen collection.
 Routine cleaning
 Surgical asepsis
 Performing sterile procedures
 Gloving.

27.  Research article 1:
 Assessment of infection control practices for
interventional techniques: a best evidence
synthesis of safe injection practices and use of
single-dose medication vials.
 Source:
Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah,
KY, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY;
Mid Atlantic Spine & Pain Physicians of Newark,
Newark, DE, and Temple University Hospital,
Philadelphia, PA.

28.  Objectives:
To critically appraise and synthesize the literature on
infection control practices for interventional
techniques, including safe injection and medication
vial utilization.
 Result: A total of 60 reports met inclusion criteria,
There is good evidence that contamination of
multi-dose or single-dose vials can contribute to
infection. There was poor evidence that the use of
single-dose vials on multiple patients with
appropriate infection control practices cause
infection.

29.  Conclusion: There is good evidence that any
breach of sterile practice may result in
serious and life threatening infections.

31.  Safety of a patient is defined as a
state of health of health of patient
where he/ she is protected from
any kind of potential injury or
infection.

32.  To prevent the transmission of disease
from patient to patient, from patient
to nurses, health care workers and
vice-versa.
 To prevent injury to nurses while
handling the waste.
 To prevent general exposure to the
harmful toxic effects of the cytoxic,
genotoxic, chemical biomedical waste
as much as possible.

33. Meeting safety need is essential as it:
 Facilitates physical well being.
 Promotes physical and psychological comfort.
 Helps in adjustment and adaptation in a
hospital.
 Contributes to therapeutic effectiveness.
 Relieves anxiety.
 Protects the patient from potential risk of
injury.
 Enhances resistance to infection.
 Improves ability to carry out normal daily
activities.

34. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

35.  Preventing mechanical injuries
 Preventing shocks and burns from
electrical fixtures.
 Prevention of fire.
 Protection from chemical injury.

36. •SEGREGATION
•COLLECTION
•TRANSPORTATION OF HOSPITAL WASTE
TREATMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE

37. CATEGORY
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 4
CAT 5
WASTE
HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE
ANIMAL WASTE
MICRO & BIOTEC. WASTE
SHARP WASTE
DISCARDED WASTE AND CYTOTOXIN
WASTE

38. CATEGORY
CAT6
CAT 7
CAT 8
CAT 9
CAT 10
WASTE
SOLID WASTE
SOLID WASTE
LIQUID WASTE
INCINERATION WASTE
CHEMICAL WASTE

39. CATEGORY
HUMAN ANAT.
WASTE
ANIMAL WASTE
SOLID WASTE
MICRO&
BIOTEC. WASTE
CONTAINER
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC BAG
COLOUR
YEYELLOW
YYELLOW
YELLOW
YELLO/RED

40. CATEGORY
DISCARDED
MEDICINE
INCINERATION
WASTE
CHEMICAL WASTE
SHARP WASTE
SOLID
CONTAINER
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC BAG
PLASTIC PUNCTUR
PROOF BAG
COLOUR
BLACK
BLACK
BLACK
BLUE/WHOTE
TRANSLUCENT

42.  Goggles
 Mask
 Gown
 Shoe covers
 Gloves

43. Special precaution are needed if the sharps are
infected with HIV or hepatitis B cases.
 Clean the wound immediately.
 An injection of TT is advisable.
 Dressing of wound may be required.
 Consult the physician .
 In case infectious solution is spilled on the
body:
 Remove the soiled and wash the part
thoroughly with plenty of water.
 Apply in non-irritant antiseptic cream.
 In case of spilling in eyes, was it with water.
 Consult the physician.

44.  Post exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral
drugs(combination of 2-3 drugs) is advisable
to nurses or health care workers, within two
hours of exposure guidelines of national Aids
control organization.

45.  Use railing or guards on windows and beds.
 Keep floor dry and floor covering fixed firmly.
 Hold stretchers and wheel chairs securely
while assisting patient and lock the wheel an
the use co-workers.
 Ensure regular checking of equipment’s for
its safe and working condition.
 Maintain principals of body mechanism.
 Restrict smoking in the patient’s
unit/hospital.

46.  Drugs should be measured accurately before
administration to prevent toxicity and discard
the drugs for which the expiry date is over.
 Radiation equipment should be handled with
and operated by trained operators. Watch for
signs and symptoms of radiation injury and
report them promptly.
 Label the radiation exposure area as
hazardous. Restrict entry of patient and
visitors to the areas.
 Hand washing before and after care of each
patient is important

47.  Careful and regular monitoring of electrical
and gadgets is important to prevent
accidents. Repair and report electrical
equipment’s, safe guard inflammable liquids
and gases etc., or recharge fire extinguishers.
 Practice good house keeping and
maintenance in terms of regular care of
article.
 Keep chemicals in separate cupboard, well
labelled, under lock and key. keep the
hazardous chemical not in the medicine
cupboard. Use the chemicals at bed side with
caution.

48.  Infectious patient should be kept under
isolation.
 Use of effective techniques for disinfection
and sterilization. E.g. boiling, autoclaving etc.
 Identifies allergen for individual patients by
testing for their allergies and accordingly
their treatment and prevention may be
carried out.
 Ensure regular and frequent spray of
insecticide and pesticides and use mosquito
repellents. Eg. DDT, spray, etc.