The document addresses infection prevention and control, defining various infectious agents and their environments, and the importance of healthcare-associated infections. It outlines standard safety measures, bio-medical waste management, and the need for personal protective equipment to mitigate risks for healthcare workers and patients. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of an infection control committee in the hospital and the management of antibiotics and biomedical waste.

3. INFECTION PREVENTION,
STANDARD SAFETY
MEASURES & BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
TOPIC

4.  Infection prevention and control is the
discipline concerned with preventing
nosocomial or healthcare-associated
infection.
INFECTION PREVENTION AND
CONTROL

5.  An infection is the entry and
multiplication of an infectious agent in
the tissues of the host infectious agent
may be bacteria viruses, fungus,
spirochete or other microorganisms
capable of producing infection under
favorable circumstances of host, and
the environment.
DEFINITION OF INFECTION

6. AGENT
 Biological agent: fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses, etc.
 Nutrient agent: protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins,
minerals and water. Any excess or deficiency of the
nutritive elements may result in nutritional disorders like
PEM, anemia, goiter, obesity, etc.
 Physical agent: exposure to excessive heat, cold, pressure,
radiation, electricity may result in illness.
 Chemical agents
 Mechanical agent
 Social agent
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTION

7. Host:
 i. Demographic characteristics: age, sex, race.
 ii. Biological characteristics: genetic factor, blood
group, enzymes, immunological factors etc.
 iii. Socio-economic characteristics: economic status,
social class, religion, education, occupation, marital
status, housing, etc.
 iv. Lifestyle
Cont.

8. Environment
 Physical environment: applied to non-living things
and physical factors e.g. air, water, soil, housing,
climate, geography, heat, light, noise, radiation, etc.
 Biological environment: universe of living things
which surrounds man, including man himself.e.g.
viruses, microbial agents, insects, animals and plants.
 Psychological environment: e.g. cultural values,
customs, habits, beliefs, attitudes, morals, religion,
education, lifestyles, community life, health services.
Cont.

9. CHAIN OF INFECTION

10.  STAFF
 CLIENT
 COMMUNITY
WHO IS AT RISK OF
INFECTION?

11. TIME FRAME OF HEALTH CARE
ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
 48 hours after hospital admission
 up to 3 days after discharge
 up to 30 days after an operations
HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

12.  Infection Prevention Practices: As per CDC implementing
good quality of care & following evidence-based infection
prevention measures can prevent up to 70% of HAIs.
 Sepsis is responsible for long term morbidity &
handicapped conditions and an important cause of death.
Prevention of infection is more cost effective than treating
Sepsis
 Break the Chain of Transmission
 Control of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR
 Protection of Healthcare Workers
IMPORTANCE OF INFECTION
PREVENTION AND CONTROL

13.  General Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
 Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections
(CAUTI)
 Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection
(CLABSI)
 Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)
 Surgical Site Infections (SSI)
 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
 Septicemia
 Other sites Infections, e.g., Eye, ENT etc.
COMMON HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED
INFECTIONS

14.  Breaking the Chain 1of Infection
 Breaking the Chain 2 of Infection
 Breaking the Chain 3 of Infection
 Breaking the Chain 4 of Infection
 Breaking the Chain 5 of Infection
 Breaking the Chain 6 of Infection
INFECTION PREVENTION

15.  HAND HYGIENE
 USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
 APPROPRIATE HANDLING OF PATIENT CARE
EQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS AND LINEN
 SAFE HANDLING OF BIO MEDICALAND
HAZARDOUS WASTE
 DISINFECTION, ENVIRONMENT CLEANING
AND SPILL MANAGEMENT
STANDARD SAFETY MEASURES
OR STANDARD PRECAUTION

16. Additional precautions are needed to control
transmission based infections. These additional
precautions are
 Airborne Precaution
 Droplet Precautions and
 Contact Precautions
ADDITIONAL PRECAUTION

18.  Healthcare workers who provide direct care to patients and
who work in situations where they may have contact with
blood, body fluids, excretions or secretions
 Support staff including medical aides, cleaners, and laundry
staff in situations where they may have contact with blood,
body fluids, secretions and excretions
 Laboratory staff, who handle patient specimens
 Waste handlers
 Family members who provide care to patients and are in a
situation where they may have contact with blood, body fluids,
secretions and excretions.
INDICATIONS FOR USE OF PPE

19.  PPE should be chosen according to the risk of exposure.
 Avoid any contact between contaminated (used) PPE and
surfaces, clothing or people outside the patient care area
 Discard the used PPE in appropriate disposal bags, and
dispose off as per BMW Rules
 Do not share personal protective equipment
 Change PPE completely and thoroughly and wash hands
each time one leaves a patient to attend to another patient
or another duty
PRINCIPLES FOR USE OF PPE

20. Shoe cover
DONNING OF PPE

21.  Decontamination
 Cleaning
 Either sterilization or high-level disinfection, and
 Storage
PROCESSING OF REUSABLE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

22.  Fumigation or Gas Sterilization
 Thermal Sterilisation
-Dry Heat Sterilization
-Moist Heat Sterilization
 Chemical Sterilisation
 Sterilization by ionizing Radiation
METHODS OF STERILIZATION

23.  High-level Disinfection
-Activated glutaraldehyde (Cidex 2%)
-Sodium hypochlorite 1% or 0.5 %
-Carbolic solution 5%
-Bleaching powder 1%
 Intermediate-level of Disinfection
 Low-level Disinfection
Levels of Disinfection

24.  Medical Superintendent/Medical Officer In-charge- Chairperson
 Nursing in charge/Infection Control Nurse- Convener
 Physician/Microbiologist with knowledge of infection control-
Member Secretary. This person will also be designated as Infection
Control Officer.
 Surgeon
 Blood Bank In-charge
 OT/ICU In-charge
 Lab technician
 Hospital Manager/Quality Manager
 Chief Pharmacist
 Housekeeping In-charge
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE

25.  To develop and approve infection control policies and
implement infection control practices in the hospital
 To ensure periodic microbiological surveillance
collection and analysis of data related to HAIs
 Checking the efficacy of the methods of disinfection
and sterilization
 To direct resources to address problems identified
for effective management of infection control
programme
 To ensure availability of appropriate supplies needed
for infection control at the facility
Responsibilities of Infection Control
Committee

26.  To facilitate and support the training of staff related to
housekeeping and infection control
 To monitor proper segregation and storage of BMW
 To coordinate and monitor waste disposal services provided by
common treatment facility provider
 To ensure periodic medical check-up and immunization of staff
 To develop and implement SOPs on cleanliness and infection
control
 To facilitate development of antibiotic policy for the hospital
 To submit monthly reports to the district and/or state level as
required
Cont.

27.  Spectrum of antibiotic activity
 Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of these
medicines
 Adverse effects
 Potential to select resistance
 Analysis of the results of culture sensitivity tests
done on patient samples (this is one of the most
important inputs)
 Cost
 Special needs of individual patient groups
Needs of Antibiotic Policy

28.  Antibiotic use data is analysed on quarterly basis
based on the hospital records
 Standard treatment guidelines
 Periodic Prescription audits
 Review of surveillance data generated from
antibiograms and prescription auditing
 Education and training for all infection control
activities in collaboration with the hospital infection
control committee.
General principles ofantibiotic
policy

29.  The bio medical waste as defined by the BMW Rules,
2016 is any waste which is generated during the of
diagnosis, treatment and immunization of human
beings or any research activities pertaining thereto or
in the production or testing of biological or in the
health camps.
DEFINITION OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE

30.  Segregation,
 Collection and transportation
 Storage of Biomedical Waste
 Disposal of Biomedical Waste
 Disinfection and treatment of Liquid Waste
Bio-Medical Waste Management

32. ROLE OF NURSE IN INFECTION CONTROL

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Bibliography