Router Network Stimulation Technologies (advanced)
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A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks and uses IP addresses to connect different networks. Routers use either static or dynamic routing, with static using manually configured routes and dynamic using routing protocols to determine the best paths. Common routing protocols include RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP, which are classified by their purpose, operation, and addressing scheme. Major router manufacturers include Cisco, D-Link, MikroTik, Juniper, and LinkSys. Network simulation tools allow testing of routing configurations without live hardware and include Cloonix, CORE, GNS3, IMUNES, Marionnet, Netkit, Psimulator 2, and Packet
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol that controls how data routes between autonomous systems on the Internet. It works by maintaining a table of IP network prefixes and their accessibility between networks. BGP allows for fully decentralized routing and is used internally by gateways to determine the best route to a given destination network. There are two types of BGP sessions - internal BGP (iBGP) for intra-autonomous system routing and external BGP (eBGP) for inter-autonomous system routing. BGP uses messages like OPEN, UPDATE, KEEPALIVE and NOTIFICATION to establish and maintain sessions between routers to exchange routing information.
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This document provides an overview of wireless local area networks (WLANs), including their architecture and components. It defines key terms like basic service set (BSS), extended service set (ESS), stations, and access points. It describes the two types of BSS architectures - ad-hoc and infrastructure networks. Infrastructure networks use access points to connect stations and form a star topology, while ad-hoc networks connect stations directly without an access point in a peer-to-peer topology. An ESS connects multiple BSSs through a distribution system to increase network coverage.
Physical Layer of ISO-OSI model and Devices
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This document summarizes key topics related to data link control and protocols. It discusses framing methods like fixed-size and variable-size framing. It also covers flow control, error control, and protocols for both noiseless and noisy channels. Specific protocols described include the Simplest Protocol, Stop-and-Wait Protocol, Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, and Selective Repeat ARQ. The document provides details on their design, algorithms, and flow diagrams to illustrate how each protocol handles framing, flow control, and error control.
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WAN is a networking technology that spans large geographical areas like countries or continents. It consists of hosts like computers connected by subnets, which contain transmission lines and switching elements like routers. WAN standards define the physical and data link layers, with organizations providing standards for transmission and protocols like Frame Relay, PPP, and ISDN. ISDN provides an integrated digital service for voice and data over a digital bit pipe between customers and carriers. ATM is a connection-oriented network that originally aimed to merge different services but did not fully replace older technologies.
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The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
Routing
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and protocols. It discusses the basic components of routing including algorithms, databases, and protocols. It describes different routing algorithm types such as static, distance vector, and link state. Specific routing protocols covered include RIP, OSPF, and BGP. It also discusses routing within autonomous systems and between autonomous systems on the internet.
Tcp/ip model
The document describes the TCP/IP model and its layers:
1. The application layer contains common protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and DNS.
2. The transport layer contains TCP and UDP which manage end-to-end message transmission and error handling.
3. The network layer is IP which handles routing and congestion of data packets.
4. The lower layers include the data link layer which manages reliable data delivery to physical networks, and the physical layer which defines the physical media.
Token bus
The document discusses Token Bus, which combines features of Ethernet and Token Ring. It operates as a physical bus but with stations logically organized into a ring, passing a token among them. Only the station holding the token can transmit data. Token Bus was limited to industrial applications and saw no commercial use for data communication. It uses the token passing mechanism over a physical bus topology at the data link layer.
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Routing protocol : Notes
Routing protocols are used by routers to exchange information about the structure of computer networks and select optimal paths between nodes. Each router initially only knows about directly connected networks, but routing protocols allow routers to share this reachability information with neighbors and propagate it throughout the network. This enables each router to build a map of the overall network topology to efficiently route data packets along the best available paths. Common routing protocols include OSPF, RIP, IS-IS, EIGRP, and BGP, which are used within autonomous systems or to exchange routes between different networks.
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This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
Routing protocol : Notes
Highlighted notes while studying Advanced Computer Networks:
Routing protocol
Source: Wikipedia
A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other to distribute information that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a computer network. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet; data packets are forwarded through the networks of the internet from router to router until they reach their destination computer. Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of route. Each router has a prior knowledge only of networks attached to it directly. A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network. The ability of routing protocols to dynamically adjust to changing conditions such as disabled data lines and computers and route data around obstructions is what gives the Internet its fault tolerance and high availability.
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.
1Routing Basics.pdf
1. Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this reason, an internet is divided into autonomous systems.
2. An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called inter-domain routing.
3. Popular intra-domain routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an example of an exterior gateway protocol used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems.
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ConfigureTwo networks principle
Simple approach to connect two Nks using the following principle likes:
Scalable Routing Protocols and (Scalable network)
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
or BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
NAT (Network Address Translation)
Analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF Routing Protocols in a Network
There are many routing protocols out there today, some old and some new, but all are used for the same purpose. In general, to ideally select routes between any two nodes on a computer network and disseminate information. Routing of data packets is one of the important process in the internet. A routing protocol specifies the method of communication among routers used in the inter connection of networks. This paper takes into consideration three of such routing protocols RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP , expresses them and analyzes their way of operation. In this paper, we have analyzed and simulated a proposed Local Area Network using different routing protocols. So, configuration of these different routing protocols are done using CISCO packet tracer simulator. Khaing Khaing Wai "Analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF Routing Protocols in a Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27928.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/27928/analysis-of-rip-eigrp-and-ospf-routing-protocols-in-a-network/khaing-khaing-wai
TCP/IP
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocols including:
- Internet Protocol (IP) which contains addressing data and provides connectionless delivery of datagrams measured by MTU.
- IP packet format includes fields for source/destination addresses, protocol type, and data.
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses.
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable transmission of information through three-way handshakes and sliding windows.
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses a simple connectionless model with minimum overhead but does not guarantee delivery.
- Network security threats are addressed through firewalls which filter traffic and intrusion detection systems (IDS)
Basic networking
A network connects two or more computers together. Networks are classified based on their topology, protocols, and architecture. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring define how computers communicate. Architectures are either peer-to-peer or client/server. Devices connect directly in peer-to-peer while clients rely on a central server in a client/server network.
Paper id 21201449
This document compares the performance of link recovery between the EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols through simulation. It finds that EIGRP has faster retransmission times than OSPF when there is a failure in a data transmission link. Specifically, before a link fails the average transmission time is 17.5ms for OSPF and 17.1ms for EIGRP, and after a link fails the times increase to 29ms for OSPF and 28.4ms for EIGRP. Therefore, the research shows that EIGRP has better performance than OSPF in retransmitting data after a link fails.
Dynamic routing protocols (CCNA)
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Chapter 06 - Routing
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
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Router Network Stimulation Technologies (advanced)
- 2. •Definition: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is an internetworking device Used to connect two or more different Networks. •OSI Reference Model: Network Layer(Layer Three) Logical Address(IP Address) •TCP/IP Model: Internet Layer(Layer Two) Logical Address(IP Address)
- 3. Types of Routing: • Static Routing: It is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually configured routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic. • Dynamic Routing: It is a process where a router can forward data via a different route or given destination based on the routing protocol such as OSPF, ISIS, EIGRP, and/or BGP to figure out what paths traffic should take.
- 4. Classification of Routing Protocols According to 1. Purpose: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 2. Operation: Distance vector protocol, Link-state protocol, or Path-vector protocol. 3. Behaviour: Classful (legacy) or Classless protocol
- 5. Examples of Routing Protocols i. RIPv1 (Legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol. ii. IGRP (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol developed by Cisco (deprecated from 12.2 IOS and later). iii. RIPv2: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol.
- 6. iv. EIGRP: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol developed by Cisco. v. OSPF: IGP, link-state, classless protocol. vi. IS-IS: IGP, link-state, classless protocol. vii. BGP: EGP, path-vector, classless protocol.
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- 13. Network Stimulation Technologies 6. Netkit:
- 14. Network Stimulation Technologies 7. Psimulator 2:
- 15. Network Stimulation Technologies 8. Packet Tracer: