It's a full fledged presentation about visit to a substation. It's about when we visited the 400 kV substation situated at Hadala, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It includes almost aa details about it. Juz go for it!!!
It's a full fledged presentation about visit to a substation. It's about when we visited the 400 kV substation situated at Hadala, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It includes almost aa details about it. Juz go for it!!!
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
industrial training on 132 kv substation
1. A GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL ENTERPRISE
A PROJECT ON
LILUAH 132/33/25 KV SUBSTATION
PRESENTED BY:- PRABHAT KUMAR (EE/11/012)
ARIJIT DAS (EE/11/015)
DIPTESH KOLEY (EE/11/033)
2. -:ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
We had a great pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to
the TPO of our college and Mr. D.Bose, GM(HR &
A),W.B.S.E.T.C.L for allowing summer training at Liluah
132/33/25 KV substation.
We are greatly thankful to Mr. Rakesh Kundu, assistant engineer
of Liluah transmission(O & M) substation for his immense help
and suitable guidance during training period.
We are also thankful to all other staffs of substation for their day
to day help and assistance.
4. ELECTRICAL BUSBAR
ELECTRICAL BUSBAR
It is the collector of electrical energy at one location at
constant voltage
Types:- 1. Rigid type: - made up of aluminium alloy tubes of 50
to 250 mm diameter and supported on post insulator with
clamps and connector.
2. Flexible type:- made up of A.C.S.R. conductor and
supported at both ends by strain insulators clamps and
conductors.
Acts as common point when a number of generator or feeder
operating at same voltage is to be connected together.
TYPES OF ARRANGEMENT
1. Single busbar system
2. Duplicate busbar system
3. Triple busbar system
5. PROTECTIVE SCHEME IN
POWER SYSTEM
The capital investment involved in a power system for the
generation, transmission & distribution of electrical power is
so great that proper precaution must be taken to ensure
that the equipment not only operate as nearly as possible
to peak efficient but also that it is protected from accident
.
There are two main components of protection scheme:
1. Protective relay.
2. Circuit breakers.
1. Protective relay:- A relay is an automatic device which
senses an abnormal condition in an electrical circuit
and closes its contacts.
There are two operating principle of relay:
I. Electromagnetic induction.
II. Electromagnetic attraction.
6. Relays used for line protection :
(a) Earth fault relay (b) over current relay (c) distant protection relay
(d)Zone protection relay
Relays used for transformer protection:
(a)Earth fault relay. b) Over current relay. (c) buchholz relay
(d)differential relay (e)back up earth fault relay (f)restricted earth
fault relay (g)high temp relay (g)high temp relay (h)supervision relay.
2.CIRCUIT BREAKER-
• Isolate the faulty part of the power system in case of abnormal
condition.
•A protective relay detects the abnormal condition & sends a tripping
signal to circuit breaker. After receiving that relay trips the circuit and
circuit breaker isolates the faulty part
•In normal condition, the two contacts(fixed and moving) remain in
closed position
CLASSIFICATION-
1. Oil circuit breaker
2. Air blast CBs
3. Sulphur hexafluoride CBs
4. Vacuum CBs
7. PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING
The most commonly used devices for protection
against lightning surges are:
1. Earthing screen.
2. Overhead ground wires.
3. Lightning arrester or surge diverters.
8. ISOLATOR
An Isolator is a disconnecting switch being operated under the condition
of no load negligible current.
Used for disconnecting the circuit breaker from the circuit and to isolate
the electrical circuit at the time of maintenance work and repair.
Interlocking arrangement are generally provided in the isolators.
TYPES:-
1. Vertical break type single, double and triple pole insulator
2. Horizontal two rotating post, centre break insulator
3. Horizontal break ,centre rotating double break insulator
4. Extra high voltage column insulator
9. CAPACITOR BANK
These capacitors have an important role to investigate the
behavior of the breaker towards the restricting voltage.
1. Controls and improves the voltages.
2. Removes the reactive components of VARS component of the
power which is not desirable.
3. Improves power factor.
Capacitor
s
10. POWERLINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
(PLCC)
Protection signaling, speech and data transmission for
system operation and control, management information
system etc. are predominantly met by PLCC .
It is the most economical and reliable method of
communication because of higher mechanical strength
and insulation of high voltage power-lines which
contribute to the increased reliability of communication
and lower attenuation over the longer distances
involved.
PLCC Equipments-a)
Wave trap
b) Coupling capacitor
c) Line Matching Unit(LMU)
d) Protective equipments.
11. BATTERY
Provide unit charge to the entire system & behaves as back-up
charging system
In Liluah 132 KV substation these units provide control voltage of 220
VOLT DC back-up of entire system.
Makers- Amra Raja Make
Charging & discharging is needed to keep it healthy.
Battery Charger:
SL. No. : 4/2008/2
AC Input: 415± 10%
Ph: 50 Hz
DC Output to charge: 250 V
AH:110 A
Cells at quick/boost: 2/2.7
A.P.L.: 60 A
Trickle/float: 2.15/2.3
V.P.C.: 1602 /480 M
12. EARTH TRANSFORMER
An Earth Transformer is
connected in those areas
where earth point is not
available like a system
connected to delta side of
electrical power
transformer, an artificial
neutral point is created
using earth transformer.
13. Sl.no Specifications Earthing Transformer 1 Earthing Transformer 2
1. Makers name GEC GEC
2. Std IS3151-1982 IS2026-1977
3. KVA Rating 100 100
4. Volts at no load HV:33KV,LV:415V HV:33KV,LV:415V
5. Amperes rating HV:1.75A,LV:139A HV:1.75A,LV:139.3A
6. Phases 3 3
7. Types of Cooling ON AN ON AN
8. Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz
9. Vector group ZNyn-11 ZNyn-11
10. Impedance volt 4.5077% 3.796%
11. Earth fault current 550 A for 30 sec 287 amp for 30 sec
12. Year of mfg. 1990 1986
14. TRACTION TRANSFORMER(132KV/25KV)
It is used to supply the Indian Railways. The Railways use 25 KV Single
phase line, so the Traction Transformer takes 2 phase 132 V Input supply
and gives 2 phase 25 KV Output out of which one phase is grounded and
made neutral and other phase is used by the Indian Railways.
Serial
no.
Specifications Traction Transformer 1 & Traction
Transformer2
1. Maker’s Name Crompton Greaves Ltd.
2. MVA Rating 12.5/18.75
3. MVA (As per I.S) 13.5/20
4. KV Rating (at no load) H.V=132 KV;L.V=15KV
5. Line Current(Amps) H.V=102/151.5amp;L.V=500/750amp
6. Output Phase Single
7. Frequency(Hz) 50Hz
15. 8. Type of cooling ON AN/ON AF
9. Total Oil(ltrs/kg) 15300/12900
10. Total Mass(Kg) 47600
11. Untanking Mass Core & winding=18900 kg
Bell tank=4200 kg
12. Heaviest Package With oil=33500 kg
Without oil=24800 kg
13. Hot Spot temperature Ref<1150C
14. Ambient temperature 45OC
15. Insulation level (H.V./L.V.) LI650AC275/LI250AC95
16. Guaranteed temperature rise of oil(0C) 50
17. Guaranteed temperature rise of winding(0C): 50
18. Maker’s w.o no.: T8174
19. Maker’s sl no.: 24749
20. Customer reference No.: LOI REF PLN/TRACTION/TRANS/491
21. Year of mfg: 06-04-1987
16. STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER
Station Service Transformer converts HV 33 KV TO
LV 400KV which is used by the Substation for its own
needs like to run the air conditioner, fans and to run
the control panel and relay panel.
Specifications-
Maker’s Name: - Transmake Electrical Pvt. Ltd.
STD:- IS2026 & 1180
KVA Rating:-100
Volts at no load:-HV-33KV & LV-400V
Current at no load(A):-HV-1.75 & LV-144.34
Phase:-3
Diagram:- TW/100/33
Sl. No.-94311
Type of cooling:- ON AN
17. Frequency:- 50 Hz
Impedance:- 4.1%
Vector Group:- DYn11
Core & Winding weight:- 430 Kg
Weight of oil:- 260 Kg
Total weight:- 930 Kg
Oil quantity:- 300 Ltrs
Year Of Mfg:- 12/2002
Guaranteed Max temp. rise in oil:450C
18. POWER TRANSFORMER-3
NAMEPLATE PARTICULARS:
Maker’s Name: - Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
MVA Rating: - 30/40/50
Vector Symbol: - YnD1
Phase: - 3
Frequency: - 50 Hz
Type of cooling: - ON AN/ON AF/OF AF
Diagram Drg. no:-14561950473
Sl. No.:- 2013511
Year of mfg:- 2001
OLTC With oil, transport with oil heaviest package:- 50
Tonnes
Complete transformer including oil:- 97 Tonnes
Bil: HV:- 550 kvp & LV:-170 kvp
Impedance volts(at 750C):- 12.5 ± 13%
KV(No load):- HV-132 KV & LV-33 KV
Amps:- HV-218.95 & LV-875.81
At taps: normal tap(9b)
19. POWER TRANSFORMER-4
SPECIFICATION:
Maker’s Name:- ABB
Ref. Std: IS2026
Sl. No.: AAA-003
Year of mfg:- 2008
Frequency:- 50 Hz
Type of cooling:-ON AN/ON AF/OF AF
% Impedance Voltage HV/LV:
Nominal Power(ON AN/ON AF/OF AF):-30/40/50 MVA
Nominal voltage:- HV-132 KV & LV-33 KV
OLTC Type:- EASUNMR
Rated current:- 350 A
Insulation Ground:- 725 KV
Step Voltage:- 953 V
Control Voltage:- 110 V
Variation:- +10% to -10% of HV
No. of steps:- 16
Temp. rise of oil/winding:- 500C/550C
Vector Group:- YDn1
Short circuit current(max duration 3 sec):- HV=1.749 KA &
LV=6.99 KA
20. •% Impedance Voltage HV/LV:
Tap No. Guaranteed at N tap Actual (after test)
Tap 1
12.5% (± 10%)
12.14%
Tap 9b 11.64%
Tap 17 11.33%
•Insulation Level:-
Testing Voltage HV HVN LV
Um(Highest sys V) 145 36
AC(Power frequency) 230 38 70
Lightning Impulse 550 95 170
•Core & Winding Mass:- 45670 Kg
•Tank & Fitting Mass:- 12520 Kg
•Oil Mass:- 17830 kg
•Total Transformer mass:- 76020 Kg
•Transformer mass(oil filled):- 68420 kg
•Total oil quantity:- 20030 litres
21. Cooling Fans
MOG
POWER TRANSFORMER 4
POWER TRANSFORMER 3
HV
Bushings
Conservator
Radiator Bank
Buchholz
relay
Oil pump
Earthing Transformer
Oil level indicator
