Instruments Used in Power Plant and in Strain Measurementএনামুল হক
We made this as a part of our deprtmental course MEE 367 (Instruments and Measurements). This is a combination of two different slides.
1. Instruments Used in Power Plant: In this part, we showed four of many instruments that are used in Power Plant.
2. Instrument Used In Strain Measurement: Different Strain Gauges are discussed here.
Instruments Used in Power Plant and in Strain Measurementএনামুল হক
We made this as a part of our deprtmental course MEE 367 (Instruments and Measurements). This is a combination of two different slides.
1. Instruments Used in Power Plant: In this part, we showed four of many instruments that are used in Power Plant.
2. Instrument Used In Strain Measurement: Different Strain Gauges are discussed here.
History is the evidence that it is the generation of thin film revolution,that's why we're able to reduce the dimension of electronic devices.In this study,we can find some particular application of thin film coating and their limitation.
An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a sensor whose resistance changes as its temperature changes. The resistance increases as the temperature of the sensor increases. The resistance vs temperature relationship is well known and is repeatable over time. An RTD is a passive device. It does not produce an output on its own. External electronic devices are used to measure the resistance of the sensor by passing a small electrical current through the sensor to generate a voltage. Typically 1 mA or less measuring current, 5 mA maximum without the risk of self-heating.
RTDs are built to several standardized curves and tolerances.
The most common standardized curve is the ‘DIN’ curve. The curve describes the resistance vs temperature characteristics of a Platinum, 100 ohm sensor, the standardized tolerances, and the measurable temperature range.
The DIN standard specifies a base resistance of 100 ohms at 0°C, and a temperature coefficient of .00385 Ohm/Ohm/°C. The nominal output of a DIN RTD sensor is shown below:
There are three standard tolerance classes for DIN RTDs. These tolerances are defined as follows:
DIN Class A: ±(0.15 + .002 |T|°C)
DIN Class B: ±(0.3 + .005 |T|°C)
DIN Class C: ±(1.2 + .005 |T|°C)
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
Different Generation Solar Cells
CIGS and CZTS Based Technology
Ink Based Technology
CIGS Device Structure
Making more efficient solar cells
Developing thin film technologies using alternative less costly materials and methods
Incorporate innovative cheaper deposition methods such as electrodeposition and printing technology
Zone melting is a key technique for single crystal growth fabrication. Zone melting is a group of techniques used to purify an element or compound and control its composition. This presentation will discuss the basics of the zone melting technique and with help of 2-3 research papers, the examples of zone melting would be explained. Single crystal growth is a quite useful technique used in various applications in the field of metallurgy as well as nanomaterials synthesis. The technique is used for the removal of unwanted impurities from the material, control the discontinuities in impurity distribution, and also maintaining uniform doping of the impurity in the material.
Hedland offers a complete line of over 15,000 variable area flow meters to measure oil, hydraulic oil, phosphate esters, water and water-based fluids, as well as air and other compressed gases.
Overview of the range of turbine meters available from Blancett including sanitary turbine meters for food, beverage and pharmaceuticals. This presentation also explains the operating principle of turbine flow meters.
History is the evidence that it is the generation of thin film revolution,that's why we're able to reduce the dimension of electronic devices.In this study,we can find some particular application of thin film coating and their limitation.
An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a sensor whose resistance changes as its temperature changes. The resistance increases as the temperature of the sensor increases. The resistance vs temperature relationship is well known and is repeatable over time. An RTD is a passive device. It does not produce an output on its own. External electronic devices are used to measure the resistance of the sensor by passing a small electrical current through the sensor to generate a voltage. Typically 1 mA or less measuring current, 5 mA maximum without the risk of self-heating.
RTDs are built to several standardized curves and tolerances.
The most common standardized curve is the ‘DIN’ curve. The curve describes the resistance vs temperature characteristics of a Platinum, 100 ohm sensor, the standardized tolerances, and the measurable temperature range.
The DIN standard specifies a base resistance of 100 ohms at 0°C, and a temperature coefficient of .00385 Ohm/Ohm/°C. The nominal output of a DIN RTD sensor is shown below:
There are three standard tolerance classes for DIN RTDs. These tolerances are defined as follows:
DIN Class A: ±(0.15 + .002 |T|°C)
DIN Class B: ±(0.3 + .005 |T|°C)
DIN Class C: ±(1.2 + .005 |T|°C)
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
Different Generation Solar Cells
CIGS and CZTS Based Technology
Ink Based Technology
CIGS Device Structure
Making more efficient solar cells
Developing thin film technologies using alternative less costly materials and methods
Incorporate innovative cheaper deposition methods such as electrodeposition and printing technology
Zone melting is a key technique for single crystal growth fabrication. Zone melting is a group of techniques used to purify an element or compound and control its composition. This presentation will discuss the basics of the zone melting technique and with help of 2-3 research papers, the examples of zone melting would be explained. Single crystal growth is a quite useful technique used in various applications in the field of metallurgy as well as nanomaterials synthesis. The technique is used for the removal of unwanted impurities from the material, control the discontinuities in impurity distribution, and also maintaining uniform doping of the impurity in the material.
Hedland offers a complete line of over 15,000 variable area flow meters to measure oil, hydraulic oil, phosphate esters, water and water-based fluids, as well as air and other compressed gases.
Overview of the range of turbine meters available from Blancett including sanitary turbine meters for food, beverage and pharmaceuticals. This presentation also explains the operating principle of turbine flow meters.
Presentation for Macnaught's oval gear flow meters including the operating principle of positive displacement flow meters, suitable applications and an introduction to their MX-Series.
http://wagencontrol.eu/
Precise meter of fuel consumption on any diesel engines. Can be used as stand alone or as part of GPS tracking solution/telematics service. Aims at fuel theft prevention, accurate fuel accounting and fuel use optimization.
Overview of Badger Meter's Flo-tech range of hydraulic turbine flow meters. Flo-tech products are used in hydraulic testing and analysis and on equipment in a variety of industries, including; agriculture, automotive, construction, forestry, marine and mining.
Electromagnetic Flow Meters Overview (Badger Meter)Bell Flow Systems
History and operating principle of electromagnetic flow meters and an overview of Badger Meter's mag meters including technical data and suitable applications for each type from the ModMag range.
Overview of the Vortex Flow Meter product range from Badger Meter including technical data. This presentation also explains vortex shedding technology.
Reverse engineering and instrumentation of android appsGaurav Lochan
Our product (Little Eye Labs) is a performance monitoring and optimization tool for Android apps.
We wanted to expose detailed network usage information from the app, and we explored binary instrumentation as a way to do this.
The presentation covers many learnings from the process - what are different reverse engineering tools on android, which ones specifically help with instrumentation, and a link to some of the source code from this process.
Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering for Non-EngineersLiving Online
You will learn the basic applied concepts of mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering in this workshop. This will enable you to work more effectively with your engineering colleagues – no matter whether they are operators, tradespersons, technicians or engineers. There are three main threads running through this course – initially mechanical engineering, then electrical engineering best practice and concluded with instrumentation (or industrial automation).
Mechanical engineering in simple terms deals with any equipment that moves; this is what makes it perhaps the most broad and diverse of engineering disciplines. The mechanical discipline essentially derives its breadth from the need to design and manufacture everything from small, even nano, individual devices, such as measuring instruments, to large systems such as machine tools and power plants.
The focus in electrical engineering is on the building blocks of electrical engineering, the fundamentals of electrical design and integrating electrical engineering know-how into the other disciplines within an organisation. Unnecessary theory will be minimised. The dangers and risks from electrocution, shock, explosions and arc blast can never be eliminated but you can take definite steps to protect yourself and your co-workers. The topics in instrumentation engineering commence with an introduction to instrumentation and measurement ranging from pressure, level, temperature and flow devices followed by a review of process control including the all important topic of PID loop tuning.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Administration staff
Civil, mechanical, chemical, mining engineers, technologists and technicians
Electrical contractors
Finance, IT and accounting managers
Human resources managers
IT personnel
Legal personnel
Managers who are involved with or work with staff and projects in electrical engineering
Non-electrical and mechanical engineers and technicians
Non-electrical and mechanical personnel who want to understand the broader picture
Non-engineering personnel
Operators
Plant and facility engineers
Procurement and buying staff
Project managers
Sales engineers
Senior managers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/mechanical-electrical-and-instrumentation-engineering-non-engineers?id=8057
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to
Design And Fabrication of Turbulator for swirl motion flow study SetupDIPRANJAN GUPTA
We are manufacturing 3 models of Staggerd Turbulator and 3 models of Non Staggerd Turbulator. To convert laminar flow into a turbulent flow. We are making this product with the help of copper strips. We are taking 100cm rod of 2mm dia in which we are placing copper strips of traingular blade. In a staggerd turbulator we are making 3 models of 3 different pitches and 3 different angles.
The Variable Area Flowmeter is one of the oldest and mature principles in flow measurement with its simple design: a float rises inside a conically shaped glass tube as the flow increases and its position on a scale can be read off as the flow rate.
Generation of Electricity training at BELDurga Singh
Bajaj Hindusthan through its SPV, Bajaj Energy Limited has setup new coal based power generation plants of 90 MW each in the vicinity of 5 of its existing sugar units.
The five new coal based plants under Bajaj Energy were commissioned early 2012 at Barkhera (Pilibhit), Maqsoodapur (Shahjahanpur), Khambarkhera (Lakhimpur), Kundarkhi (Gonda), Utraula(Balrampur) in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Thermal plant instrumentation and controlShilpa Shukla
Detail working description of each components used in A Thermal or Coal based Plant for generation of electricity. Controlling and automation is described.
Similar to Industrial training at Numaligarh Refinery Limited ( Instrumentation Engineering) (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...
Industrial training at Numaligarh Refinery Limited ( Instrumentation Engineering)
1. Industrial Training
in
Numaligarh Refinery Limited
(NRL)
Under the guidance of: Presented by:
Instrumentation Department, Alok Saikia (Gau-C-12/L-201)
Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL) B.Tech 4th year, 7th semester
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India)
BODOLAND TERRITORIAL AREAS DISTRICTS :: KOKRAJHAR :: ASSAM :: 783370
9/13/2015 1
2. Contents
Introduction
Objectives of NRL
Overview of NRL
Area covered by Instrumentation Department
Instrument observed in various plants
Distributed Control System
Programmable Logic Controller
9/13/2015 2
3. Introduction
• Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), popularly known as “Accord Refinery” was
proposed in the historic Assam Accord on 15th August 1985.
• The foundation stone was laid by former Prime Minister Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao on
3rd July 1992.
• On 9th July 1999 Numaligarh Refinery was dedicated to the nation by Hon’ble Prime
Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
• Commercial Production commenced from 1st October 2000 with 3 MMTPA
capacities.
9/13/2015 3
4. Objectives of NRL
• To process the crude available in the North-East region.
• To achieve highest standards in product quality, safety, health and environment
protection.
• Focus on development and growth of human resource through proper training and
career planning.
• To remain at the technological forefront by continuous upgradation of in-house
expertise and absorption of latest technologies.
• To adopt measures/ technologies for energy efficient systems in refining.
• To facilitate economic and industrial development of the region.
9/13/2015 4
5. Overview of NRL
• Numaligarh Refinery is situated at Numaligarh in the Golaghat district of
Brahmaputra valley(Assam)
• NRL is a refinery owned by Numaligarh Refinery Limited, a joint venture among
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited(61.65%), Oil India Limited(26%) and Govt.
of Assam(12.35%).
• With its concern, commitment and contribution to the socio-economic development
of the state combined with a track record of continuous growth, NRL has been
conferred the status of Mini Ratna PSU.
9/13/2015 5
6. Major units of NRL:
• Crude and Vacuum Distillation Unit (CDU/VDU)
• Delayed Coker Unit (DCU)
• Hydrogen Unit (H2U)
• Hydrocracker Unit (HCU)
• Sulphur Recovery Block (SRB)
• Coke Calcination Unit (CCU)
• Motor Spirit Plant (MSP)
• Naphtha Splitter Unit (NSU)
• Solvent De-oiling Unit (SDU)
• Hydrogen Fixing Unit (HFU)
9/13/2015 6
7. Products
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Naphtha
• Motor Spirit (MS)
• Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)
• Superior Kerosene Oil (SKO)
• High Speed Diesel (HSD)
• Raw Petroleum Coke (RPC)
• Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC)
• Sulphur
• Wax9/13/2015 7
9. Area covered by Instrumentation Department
Instrumentation Workshop
• Calibration and servicing
• Public Address (PA) system
• Very High Frequency (VHF) system
• Fire Alarm (FA) system
• CCTV system
• Analyzer system
• Gas Detector system
• Clean Agent system
• RIM seal system
• Lab Instrument
9/13/2015 9
10. Central Control Room (CCR)
• Crude and Vacuum Distillation Unit (CDU/VDU)
• Delayed Coker Unit (DCU)
• Hydrogen Unit (H2U)
• Hydrocracker Unit (HCU)
• Sulphur Recovery Block (SRB)
• Coke Calcination Unit (CCU)
• Motor Spirit Plant (MSP)
• Naphtha Splitter Unit (NSU)
• Solvent De-oiling Unit (SDU)
• Hydrogen Fixing Unit (HFU)
• Numaligarh Refinery Marketing Terminal (NRMT)9/13/2015 10
11. Captive Power Plant And Utility
• Gas Turbine(GT)
• Steam Turbine (STG)
• Utility Boiler (UB)
• Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
• Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
• Raw Water Treatment Plant (RWTP)
• Fire Water Pump House (FWPH)
• Nitrogen Plant (N2P)
• Raw Water Intake Plant
9/13/2015 11
12. Instruments observed in the various Plants
Pressure Measurement
• Pressure Gauges:
1. Bourdon Tube type pressure gauges:
• The bourdon tube consists of a thin walled tube i.e flattened diametrically on opposite sides to
produce a cross-sectional area elliptical in shape.
• Pressure applied fluid present in the gauge enters the tube and pushes the tube in proportion
with the pressure applied.
• The inside of the tube causes distention of the flat sections and tends to restore its original
round cross-section.
9/13/2015 12
14. • There is a light spring called hair spring attached to the coil to bring the indicator to starting position.
• Since the tube is permanently fastened at one end, the tip of the tube traces a curve that is the result
of the change in angular position with respect to the center.
• Bourdon tube type gauges are very widely used in NRL in all process and utility plants.
2. Diaphragm type pressure gauges:
• In diaphragm elements, measurements are taken from the elastic deformation of the diaphragm,
which is held by its edges and loaded on one side.
• This deformation is converted by known methods into a rotary movement.
9/13/2015 14
16. • Pressure Transmitters:
1. Capacitive type pressure sensor:
• In capacitive type pressure sensor, the sensing element is a taut metal diaphragm located
equidistant between two stationary metal surfaces, forming a complementary pair of
capacitances.
• An electrically insulating fluid transfers motion from the isolating diaphragm to the sensing
diaphragm.
• Any pressure difference of pressure across the cell will cause the diaphragm to flex in the
direction of least pressure.
• Since capacitance between conductors is inversely proportional to distance separating them
there will be a change in capacitance between two plates.
9/13/2015 16
18. 2. Piezo resistive type pressure sensor
• Piezoresistive means pressure sensitive resistance, or a resistance that changes with pressure
applied.
• Attaching a strain gauge with a diaphragm results in a device that changes resistance with applied
pressure.
• Pressure forces the diaphragm to deform, which in turns causes the stain gauge to change
resistance.
• By measuring the change in resistance we can measure the applied pressure.
9/13/2015 18
19. Temperature measurement
• Temperature Gauges:
1. Bimetallic devices
• A bimetallic strip thermometer uses a helical metal strip that unwinds when heated and
rotates a pointer over a calibrated scale.
• When warmed, one metal expands more than the other ( usually Invar), so causing the
bimetallic strip to unwind. Invar is an alloy of iron and nickel, which has a low
coefficient of thermal expansion.
9/13/2015 19
21. 2. Gas/ Liquid expansion device
• It consist of a stem, capillary and bourdon tube in a case.
• The complete measuring system is filled with an inert gas as standard or mercury
under pressure.
• A temperature change cause the internal pressure in the stem to change. The
deflection of the bourdon tube thus caused is transmitted to the pointer by a
movement.
• A bimetallic element is fitted in between the movement and bourdon tube to
compensate for fluctuations of ambient temperature at the case.
9/13/2015 21
23. • Temperature Transmitter
1. Thermocouples
• It is the most popular type of sensor.
• It is based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected
at either end will generate a potential difference between the two ends.
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24. • In NRL , most of the thermocouples used are K,R,E.
Type Materials of construction Temperature range
(continuous)
Temperature range
(short term)
K Chromel (90% nickel and 10% chromium)-
Alumel (95% nickel , 2% manganese, 2%
aluminium and 1% silicon)
0 to +1100 -180 to +1300
R Platinum-Rhodium alloy containing 13%
rhodium for one conductor and pure
platinum for the other conductor
0 to +1600 -50 to +1700
E Chromel (90% nickel and 10% chromium)-
Constantan(55% copper and 45% nickel)
0 to +800 -40 to +900
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25. • To protect the thermocouple from the pressure, flow-induced forces, and
chemical effects of the process fluid, thermocouples are inserted in a tubular
fitting called thermowell.
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26. 2. Resistance Temperature Detector(RTD)
• RTD’s are made of a metal wire or fiber or of semiconductor material that
responds to temperature change by changing its resistance.
• Platinum, nickel, and tungsten and other metals are used that have high
resistivity, good temperature coefficient of resistance, good ductile or
tensile strength, and chemical inertness with packaging and insulation
materials.
• The change in resistance can be determined using a bridge circuit.
• RTD’s are manufactured with 2,3,or 4 lead wires per element. The 3-wire
RTD is most common.
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28. 3. Pyrometer
• A Pyrometer is an instrument for measuring very high temperature without
any physical contact with the hot body.
• Two common types of pyrometer are the optical type and the radiation
pyrometer.
• An optical pyrometer determines the temperature of a very hot object by the
colour of the visible light it gives off.
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30. Flow measurement
• Flow Transmitters
1. Differential Pressure:
I. Orifice Plate
• It comprises a metal plate with a concentric round hole (orifice) through which
the liquid flows.
• When an orifice plate is installed in a flow line(usually clamped between a pair
of flanges), increase of fluid flow velocity through the reduced area at the
orifice develops a differential pressure across the orifice.
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32. II. Venturi Tubes
• A Venturi tube can be used where high pressure loss is not tolerable.
• Because of its gradually curved inlet and outlet cones, almost no permanent
pressure drop occurs.
• In NRL, Venturi Tubes are used in compressor suction flow measurement of
Hydrocracker RGC, MSP RGC and in DCU Off-gas compressor.
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33. IV. Pitot Tubes
• Pitot tube comprises a small tube inserted into a pipe with the head bent so that
the mouth of the tube faces into the flow. As a result, a small sample of the
flowing medium impinges on the open end of the tube and is brought to rest.
Thus, the kinetic energy of the fluid is transformed into potential energy in the
form of a head pressure.
• By measuring the static pressure with a convenient tapping, the flow velocity can
be determined from the difference between the head pressure and the static
pressure.
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35. Level Measurement
1. Level Gauges:
• In level gauge, a tube is attached to the bottom and top of tank is monitored.
• The height of the liquid in the tube will be equal to the height of the level in the tank.
• There are different types of level gauges for different application.
• Some of them are-
a) Reflex level gauge
b) Magnetic level gauge
c) Transparent level gauge
d) Tubular level gauge
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36. 2. Level Transmitters:
i. Float Type:
• The float is connects via a cable or tape to a measuring device outside the tank that precisely
measures the length to the float.
• In NRL float type transmitters are used in offsite area.
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37. iii. Radar type:
• These measurements work by sending a pulsed wave signal from the top of the tank that
hits the surface and then reflects back to the instrument.
• The distance or level of the surface is then determined by the transmission time.
• Radar has the advantage that it is broadly applicable to most of the liquids and
measurement independent of temperature, pressure and vapour.
• In NRL for level measurement of vessels side mounted pulse radars are used at some
cases. Top mounted pulse radars are used in CBD vessels of HCU and utility area.
• In offsite area level of storage tank is measured by Frequency-Modulated Continuous
Wave radar (FMCW radar) are used.
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39. iv. Radioactive Type:
• A radioactive source either point or strip is placed on one side of and outside of the tank,
and a radiation detector(Geiger counter), of series of detectors is placed on the other side.
• The amount of radiation reaching the detectors is depend on the amount of material in the
tank.
• This type is highly expensive and requires stringent personal safety requirements and
licensing.
• In NRL this type of level transmitters are used only in DCU for coke chamber level
measurement.
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41. Distributed Control System (DCS)
• A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing
system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not
central in location but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-
system controlled by one or more controllers.
• Basic Components of DCS:
• FCS (Field Control Station):It is used to control the process. All the instruments and
interlocks created by software reside in the memory of the FCS. All the field instruments
like transmitters and control valves are wired to the FCS.
• OPS (Operator Station):It is used to monitor the process and to operate various
instrument
• Communication : It is used to communicate between the FCS and the OPS
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42. Advantages of DCS:
• Control function is distributed among multiple CPUs (Field Control Stations). Hence
failure of one FCS does not affect the entire plant.
• Redundancy is available at various levels.
• Instruments and interlocks are created by software.
• Generation and modifications of the interlocks are very flexible and simple.
• Information regarding the process is presented to the user in various formats.
• Field wiring is considerably less.
• Maintenance and trouble shooting becomes very easy.
• Cost effective in the long run.
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43. Programmable Logic Controllers(PLC):
• In earlier plant operation, Electrical Relay based system was utilized for logic and
shutdown operation of process plant .
• These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is
common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions.
• The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
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44. PLC Control Loop:
• The control loop is a continuous cycle of the PLC reading inputs, solving the ladder logic,
and then changing the outputs.
• Figure below shows the basic operation cycle of a PLC. When power is turned on initially
the PLC does a quick sanity check to ensure that the hardware is working properly. If
there is a problem the PLC will halt and indicate there is an error.
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45. Ladder Logic Inputs:
• PLC inputs are easily represented in ladder logic. In Figures below there are three types of
inputs shown. The first two are normally open and normally closed inputs.
• Immediate inputs will take current values, not those from the previous input scan.
• This instruction is actually an output that will update the input table with the current
input values. Other input contacts can now be used to examine the new values.
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