The Industrial Revolution occurred between 1750-1850 and brought radical changes through new manufacturing processes. This transition included moving from hand production to machines, new chemical and iron production methods, and the increasing use of steam power. Key developments were James Watt's improved steam engine in 1769, which converted heat into mechanical energy, and railroads and steam boats. The availability of coal and iron in England, as well as favorable government policies, encouraged industrialization to begin in England through inventions like the spinning jenny and flying shuttle that increased textile production. While the factory system boosted large-scale production, negative impacts included the exploitation of workers through long hours, hazardous conditions, and a new social class structure.

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1750-1850)

2. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750-
1850)
WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
• The industrial revolution was the transition to
new manufacturing processes from about 1760
to 1870.it brought some radical changes to the
world.
• This transition included : going from hand
production methods to machines, new chemical
manufacturing and iron production, the
increasing use of steam power ,the development
of machine tools and the rise of the factory
system.

3. The Preceding Millennia
• Farming was the main occupation of majority of
people.
• They lived close to food sources
• All commodities were local, foreign goods were rare
luxury
• Production of goods was for ‘use’ ,rather than profit.
• Weapons which could kill few people at once
• Life expectancy 28-35 years
• Travel and communication between far off places –non
existent or extremely slow.

5. Factors leading to Industrial Revolution
in England
• Agricultural surplus in England due to new
techniques in farming the ‘agricultural revolution’
of 17th century.
• Mercantilism – trading for profit, accumulation of
wealth.
• The long coastline –no region is far away from a
sea port. This facilitated procurement of raw
materials
• Abundance of coal and iron –England was an
initial pioneer in these field.

6. • A government that encouraged improvements
in transportation and used its navy to protect
British trade.
• The administrative and military expenditure of
England was lower than monarchies of Europe
at the time.
• Banks and banking system.

7. Flying Shuttle
John Kay (17 June 1704 –
c. 1779) was the inventor
of the flying shuttle,
which was a key
contribution to
the Industrial Revolution.

8. Steam Engine
• Steam engine – James newcomer(1705)
• James Watt’s steam engine (1769) – heat
energy into mechanical energy.

9. Steam Locomotives
• Railroads
• Steam Boats

10. Invented the telegraph in 1835

11. The Importance of coal in industrial
Revolution.
• Availability near surface
• Abundant in England
• Cheaper than other heat sources like wood (also
forests were depleted)
• Rudimentary steam engines were first invented to
pump water out of the coal mines. These were
improved upon later.
• Iron production at commercial level could be
done only due to large quantity of coal – it led to
a revolution in machine tools, trains and myriad
of other industries.

12. Impact of the Industrial Revolution
• Positive
• Factory system.
• Standardization of factory work methods and
processes –massive production quantities.
• Means of communication and transportation.
• Roads,bridges,railway tracks and canals – transport +
travel for common man
• Urbanization – clean water ,sewerage system ,public
transport.
• No more hunger and famine – surplus food could be
transported easily.

13. Negative Effects
• Capitalism – philosophy of profit
maximization. Resources of production owned
and controlled by few.
• Exploitation of workers – long working hours
,no protective gear, hazardous and unhygienic
working and living conditions often led to
epidemics like cholera
• Traditional weavers and workers were wiped
out by machines

14. The New Industrial Class Structure
• The New High Class

15. • The new middle class
• The new working class