Working Principle of Induction Heating
Induction Coil Equivalent Circuit
Inverter Configurations
Power Control Techniques
Induction Cook-tops
Calculation of Power & Frequency Requirements
Advantages of Induction Heating
Major Passive Components of An Induction Heating System :
Matching Transformers
High Power Capacitors
Induction Coils
Applications of Induction Heating
Induction heating is used for the direct heating of electrically conducting materials. The primary advantage is that the heat is generated within the material itself, giving very fast cycle times, high efficiency, and the potential for localized heating. On the downside, because of the desired coupling between inductor and load, there are restrictions on the size and geometry of the work piece. However, there are many applications in the field of heating or melting of metals.
Induction heating uses an alternating magnetic field generated by an induction coil to heat electrically conductive materials. The magnetic field induces eddy currents in the material, which generate heat inside the material. Induction heating has several advantages over other heating methods, including contactless heating, selective heating of parts, fast start-up and heating times, and no pollution of the surrounding area. The system consists of a power supply, induction coil, and water cooling unit. Common applications include melting, heat treatment, welding, and forging.
INDUCTION HEATING BY HIGH FREQUENCY RESONANT INVERTERUday Kumar Adha
This document provides an overview of induction heating, including its working principle, requirements, and applications. It discusses how induction heating works by generating eddy currents in conductive materials using a high-frequency alternating magnetic field. This causes heating through hysteresis and eddy current losses. Key applications mentioned include induction cooking, welding, brazing, plastic processing, and sealing of food containers.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
The document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It explains that a transformer transfers electrical power from one alternating current circuit to another through mutual induction without direct electrical contact. It has a primary winding that receives input power and a secondary winding that delivers output power. The transformer works by inducing voltage in the secondary winding through a changing magnetic field generated by the primary winding around a shared ferromagnetic core. The document further describes step-up and step-down transformers, classifications, losses, and applications of transformers.
This document provides an overview of stepper motors, including:
- How stepper motors work by converting electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements of the motor shaft.
- The main types of stepper motors: variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. It describes the construction and operation of each type.
- Design considerations for stepper motors like resistance, inductance, and driver voltage which impact torque and speed.
The document contains diagrams and explanations of the internal components and winding configurations of different stepper motor types.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Induction heating is used for the direct heating of electrically conducting materials. The primary advantage is that the heat is generated within the material itself, giving very fast cycle times, high efficiency, and the potential for localized heating. On the downside, because of the desired coupling between inductor and load, there are restrictions on the size and geometry of the work piece. However, there are many applications in the field of heating or melting of metals.
Induction heating uses an alternating magnetic field generated by an induction coil to heat electrically conductive materials. The magnetic field induces eddy currents in the material, which generate heat inside the material. Induction heating has several advantages over other heating methods, including contactless heating, selective heating of parts, fast start-up and heating times, and no pollution of the surrounding area. The system consists of a power supply, induction coil, and water cooling unit. Common applications include melting, heat treatment, welding, and forging.
INDUCTION HEATING BY HIGH FREQUENCY RESONANT INVERTERUday Kumar Adha
This document provides an overview of induction heating, including its working principle, requirements, and applications. It discusses how induction heating works by generating eddy currents in conductive materials using a high-frequency alternating magnetic field. This causes heating through hysteresis and eddy current losses. Key applications mentioned include induction cooking, welding, brazing, plastic processing, and sealing of food containers.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
The document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It explains that a transformer transfers electrical power from one alternating current circuit to another through mutual induction without direct electrical contact. It has a primary winding that receives input power and a secondary winding that delivers output power. The transformer works by inducing voltage in the secondary winding through a changing magnetic field generated by the primary winding around a shared ferromagnetic core. The document further describes step-up and step-down transformers, classifications, losses, and applications of transformers.
This document provides an overview of stepper motors, including:
- How stepper motors work by converting electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements of the motor shaft.
- The main types of stepper motors: variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. It describes the construction and operation of each type.
- Design considerations for stepper motors like resistance, inductance, and driver voltage which impact torque and speed.
The document contains diagrams and explanations of the internal components and winding configurations of different stepper motor types.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
This document discusses different types of starters used for three phase induction motors. It describes stator resistance, auto transformer, star-delta, rotor resistance, direct online (DOL), and soft starters. Stator resistance and auto transformer starters limit starting current by adding resistance or reducing voltage. Star-delta starters initially connect the motor in star configuration and then switch to delta. Rotor resistance starters add external resistance to the rotor circuit. DOL starters connect the motor directly to full supply voltage. Soft starters use SCRs to gradually increase voltage during starting.
This document describes a gravity lighting system that generates electricity from potential energy. It consists of a heavy bag or weight attached to a cord that slowly descends, powering a generator through a geartrain. This generates under a tenth of a watt, enough to power LED lights for up to 30 minutes. It is presented as an alternative to kerosene lamps for the 20% of the world's population without electricity. Experimental results show lighting time increases with weight and height, while efficiency is around 11%. The system has potential applications for off-grid lighting in remote areas.
This document discusses electrical drives using AC and DC motors. It defines electrical drives as using around 50% of electrical energy for electric motors in industries and applications. The key components of electrical drives are the motor, power source, and control methods. For AC motor drives, the document discusses induction motors and synchronous motors. It also summarizes methods for controlling speed and torque of induction motors including stator voltage control, rotor voltage control, and frequency control. The document concludes that variable speed drives can improve energy efficiency compared to constant speed drives.
- Induction heating uses an alternating magnetic field generated by an induction coil to heat conductive materials through the induction of eddy currents. There are two heating mechanisms: eddy current heating which occurs in all conductive materials, and hysteresis heating which only occurs in magnetic materials.
- The key principles are that the alternating magnetic field from the coil induces voltages in the workpiece which create eddy currents, and these eddy currents generate heat. Three closed loop systems are involved: the coil current loop, the magnetic flux loop, and the eddy current loop in the workpiece.
- The reference depth is an important parameter that depends on material properties and frequency, and determines how deeply the magnetic field and heating penetrate into the
The document discusses cycloconverters, which are devices that convert AC power at one frequency to AC power at another frequency in a single stage using thyristors. It describes the different types of cycloconverters including step-up, step-down, single phase, and three phase cycloconverters. It also discusses the principles, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of cycloconverters.
Electrical drive unit 1 as per IP university_EEEamrutapattnaik2
it is the complete Electrical Drive syllabus of the unit1. i 've tried a lot to merge everything in one PPT.it might be helpful for final year students.
i am also thankful to slideshare as I also collected all data and notes from this site too.
kindly share your suggestions for the improvement
This document provides information on light emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). It defines LEDs and OLEDs, describes their basic structures and working principles. The key differences are that LEDs use inorganic semiconductors while OLEDs use organic thin films. The document lists advantages of each such as energy efficiency and flexibility for OLEDs. It also discusses applications in devices like phones, displays and lighting. In conclusion, it compares both technologies on factors like viewing angle, response time and temperature range.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including different types of motors, their basic principles and components. It discusses induction motors, synchronous motors, and single phase motors. It also covers motor specifications, testing, storage, lubrication, and maintenance practices. The presentation was prepared by Kapil Singh for Thermax Ltd and includes topics like classification of motors, laws of electromagnetism, rotating magnetic fields, and motor applications.
LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal
Electroluminescent (EL) technology provides a thin, flexible, and energy efficient solution for lighting and displays. EL panels consist of phosphor laminated between conductive layers, and light is emitted as voltage is applied. EL panels can be produced in any size or shape, are paper thin yet durable, and consume 75-90% less energy than other light sources. EL technology is used for advertising, safety equipment, architectural lighting, decorations, and more. It provides a green lighting alternative with a long lifespan and low maintenance needs.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
This document is a lecture on electromagnetic induction covering key topics like direction of induced EMF, Lenz's law, nature of induced EMF, applications of dynamically induced EMF, statically induced EMF, self induced EMF, and mutually induced EMF. It compares statically and dynamically induced EMF and provides an exercise at the end assessing understanding of mutually induced EMF, Lenz's law, Fleming's right hand rule, self induced EMF, and the difference between dynamically and statically induced EMF.
LEDs work by converting electrical energy into light when a current is passed through a semiconductor chip. The chip contains a junction between a p-type and n-type material that emits photons when electrons recombine after moving across the junction. LEDs are used widely in applications like lighting, mobile devices, signs, and sensors due to benefits like energy efficiency, durability, and long lifetime. They come in various colors depending on the material used and chip design.
Lecture Notes: EEEC4340318 Instrumentation and Control Systems - Introductio...AIMST University
(1) The document discusses control systems and provides examples of various control system applications. It introduces open and closed loop control systems and how they differ.
(2) Block diagrams are presented for several control system examples, including temperature control of an electric furnace, speed control of a turntable, and disk drive read system control.
(3) Exercises and problems are also included, asking the reader to draw block diagrams for control systems like laser power control, automated highway merging, air conditioning control, and aircraft collision avoidance.
Closed loop control systems, also known as feedback control systems, modify their output based on the recorded output rather than the input in order to generate a preferred output condition compared to the original. They are not impacted by external or internal disturbances. Examples include automatic electric irons and servo voltage stabilizers which use feedback to control temperature and voltage output. Open loop systems like hand driers and washing machines run for a preset time regardless of the actual output condition. Closed loop systems are generally more accurate but also more complex and costly than open loop systems.
This PowerPoint depicts definition of Power Factor , its related factors, its necessity, its cause for low power factor, including graphics and graphs for better understanding among electrical students. It also consists of ways of improving Power Factor using capacitor and other devices. Also it has reference to the links from where it has been considered.
This document discusses different types of proximity sensors, including inductive, capacitive, optical, and ultrasonic sensors. It describes the basic construction and working of each type, including their main components and how they detect nearby objects. The applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each proximity sensor type are also outlined. Major industries that use proximity sensors are described as machine tools, packaging machinery, automatic doors, elevators, and the automotive and building sectors.
This document discusses the use of a series active power filter to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It begins by introducing the issues caused by nonlinear loads connected to power systems, such as harmonic distortion. It then describes series active power filters and their advantages over passive filters. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB that demonstrate a series active power filter significantly reduces total harmonic distortion in a system, lowering it from 30.93% without a filter to 0.27% with the filter. It concludes the filter is effective at mitigating harmonics and improving power quality.
The document discusses transformers and their role in electrical distribution systems. It explains that transformers operate on the principle of mutual inductance to increase or decrease voltage. Step-up transformers are used to transmit electricity at high voltages over power lines, while step-down transformers lower the voltage for safe distribution and use. The development of efficient transformers enabled the modern electrical grid that transmits power over long distances at high voltages and distributes it locally at lower voltages.
This document discusses different types of starters used for three phase induction motors. It describes stator resistance, auto transformer, star-delta, rotor resistance, direct online (DOL), and soft starters. Stator resistance and auto transformer starters limit starting current by adding resistance or reducing voltage. Star-delta starters initially connect the motor in star configuration and then switch to delta. Rotor resistance starters add external resistance to the rotor circuit. DOL starters connect the motor directly to full supply voltage. Soft starters use SCRs to gradually increase voltage during starting.
This document describes a gravity lighting system that generates electricity from potential energy. It consists of a heavy bag or weight attached to a cord that slowly descends, powering a generator through a geartrain. This generates under a tenth of a watt, enough to power LED lights for up to 30 minutes. It is presented as an alternative to kerosene lamps for the 20% of the world's population without electricity. Experimental results show lighting time increases with weight and height, while efficiency is around 11%. The system has potential applications for off-grid lighting in remote areas.
This document discusses electrical drives using AC and DC motors. It defines electrical drives as using around 50% of electrical energy for electric motors in industries and applications. The key components of electrical drives are the motor, power source, and control methods. For AC motor drives, the document discusses induction motors and synchronous motors. It also summarizes methods for controlling speed and torque of induction motors including stator voltage control, rotor voltage control, and frequency control. The document concludes that variable speed drives can improve energy efficiency compared to constant speed drives.
- Induction heating uses an alternating magnetic field generated by an induction coil to heat conductive materials through the induction of eddy currents. There are two heating mechanisms: eddy current heating which occurs in all conductive materials, and hysteresis heating which only occurs in magnetic materials.
- The key principles are that the alternating magnetic field from the coil induces voltages in the workpiece which create eddy currents, and these eddy currents generate heat. Three closed loop systems are involved: the coil current loop, the magnetic flux loop, and the eddy current loop in the workpiece.
- The reference depth is an important parameter that depends on material properties and frequency, and determines how deeply the magnetic field and heating penetrate into the
The document discusses cycloconverters, which are devices that convert AC power at one frequency to AC power at another frequency in a single stage using thyristors. It describes the different types of cycloconverters including step-up, step-down, single phase, and three phase cycloconverters. It also discusses the principles, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of cycloconverters.
Electrical drive unit 1 as per IP university_EEEamrutapattnaik2
it is the complete Electrical Drive syllabus of the unit1. i 've tried a lot to merge everything in one PPT.it might be helpful for final year students.
i am also thankful to slideshare as I also collected all data and notes from this site too.
kindly share your suggestions for the improvement
This document provides information on light emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). It defines LEDs and OLEDs, describes their basic structures and working principles. The key differences are that LEDs use inorganic semiconductors while OLEDs use organic thin films. The document lists advantages of each such as energy efficiency and flexibility for OLEDs. It also discusses applications in devices like phones, displays and lighting. In conclusion, it compares both technologies on factors like viewing angle, response time and temperature range.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including different types of motors, their basic principles and components. It discusses induction motors, synchronous motors, and single phase motors. It also covers motor specifications, testing, storage, lubrication, and maintenance practices. The presentation was prepared by Kapil Singh for Thermax Ltd and includes topics like classification of motors, laws of electromagnetism, rotating magnetic fields, and motor applications.
LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal
Electroluminescent (EL) technology provides a thin, flexible, and energy efficient solution for lighting and displays. EL panels consist of phosphor laminated between conductive layers, and light is emitted as voltage is applied. EL panels can be produced in any size or shape, are paper thin yet durable, and consume 75-90% less energy than other light sources. EL technology is used for advertising, safety equipment, architectural lighting, decorations, and more. It provides a green lighting alternative with a long lifespan and low maintenance needs.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
This document is a lecture on electromagnetic induction covering key topics like direction of induced EMF, Lenz's law, nature of induced EMF, applications of dynamically induced EMF, statically induced EMF, self induced EMF, and mutually induced EMF. It compares statically and dynamically induced EMF and provides an exercise at the end assessing understanding of mutually induced EMF, Lenz's law, Fleming's right hand rule, self induced EMF, and the difference between dynamically and statically induced EMF.
LEDs work by converting electrical energy into light when a current is passed through a semiconductor chip. The chip contains a junction between a p-type and n-type material that emits photons when electrons recombine after moving across the junction. LEDs are used widely in applications like lighting, mobile devices, signs, and sensors due to benefits like energy efficiency, durability, and long lifetime. They come in various colors depending on the material used and chip design.
Lecture Notes: EEEC4340318 Instrumentation and Control Systems - Introductio...AIMST University
(1) The document discusses control systems and provides examples of various control system applications. It introduces open and closed loop control systems and how they differ.
(2) Block diagrams are presented for several control system examples, including temperature control of an electric furnace, speed control of a turntable, and disk drive read system control.
(3) Exercises and problems are also included, asking the reader to draw block diagrams for control systems like laser power control, automated highway merging, air conditioning control, and aircraft collision avoidance.
Closed loop control systems, also known as feedback control systems, modify their output based on the recorded output rather than the input in order to generate a preferred output condition compared to the original. They are not impacted by external or internal disturbances. Examples include automatic electric irons and servo voltage stabilizers which use feedback to control temperature and voltage output. Open loop systems like hand driers and washing machines run for a preset time regardless of the actual output condition. Closed loop systems are generally more accurate but also more complex and costly than open loop systems.
This PowerPoint depicts definition of Power Factor , its related factors, its necessity, its cause for low power factor, including graphics and graphs for better understanding among electrical students. It also consists of ways of improving Power Factor using capacitor and other devices. Also it has reference to the links from where it has been considered.
This document discusses different types of proximity sensors, including inductive, capacitive, optical, and ultrasonic sensors. It describes the basic construction and working of each type, including their main components and how they detect nearby objects. The applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each proximity sensor type are also outlined. Major industries that use proximity sensors are described as machine tools, packaging machinery, automatic doors, elevators, and the automotive and building sectors.
This document discusses the use of a series active power filter to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It begins by introducing the issues caused by nonlinear loads connected to power systems, such as harmonic distortion. It then describes series active power filters and their advantages over passive filters. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB that demonstrate a series active power filter significantly reduces total harmonic distortion in a system, lowering it from 30.93% without a filter to 0.27% with the filter. It concludes the filter is effective at mitigating harmonics and improving power quality.
The document discusses transformers and their role in electrical distribution systems. It explains that transformers operate on the principle of mutual inductance to increase or decrease voltage. Step-up transformers are used to transmit electricity at high voltages over power lines, while step-down transformers lower the voltage for safe distribution and use. The development of efficient transformers enabled the modern electrical grid that transmits power over long distances at high voltages and distributes it locally at lower voltages.
Transformers are electromagnetic devices that increase or decrease voltage in a circuit. They consist of two coils wrapped around an iron core. Mutual induction causes voltage to change between the primary and secondary coils depending on the number of turns in each coil. The most common type is the closed-core transformer, which has coils wound around an insulated iron ring core to provide a continuous path for magnetic flux with low losses. Transformers are important in applications like power transmission and medical equipment such as X-ray machines.
This document summarizes key concepts about transformers:
1) Transformers transfer electrical energy from one voltage level to another through a magnetic field without changing frequency. They have a primary and secondary winding wound around an iron core.
2) An AC voltage applied to the primary induces a voltage in the secondary according to Faraday's Law of induction. The ratio of voltages is determined by the ratio of turns in the windings.
3) Real transformers have losses that are modeled in an equivalent circuit including resistances of the windings and core and a magnetizing reactance. Impedances can be transferred between windings using the turns ratio.
This document summarizes key concepts about transformers:
1) Transformers transfer electrical energy from one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling between primary and secondary coils. They do not directly convert electrical to mechanical energy.
2) An ideal transformer transfers power without losses, but real transformers have resistive losses in their coils and core that reduce efficiency.
3) The voltage and current ratios between primary and secondary coils are determined by their relative turn ratios; this relationship allows impedances to be transferred between sides.
1. The document discusses the components of an x-ray generator, including a high tension generator and rectification system. It describes how alternating current is generated and then rectified to produce direct current needed to power the x-ray tube.
2. Key components are the step-up transformer, which increases voltage, the rectifier circuit, which converts AC to DC, and the step-down transformer to provide lower voltage for the filament.
3. The document explains different transformer types like autotransformer and the principles of electromagnetic induction that transformers use to change voltage levels in the x-ray circuit.
1. The document discusses the operation and maintenance of electrical systems in thermal power stations, including generators, transformers, motors, and distribution systems.
2. It covers topics such as AC and DC systems, single and three-phase systems, delta and star connections, grounded and ungrounded systems, and losses in electrical machines like hysteresis and eddy current losses.
3. The document also discusses components like transmission lines, substations, and the arrangement of electrical systems in thermal power stations.
This document provides an overview of power diodes and their characteristics. It discusses the constructional differences between power diodes and signal diodes, including the addition of a lightly doped drift layer in power diodes to support high blocking voltages. It also describes the switching characteristics of power diodes, including forward turn-on characteristics like recovery voltage and recovery time, and reverse turn-off characteristics like peak reverse recovery current, recovery time, and recovery charge. Fast recovery diodes and Schottky diodes are introduced as alternatives for high frequency applications where reverse recovery losses are significant.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works by exploiting electromagnetic induction to produce an electromotive force in a conductor exposed to a time-varying magnetic field. Transformers are commonly used to increase or decrease alternating voltages in electric power applications. An ideal transformer model is often used to simplify analysis by assuming it is lossless and perfectly coupled with no energy losses. Real transformers have various losses, like core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, that the ideal model neglects.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
The document discusses transformer construction, principles of operation, and testing methods to determine equivalent circuit parameters. It provides an introduction to different types of transformers and their applications. Key points covered include:
- Transformers transfer power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without a direct electrical connection between the circuits.
- Practical transformers have equivalent circuits that account for winding resistances, core losses, and leakage fluxes/inductances not present in an ideal transformer.
- Open circuit and short circuit tests are used to determine the equivalent circuit parameters like magnetizing inductance, core loss resistance, leakage reactances, and winding resistances.
- A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current voltages to different voltages while keeping frequency the same through electromagnetic induction.
- It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - an alternating current in the primary coil induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are used extensively in power transmission to increase voltage for long distance transmission lines and then reduce voltage for safe distribution, as well as in electronics to step down voltages for low-voltage circuits.
The document provides an introduction to electronic passive components. It discusses resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. Resistors are electronic components that oppose the flow of current and come in fixed and variable types. Capacitors are components that store electric charge and also come in fixed and variable types. Inductors are coils of wire that oppose changes in current flow. Transformers are made of two coils of wire wound on a core and transfer energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction. The document provides details on various types of these components, their construction, properties, and applications.
The transformers are an integral part of the power system. In transformers, the main consequence of harmonic
currents is an increase in losses, mainly in windings, because of the deformation of the leakage fields. Higher losses mean that
more heat is generated in the transformer so that the operating temperature increases, leading to deterioration of the insulation
and a potential reduction in lifetime. Due to the non-linear loads, the transformers are much affected by the distorted currents
and supply voltages which largely reduce its efficiency due to overheating. Nonlinear loads cause harmonics to flow in the power
lines which can overload wiring and many desktops, personal computers present nonlinear loads to the AC supply because of
their power supplies design (capacitor input power supply). In power transformers, the main consequence of harmonic currents
is an increase in losses, mainly in windings, because of the deformation of the leakage fields. Higher losses mean that more heat
is generated in the transformer so that the operating temperature increases, leading to deterioration of the insulation and a
potential reduction in lifetime. As a result, it is necessary to reduce the maximum power load on the transformer, a practice
referred to as de-rating, or to take extra care in the design of the transformer to reduce these losses. To estimate the de-rating of
the transformer, the load’s K Factor may be used. Thus analysing this problem and reducing the losses of the transformer has
become a major area of research in today’s scenario. This report includes the effects of non-sinusoidal supply voltage on the
transformer excitation current and the core losses which includes eddy current and hysteresis losses.
Literature Survey on Power Quality Issues Due Lighting Loads.
Standards for Power Quality of Lighting Loads is presented.
Power Factor and THDi impact of Fluorescent Lamps, CFL, and LED lights is presented. Diode Rectifiers, Passive LC Filters and Valley Fill Circuits, Active Filters using Power Factor Control PFC Boost Regulator are compared. Simulated Impact of Lighting Load on the Power System is presented
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to electricity including:
- Definitions of electric current, potential difference, and electromotive force.
- Components of an electric circuit and how circuits can be open or closed.
- How current and voltage are measured using ammeters and voltmeters.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance.
- Factors that affect resistance and how resistors can be combined in series or parallel.
- Applications of electricity such as heating effects in devices like kettles and light bulbs.
lec 8 and 9 single phase transformer.pptxssuser76a9bc
The document discusses single phase transformers, including their construction, operation principle, ideal and non-ideal models, and methods to determine component values. A transformer transfers energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It has a core made of laminated silicon steel and windings wrapped around the core. Varying the primary current induces a voltage in the secondary according to Faraday's law of induction and the turns ratio. Real transformers have losses accounted for in their equivalent circuit model, which is used to analyze power flow and regulation. Component values are found through short-circuit, open-circuit, and DC tests.
Capacitive compensation for power–factor control
Different types of power capacitors
shunt and series capacitors
Effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and switched)
Power factor correction
Capacitor allocation
Economic justification
Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
The document summarizes a student project on transformers. It describes what transformers are and how they work by transferring energy through inductive coupling between winding circuits without moving parts. Transformers can range in size from small devices to huge power plant units. They operate on the principle of mutual induction, where a changing current in one circuit produces a changing magnetic field that induces voltage in a neighboring circuit. Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltages and are essential for long-distance power transmission. Key transformer components and the factors that determine efficiency are also outlined.
A transformer is a device that changes alternating current (ac) electric power at one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic field. An ideal transformer is a lossless device that transfers power efficiently between its two windings. A real transformer is modeled using an equivalent circuit that accounts for power losses, including copper losses, eddy current losses, hysteresis losses, and leakage fluxes. The parameters of the equivalent circuit can be determined experimentally using open-circuit and short-circuit tests.
Similar to Induction Heating Theory and Applications (20)
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
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2. Topics
Working Principle of Induction Heating
Induction Coil Equivalent Circuit
Inverter Configurations
Power Control Techniques
Induction Cook-tops
Calculation of Power & Frequency Requirements
Advantages of Induction Heating
Major Components
Matching Transformers
Capacitors
Induction Coils
Applications
3. Working Principle of Induction Heating
Work-coil acts like primary of transformer and generates alternating magnetic
field
Workpiece acts like single turn shorted secondary and eddy currents flow in the
workpiece
Induction heating has two mechanisms of energy dissipation for heating
Joule heating
Heat power due to eddy currents induced in conducting material placed
in changing magnetic field
Ф=μo
Ic
nπ ro
2
, E = -N(ΔФ/Δt), R= ρl/A, P= E2
/R
Sole mechanism of heat generation in Non-magnetic materials like
aluminium, copper, stainless steels, carbon steel above Curie
temperature
Primary mechanism in ferro-magnetic materials below Curie
temperature ( eg carbon steels )
Magnetic hysteresis loss
Secondary mechanism in ferro-magnetic materials below Curie
temperature ( eg carbon steels )
4. Induction Coil design as per the heating requirements of the load
– Depth of Heating => frequency
– Temperature & Duration => Wattage => current, voltage
– Shape => Inductance
Load Matching
Capacitor to correct Coil Inductive Reactance and get unity power factor at
resonance frequency
Matching Transformer for isolation and matching with standard voltage
levels
Inverter for frequency control – typically square wave voltage, sine wave
current due to load resonance
Rectifier for power / voltage level control
Inverter
Block Diagram of Induction Heating System
5. Rp
– work coil resistance
Rs
– secondary eddy current path resistance
in workpiece reflected to primary
Xlp
– work coil reactance
Xls
– secondary eddy current path reactance
in workpiece reflected to primary
Xlg
– secondary air gap reactance between
coil and workpiece reflected to primary
P= I2
x(Rp
+Rs
)
Under no-load only power to overcome
leakage losses is drawn from the supply.
When a lossy work-piece Rs is inserted in
the work-coil the system is damped and
draws power from the source
Max Impedance at fr Min Impedance at fr
6. Inverter Design
To have high and varying current in the work-
coil, an oscillatory circuit ( resonant tank ) is
formed by inductor and capacitor in series or
parallel.
Inverters used are load-resonant
Inverters for series tanks are Voltage Fed
Series Resonant Inverters VFSRI
Inverters for parallel tanks are Current Fed
Parallel Resonant Inverters CFPRI
7. Work-piece Power
Angle betn Inverter
V & I
Capacitive Side Inductive Side
Zero phase shift between
Inverter output V & I at
resonance so no reactive
power is drawn from the
inverter
10. Capacitive Switching fsw
< fres
Diode hard turn-off results in
large reverse recovery current
that creates voltage spikes that
increase EMI, losses and
destruction of semiconductors
All authors recommend that
Capacitive switching be
avoided.
However due to transient or
fault conditions the` system may
operate in this region -work-
piece touches the work-coil
shorting a few windings and
thereby reducing L and
increasing fres
.
Solutions : Use fast recovery
diodes
`
Leading Current at Inverter Output
11. Newer MOSFETs have fast diodes incorporated and
may not need this circuit
12. Contrary to the previous case
Diode turn-off and Switch turn-
on is soft.
Diode turn-on and Switch turn-
off is hard.
Inductive Switching fsw > fres
Inductive reactance dominates
Inductive integrating effect on the
Square wave voltage gives
Triangular wave lagging current
Lagging Current at Inverter Output
13.
14. Multiple Coils have mutual coupling due to proximity resulting in power re-
circulation between the coils making individual current control difficult.
By Synchronizing currents their values can be controlled accurately
Application : Silicon wafer heating with multiple coils for precise temperature
control
15. Inverters with 3 element tanks (LCL)
Drawbacks of Series Tank VFSRI
Current in the semiconductors same as the load
Matching transformer needed between inverter and load thereby increasing cost
and decreasing efficiency
Drawbacks of Series Tank CFPRI
Current in the semiconductors Q times lower than the load
But over-voltage protection systems needed – voltage depends on load, due to
the current source
Advantages of 3 element tank
Voltage Fed inverters can be used
Current in the semiconductors is lower than the load by factor Ls/L
Short Circuit Currents limited by Ls
Stray Lead inductance becomes part of Ls enables inverters to be located at a
distance from the work-coil
In case of operation in the Capacitive Current region due to sudden de-tuning (
due to transient / shorted work-coil ) special commutation circuit does not allow
switches to turn-on while current is flowing through their opposite switch's anti-
parallel diode
16. Frp Frs (operating point)
Two resonant frequencies
Frp
for parallel ckt
Frs
for union with Ls
Non-Zero Phase shift between
voltage and current at resonance
Converter provides reactive
power during normal operation,
increased switch current and
commutation losses
Red Trace = Voltage across tank capacitor (Uc)
Green Trace = Current through matching Inductor Ls (itank)
Phase w.r.t. Inverter Output Voltage
17. Matching Inductors
Prevent circulating currents
Ensure even distribution of load
Limit current in case of faults
Parallel Connection of H-bridge VF LCL Inverter for High Power Applications
19. Power Control Methods
Varying the DC link voltage
Most suitable for square wave inverter
Varying Duty Ratio ( Deadband ) of devices in the inverter
Max power at 50% duty ratio
Heavy commutation losses with high commutating currents due to
hard switching at other duty ratios
Varying the frequency of the inverter
De-tuned to operate in the inductive region
Current lags in phase and diminishes in amplitude
Lagging power factor ensures that devices turn on with zero
voltage across them and there are no free-wheeling diode
recovery problems
However de-tuning on the inductive side means operating at
higher frequencies, so need to ensure that switching losses are
within limits
Increases reactive power drawn from the inverter
20. Adv
Inverter commutating close to resonance frequency so commutation current and losses
are minimum
DisAdv
Power levels not continuous
Care to be taken to avoid saturation of matching transformer
Typically used in Induction Cook-tops
Power Control Methods :
Pulse Density Modulation
22. Induction Cook-top needs ferromagnetic vessels to concentrate the magnetic field
through the vessel and concentrate the current to the surface ( skin effect ) so the
concentrated current sees a narrower path of higher resistance and produces more
heating
Cu and Al are have less permeability so they do not concentrate the magnetic field
resulting in larger skin depth and broader current path, also they have better
conductivity so they have less heat losses that are actually needed here.
By increasing the operating frequency, non ferromagnetic materials like aluminum
and copper can also be used
For lower losses in the coil and optimum use of Copper – the coil is made of Litz wire
consisting of a bunch of individually enameled insulated stands of less than skin
depth in diameter. Strands are twisted so that they are alternatively on the inside and
outside of the wire
23. Temperature Measurement
Thermocouples
Radiation Detection – Optical, IR
Ultrasonic – velocity of sound depends on material's
elastic modulus and density and these properties depend
on temperature
Eddy Current detection using a second low power
inspection coil – to sense reflected workpiece resistance at
various depths by varying the inspection coil's excitation
frequency
Load signature analysis – measuring V, I, phase angle, f of
the main work coil and estimate workpiece resistance and
temperature
24. Calculation of Power Requirements
Power needed to heat workpiece P1=W*C*ΔT
W = weight to be heated
C = specific heat of the material
ΔT = required temperature rise
Heat loss due to radiation P2=Aeσ(T2
4
-T1
4
)
Power loss in Induction Coil P3=I2
*Rc
At high frequency Rc
should incorporate Skin Effect
Total Power required = P1+P2+P3
Overall Heating Efficiency = P1/(P1+P2+P3)
25. Electrical Power in the workpiece
Req calculation in next slide
Considering the voltage across resistance is the first harmonic
of Utank
Thus power delivered to the workpiece can be controlled by
controlling the DC link voltage (Ue
)
Overall System Efficiency depends on
Conversion efficiency of the Power Supply
Matching of Coil+Load with Power Supply
Tuning of Heating Coil and Power Factor Correction
Capacitor
Coupling of Coil and Workpiece
26. Effective Depth of current
carrying layers is given by
Reference Depth or Skin
Depth (d) depends on :
frequency of the
alternating current f
electrical resistivity ρ
relative magnetic
permeability of the
workpiece μ
Induced field strength and current
has reduced to 37% of surface
value
Power density has reduced to 14%
of surface value
Effective resistance of superficial
resistor Rs = ρ/d
27. For Ferro-magnetic material (eg iron )
Permeability μ ~ 100 below Curie Temperature
Permeability μ = 1 above Curie Temperature, so inductance decreases.
So heating depth d is low below Cuire and high above Curie Temp
For Ferro-magnetic materials, the Control Circuit needs to sense the operating
temperature and adjust the frequency above the Curie point so that accurate heating
depth is maintained
28. Operating frequencies range from utility frequency (50 or
60 Hz) to 400 kHz or higher, usually depending on the
material being melted, the capacity (volume) of the furnace
and the melting speed required
Smaller the volume of the melts, the higher the frequency
of the furnace used; this is due to the skin depth which is a
measure of the distance an alternating current can
penetrate beneath the surface of a conductor. For the
same conductivity, the higher frequencies have a shallow
skin depth—that is less penetration into the melt.
Lower frequencies are used for larger volumes and can
also generate stirring or turbulence in the metal.
29. Power Calculation Graphically
from IH equipment supplier
data-sheets
1. Determine Energy Absorption Rate
(Kwh/kg) for given material and target
temperature
2. Multiply Energy Absorption rate by
desired production rate (kg/hour) to get
Power Requirement (KW)
3. Divide the Power Requirement from
step 2 by the material specific efficiency
to get the Total Power Requirement (KW)
31. Advantages of Induction Heating
Fast start-up & Quick heating
Energy Savings – can be turned off often as restarting
is quick
Efficient as heat is generated inside the workpiece
Non-contact, heated material not contaminated
High Production rates
Ease of automation and control
Quiet, safe and clean environment
Low maintenance
Less scale loss
32. Advantages of Non contact Infrared Thermometry
Speed, lack of interference, upto 3000 deg C
Radiation maximum moves towards shorter
wavelengths as temperature increases
Invisible part of the spectrum contains more energy
than the visible part
33. Active Transformers
only active power transferred from primary
Decrease current through the semiconductors
Reactive Transformers
Both Active and reactive power transferred from Primary
Used for low impedance inductors – capacitance and capacitor
current is reduced
Matching Transformers
Despite drawbacks like decrease in
efficiency most modern IH systems
use Matching Transformers
Also provide isolation to the work-
piece besides impedance matching
Typically water cooled transformers
are used – windings are water-cooled
copper tubes – tubes for skin effect
34. Impedance Matching
Work-piece and Work-coil takes large current while Power Source
(Inverter) typically operates at higher voltage and low current.
Matching is done using
Step-down Transformer
Auto-transformer, LCL tank
Coil inductance is matched by Capacitor at resonant frequency to
give unity power factor and maximum heating power to the workpiece
Inductor coil 100kW, 40V, 10,000A ,10KHz
Power Source 100kW, 440V, 350A, 10KHz
Use isolation transformer 440:40 ie 11:1
Current drawn from the Power Source = 10000/11 = 909A beyond
capacity of source
Addition of Capacitor in load circuit to achieve unity power factor
would result in a current requirement of 100KW/440V = 227A
35. A huge current flows through the work-coil and capacitor but inverter has to supply only
relatively low current
Placing the Capacitor nearest to the work-coil reduces the circulating currents in the system
- reduces transformer VA
Placing the Capacitor in the Primary of the transformer - reduces capacitance and capacitor
current but increases the transformer VA
Capacitor are specified in KVAr
KVAr = VI = V2
/(XL
x1000) = (2xπxFxCxV2
)/1000
36. Capacitors in Induction Heating
A very demanding application for Capacitors
Capacitors in the tank circuit must carry 100s ~ 1000s of Amperes of
current at 10s~100s Khz with full voltage reversal every cycle
Operation at high frequencies causes losses due to di-electric heating
and skin effect in conductors
Typically used polypropylene or mica
Conduction cooled or water cooled
37. Work-piece Heating and Work-coil design
involves
Solution of Electromagnetic and Heat Transfer problems
Numerical Computation of the Process
Methods used :
Finite Difference Method FDM
Finite Element Method FEM
Better flexibility for non-standard work-shapes
Mutual Impedance Method MIM
Boundary Element Method BEM
42. Flux addition
due to same
direction of
current
Flux
cancellation
due to
opposite
direction of
current
43.
44. The induced eddy currents form a
complete circuit by flowing around
the back of the tube and then along
the open v-shaped edges to the
point where the tube weld ends
The currents are highly
concentrated at this point resulting
in more heat developed here, this
makes it possible to weld the edges
together without wasting a large
amount of energy elsewhere
Coil length and distance between
the coil and the weld point should
be equal to the internal diameter of
the coil
57. References
1. Doctoral Thesis : Induction heating converter’s design, control and modeling applied to continuous
wire heating - Guillermo Mart´ın Segura, Barcelona, June 2012
2. http://www.richieburnett.co.uk/indheat.html
3. http://www.efd-induction.com/
4. http://celem.com/
5. Handbook of Induction Heating - Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond Cook
6. Elements of Induction Heating Design, Control and Applications S. Zinn, S. L. Semiatin
7. Induction Heating Coil and System Design P. G. Simpson
8. www.raytek.com
9. Induction Heating System Topology Review - AN9012 Fairchild Semiconductor
10. A Fundamental Overview of Heating by Induction - Nathan Rhoades, April 22, 2006
11. https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/
12. https://www.tinycad.net/
This presentation is a compilation of the work from the above references and many more.
Only the 100KW Induction Hardening Machine Circuit Diagrams represents my own work