This presentation was given at a session titled "How indigenous peoples use landscapes approaches to conserve forests: Good practices and challenges for food security and livelihoods" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 6, 2014. The panel focused on the roles and contributions of indigenous women in landscape forest management. Also, the experiences from REDD+ in Asia were shared, linking it with the land use of indigenous peoples.

1. Highlight Pastoralism in the context of food security
and livelihoods
Indigenous Peoples Sustainable Landscape Approach
to Forest Conservation: Good Practices and Challenges
on Food Security and Livelihoods.
Pastoralists Indigenous NGOs Forum – PINGOs Forum : P.O. Box 14437, Arusha Tanzania,
WEBSITE: www.pingosforum.or.tz; email; info@pingosforum.or.tz
6 Dec. from 8:45-10:15 Peru, Lima.

2. Introduction: What is pastoralism
• Indigenous peoples in Tanzania are primarily
pastoralists and hunter-gatherer
• These communities are marginalized from the
main society
• Their contribution to the national economy is
unrecognized. They are characterized by
Human rights violations
• forced eviction
• marginalization in the provision of basic social
services

3. • Pastoralists typically employ multiple herd
management techniques to buffer their losses
in difficult times and ensure their food
security.
– Maasai pastoralists of Tanzania herd a mixture of
cattle, goats and sheep to allow them to take
maximum advantage of available resources in
different ecological niches.

4. TRENDING ISSUES
• Grabbing of grazing land by farmers, tourism
investments disrupted largely the livelihoods of
pastoralists making the food insecure.
• Climate change is affecting P&H-G through
increased variability of seasons which caused
– long droughts leading to serious death of livestock
– decrease amount of grazing and water resources
– increased livestock diseases,
• when these are coupled by restricted livestock
mobility and eviction of pastoralists leads to food
insecurity

5. Contribution to livelihood and food
security:
• They constitute 15,488 households (0.004%) of total
households in Tanzania practice pastoralism while about
40% of households in Tanzania are agro pastoralists.
• Contribution of agriculture to Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) is 45% of which 30% or 13.5% of GDP was
contributed by pastoralism.
• Pastoralist subsist wholly or in part upon their animals,
• They make efficient use of available resources in dry
lands by using livestock to convert grasses and browse
into animal protein to be consumed by people (Pratt and
Gwynne 1977; Dyson-Hudson 1980; Lamprey 1983).

6. • Livestock serve many roles in pastoral society:
– the means and outcomes of production,
– Source of food
– Commodity for exchange
– sources and objects of labor, as values, and
– as social, cultural and capital goods.

7. Changing landscape
• Ecosystem function and sustainability of the
pastoralists system is dependent upon the
availability of adequate land to distribute wet and
dry season grazing pressure.
– If the landscape becomes fragmented or habitat area
is lost, pastoral movement becomes restricted to
smaller areas in which resources may be inadequate,
unpredictable or not diverse enough.
• Pastoral mobility allows pastures that have been
grazed to recover before they are needed again.

8. Climate change
• Climate change is increasing variability, amplifying livelihood
risks.
• The drivers of land use changes are
– population growth, economic expansion, social and environmental
human displacement, and poverty.
• These drivers are creates a complicated set of outcomes for
people, their livestock, the physical and vegetative
environment, and wildlife and ultimately food insecurity.
• Land tenure and environment conservation and climate
related policies form an important context for contemporary
pastoral land-use patterns, as well as for household
economics and livelihoods and food security
• These in turn have strong implications for ecosystem integrity
and sustainability.

9. Land use changes
• Changes in pastoralist access to grazing landscapes are
occurring throughout Tanzania as a result of
– governmental policies,
– political boundary
– land tenure changes,
– livelihood diversification and
– land use changes by both others and pastoralists themselves.
• Traditional social networks and institutions may break down
as communities become less involved in decisions regarding
land management, and as decisions making
• Population growth also interacts with these changes to
impact the per capita land base.

10. Concepts often not supported by
policy and government decisions
• Extensive use of the landscape for pastoralism
is crucial to accessing widespread but necessary
resources in non-equilibrium systems.
• The need of pastoralists for large grazing areas
is complementary with the needs of many of
the wild ungulates that share the pastures
(Nelson 2000).
• Changes in landscape structure may also make
these areas more susceptible to extreme events

11. Unsupported concepts
• Spatial isolation in grazing ecosystems limits the ability of people and
both wild and domestic animals to exploit heterogeneity in vegetation
(Coughenour 2008; Hobbs et al. 2008; Reid et al. 2008).
• It also limits the ability of people and animals to access spatially and
temporally variable water resources.
•
• By limiting access to resources, fragmentation potentially can increase
vulnerability of the environment and livestock (and hence food
insecurity) by decreasing options to avoid risks such as disease, fire and
floods.
• Cultivation may affect the accessibility and availability of resources in
semi-arid landscapes.-(which is the source of current conflicts)
• Loss of habitat to alternative land uses poses a risk to both domestic
and wild species

12. • Thanks so much