The document discusses human-wildlife conflict, which arises from overlapping human and wildlife territories leading to competition for resources. Key issues include crop damage, injuries, and fatalities resulting from encounters with various wildlife species, especially in India. It suggests measures for mitigation, focusing on improving habitats, raising awareness, and implementing protective strategies for both humans and elephants.

2. INTRODUCTION
Human–wildlife conflict refers to the interaction
between wild animals and peoples which results in a
negative impact on people or their resources, or wild
animals or their habitats.
 It occurs when growing human populations overlap
with established wildlife territory which creates competition
for space and resources.

3. HUMANS AND WILDLIFE IN PERSPECTIVE
Types of interactions Humans and wildlife interacted
throughout history
1) exploited wild animals for food
2) exploited animals for sports and culture
3) we have modified landscapes
4) we have moved species around the world

5. Reasons Behind The Human Wildlife Conflict
Deforestation
Loss of Habitat
Decline in Prey
Injured or Old Animal
Growing Human Population

6. Results of Human Wildlife Conflict
• Crop Damage
• Animal Deaths
• Loss of Human Life
• Injuries to People
• Injuries to Wildlife
• Livestock Depredation

7. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT : INDIA
o Almost entire country affected by HWC in varying degrees
o Major species involved are: Leopard, Snow Leopard, Tiger, Wolf,
Elephant, Black Buck , Sloth Bear, Brown Bear, Rhesus and Bonnet
Macaques , Wild Pig .
o There are approximately 85 or fewer people killed and injured by tigers
each year.
o According to the National Geographic Channel documentary Elephant
Range, some 500 people are killed by elephant attacks each year.

8. Human-Elephant Conflict: Case Studies from Odisha
• The animals are being squeezed into smaller and smaller areas
of remaining natural habitat, which are surrounded by crops
that elephants like to eat.
• As a result, elephants frequently raid and destroy the fields.
• There are also deaths and injuries on both sides
• The elephants were killed due to poaching, electrocution, man-
animal conflict and mining related activities in the state like
Odisha, West Bengal, Chattisgarh.

9. • During 2001-02 to 2007-08 elephant depredation
cases have been recorded and compassionate
payment made to the victims or to the
family members of victims.
• 45.56 % was paid in cases of human kill,
• 1.48% in human injury,
• 14.15% in house damage
• 38.66 % in instances of crop damage.
• During this period elephants damaged 23,241 acres of paddy
crop
• Maximum of human deaths recorded during this period were
mostly from keonjhar district, followed by sambalpur and
sundargarh.

10. The following measures need to be undertaken inside
Protected Areas (PAs) to keep the wild elephants in
their natural habitats. The measures include :
• creating more elephant reserves;
• raising / improving fodder resources;
• improving water facilities;
• installing solar electric fencing;
•changing crop pattern around PAs
• Encouraging traditional knowledge and local
innovations and
• To increase awareness campaign among
inhabitants around Elephants habitats and the
common man.

11. REFERENCE:
• Dickman, Amy J. "Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social
factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict." Animal conservation 13.5
(2010): 458-466.
• Manral, Upma, et al. "Human wildlife conflict in India: a review of economic
implication of loss and preventive measures." Indian Forester 142.10 (2016): 928-940.
• Gulati, Sumeet, et al. "Human casualties are the dominant cost of human–wildlife
conflict in India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.8 (2021):
e1921338118.
• Guru, Biplab Kumar, and Amarendra Das. "Cost of human-elephant conflict and
perceptions of compensation: evidence from Odisha, India." Journal of
Environmental Planning and Management 64.10 (2021): 1770-1794.

12. THANK YOU