This document discusses the importance of agricultural biodiversity. It defines agricultural biodiversity as the variety of crops and livestock used in agriculture as well as the genetic diversity within each type. Agricultural biodiversity is the foundation of agriculture as it provides genetic resources and supports ecosystem services. However, modern agriculture has also damaged biodiversity through land conversion and intensification. To address this, farmers need support adopting practices that conserve biodiversity while meeting food demands, such as using diverse crop varieties that are resilient to climate change and pests. Maintaining agricultural biodiversity is crucial for ensuring food security, health, traditional knowledge and adapting to future challenges.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
Thomas Nemecek
FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for
Agroecology and Agriculture, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan Erzinger
FAT Taenikon, Swiss Federal Research Station for
Agricultural Economics and Engineering, 8356
Ettenhausen, Switzerland
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
Thomas Nemecek
FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for
Agroecology and Agriculture, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan Erzinger
FAT Taenikon, Swiss Federal Research Station for
Agricultural Economics and Engineering, 8356
Ettenhausen, Switzerland
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Agroecology: The Foundation for Food System SustainabilityExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Valmonte-Santos, Rowena A. 2023. The CGIAR and Agriculture Sector. PowerPoint presentation given to students of AG 4390/AG 5371: Global Agriculture Leadership Academy. Department of Agriculture, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 22, 2023.
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM AND THER OUTLINE.pptxAfra Jamal
This presentation involves with the ecosystem of agriculture and their properties, components, types, outline, threats, conservation, genetically modified crops and their impacts
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Agroecology: The Foundation for Food System SustainabilityExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Valmonte-Santos, Rowena A. 2023. The CGIAR and Agriculture Sector. PowerPoint presentation given to students of AG 4390/AG 5371: Global Agriculture Leadership Academy. Department of Agriculture, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 22, 2023.
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM AND THER OUTLINE.pptxAfra Jamal
This presentation involves with the ecosystem of agriculture and their properties, components, types, outline, threats, conservation, genetically modified crops and their impacts
Agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Centr...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/europe/events/detail-events/en/c/429132/
Presentation of Michel Pimbert, from Conventry University, illustrating agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Central Asian food and agriculture. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the Regional Symposium on Agroecology in Europe and Central Asia, held in Budapest, Hungary on 23-25 November 2016.
A short booklet that describes how and why Bioversity International carries out research for development in agricultural and tree biodiversity. The booklet gives information about why agricultural and tree biodiversity matters for sustainable development, our strategic initiatives, where we work and our areas of scientific expertise. Find out more on www.bioversityinternational.org
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Organic farming:A prospect for food, environment and livelihood securityMuhammad Shahbaz
Organic agriculture can help achieve food and nutrition security by: Improving traditional agricultural yields without forcing producers into dependence on synthetic inputs, thus outputs per area of marginal land increase and stabilise thanks to higher resilience
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
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Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
1. Agriculture
The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for
the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool,
and other products.
2. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on the Earth and the
variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in
different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or
species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet.
3. Agricultural Biodiversity
• Agricultural biodiversity is a broad term that includes all components
of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture, and all
components of biological diversity that constitute the agricultural
ecosystems, also named agro-ecosystems.
4. Dimensions of Agro biodiversity
• The following dimensions of agricultural biodiversity can be
identified:
1. Genetic resources for food and agriculture:
2. Components of biodiversity that support ecosystem services
3. Abiotic factors
4. Socio-economic and cultural dimensions.
5. Genetic resources for food and agriculture
Plant genetic resources, including crops, wild plants harvested and
managed for food, trees on farms, pasture and rangeland species,
• Animal genetic resources, including domesticated animals, wild
animals hunted for food, wild and farmed fish and other aquatic
organisms,
• Microbial and fungal genetic resources.
6. Components of biodiversity that support ecosystem services
upon which agriculture is based. These include a diverse range of
organisms that contribute, at various scales to, nutrient cycling, pest
and disease regulation, pollination, pollution and sediment regulation,
maintenance of the hydrological cycle, erosion control, and climate
regulation .
7. Abiotic factors
• such as local climatic and chemical factors and the physical structure
and functioning of ecosystems, which have a determining effect on
agricultural biodiversity.
8. Socio-economic and cultural dimensions.
• Agricultural biodiversity is largely shaped and maintained by human
activities and management practices, and a large number of people
depend on agricultural biodiversity for sustainable livelihoods.
• These dimensions include traditional and local knowledge of
agricultural biodiversity, cultural factors and participatory processes,
as well as tourism associated with agricultural landscapes.
9. Importance
• Biodiversity is the basis of agriculture.
• Biodiversity is the origin of all species of crops and domesticated
livestock and the variety within them.
• It is also the foundation of ecosystem services essential to sustain
agriculture and human well-being. Today's crop and livestock
biodiversity are the result of many thousands years of human
intervention.
10. Importance
Biodiversity is essential to
• ensure the production of food, fibre , fuel, fodder...
• maintain other ecosystem services
• allow adaptation to changing conditions - including climate change
• and sustain rural peoples' livelihoods
11. Importance
• Agricultural biodiversity provides humans with food and raw
materials for goods - such as cotton for clothing, wood for shelter and
fuel, plants and roots for medicines, and materials for biofuels - and
with incomes and livelihoods, including those derived from
subsistence farming
12. Importance
• Agricultural biodiversity also performs ecosystem services such as soil
and water conservation, maintenance of soil fertility and biota, and
pollination, all of which are essential to human survival.
13. Importance
• In addition, genetic diversity of agricultural biodiversity provides
species with the ability to adapt to changing environment and evolve,
by increasing their tolerance to frost, high temperature, drought and
water-logging,
• The resistance to particular diseases, pests and parasites for example.
This is particularly important regarding climate change. The evolution
of biodiversity, and therefore both its and our survival, mainly
depends on this genetic diversity.
14. Importance
• The importance of agricultural biodiversity encompasses socio-
cultural, economic and environmental elements. All domesticated
crops and animals result from human management of biodiversity,
which is constantly responding to new challenges to maintain and
increase productivity under constantly varying conditions.
15. What’s The Problem?
• Agriculture has to face two main challenges in relation with
biodiversity
• to sustain agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem services provided
by, and necessary for, agriculture, and
• to mitigate the negative impacts of agricultural systems and practices
on biodiversity which is not used directly whether in the same or
other ecosystems.
16. Solutions
• To address these challenges, agriculture is required to take into
account different drivers of change such as:
• indirect drivers, e.g. demography (and the expected major growth
world population and food demand), economy (e.g. globalization,
market, and trade forces), socio politics (e.g. consumption choices,
and policy, institutional and legal frameworks), and science and
technology.
17. Solutions
• direct drivers, e.g. climate change, natural resource availability (in
particular water), overuse of agricultural chemicals, land-use changes.
• All these drivers contribute to the loss of biodiversity both in
agricultural and other ecosystems, threatening human well-being
18. Evolution of agriculture
• A rapidly growing global human population, and therefore a rapidly
growing world demand for food, coupled with changing production
and consumption patterns have stimulated the evolution of
agriculture from traditional to modern, intensive systems.
19. • However, while modern agriculture has enabled
• food production to increase,
• contributing much to improving food security
• and reducing poverty
20. Damage to Biodiversity
• Agriculture has also been responsible for considerable damage to
biodiversity, primarily through land-use conversion
• It is expected to remain the largest driver of biodiversity loss beyond
2010 and at least to 2050, but also through overexploitation,
intensification of agricultural production systems, excessive chemical
and water use, nutrient loading, pollution and introduction of alien
species.
21. How To Reduce This Damage?
• traditional knowledge is key to both sustain biodiversity and to ensure
global food security, today it is as well considered by many to be part
of the much-threatened global commons.
• Farmers are requested to both preserve biodiversity and contribute
to meet the nutritional needs of a growing population. However, they
do not control all factors involved including those related to
agricultural policies, incentives , markets or consumption patterns,
and therefore need support from government policy.
22. What Needs to be Done?
• assessing the status and trends of the world’s agricultural biodiversity,
the underlying causes of change, and knowledge of management
practices;
• identifying adaptive management techniques, practices and policies;
• building capacity, increasing awareness and promoting responsible
action; and
• mainstreaming national plans and strategies for the conservation and
sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity into relevant agriculture
sectors.
23. WHY AGRO-BIODIVERSITY MATTERS?
• Agricultural biodiversity is the foundation of agriculture
• It is the source of genetic material that is vital to future generations.
• Approximately 940 species of cultivated plants are threatened
globally (Khoshbakht and Hammer, 2007). When a species or the
diversity within a species is lost, we also lose genes that could be
important for improving crops, promoting their resistance to pests
and diseases, or adapting to the effects of climate change.
24. Agricultural biodiversity can provide a cost-effective way for farmers to manage
pests and diseases
• Each year an estimated 10-16% of global harvests are lost to plant disease
(Strange & Scott, 2005; Oerke, 2006). Using diversity allows farmers to limit the
spread of pests and diseases without investing in high chemical inputs.
• For example:
• In the Central Highlands of Vakinankaratra, Madagascar, growing fodder radish
next to rice acts as a natural barrier that significantly reduces the rice damage
caused by the larvae and adults of black Dynastid beetles (Avelino et al, 2011).
• In Uganda, pest and disease damage was substantially reduced when farmers
grew different varieties of common bean with different resistance together.
Growing a combination of varieties together also makes farming systems more
resilient to new pests and diseases (Mulumba et al, 2012).
25. • Agricultural biodiversity gives farmers options to manage climate risks
• All farmers are susceptible to extreme weather events, and many are already feeling the
effects of climate change. Agricultural biodiversity can provide smallholder farmers with
more crop options and help buffer the effects of extreme events such as droughts or
floods.
• For example:
• In Ghana, farmers are planting varieties of crops that mature faster in order to deal with
changes in seasonality and rainfall brought on by climate change (Adjei-Nsiah et al,
2010).
• More and more farmers are also turning to varieties that are more drought-, salt- or
flood-tolerant to cope with changing environmental conditions. In Ethiopia, farmers who
face high rainfall variability plant more teff, barley and grass pea rather than wheat and
lentils (Haile Abreha, 2007). They also respond to high rainfall variability by sowing
different varieties of the same crop species (Di Falco et al, 2010).
26. • Agricultural biodiversity can contribute to health and nutrition
• We know of 7000 plant species in the world that are edible, but over 50% of our
plant-derived calories come from only 3 species: rice, wheat and maize (FAO,
1997).
A diverse diet is the basis of food pyramids and nutrition guidelines around the
world. A healthy diet includes multiple food groups, made of diverse foods. The
heavy reliance on a narrow diversity of food crops puts future food and nutrition
security at risk.
Nutrient content varies among species and among varieties within a species.
• For example:
Minor millets have protein levels close to that of wheat and are rich in B vitamins,
calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc. Yet they account for less than 1%
of the food grains produced in the world (FAO, 1995). Millets are resilient plants
that require little water and are mostly grown in marginal areas where major
cereals would fail.
27. • Agricultural biodiversity can play a role in sustaining soil health, food and
habitat for important pollinators and natural pest predators that are vital to
agricultural production
• Different crop species and varieties require different minerals, soils and amounts
of water to thrive in. Traditional farming techniques based on diversity, such as
crop rotation, ensure that the soil has time to regenerate and maintain health
over time.
• Diverse crops and land use also attracts and sustains a variety of pollinators that
contribute to the production of over 80% of crops traded on the world market
(Klein et al, 2007).
• It also provides conditions for natural pest predators that help farmers save on
insecticide costs, such as ladybeetles that eat cotton aphids – valued at US$4.96
saved for every additional ladybeetle per 100 cotton plants according to a study
in China (Zhou et al, 2013).
28. • Agricultural biodiversity plays an important part in maintaining
cultural identity and tradition
• For example:
• In the Indian state of Maharashtra alone, around 1,600 flowering
plants are used in traditional medicine, many of which are threatened
with extinction. Much of this diversity is preserved in ‘sacred groves’
and women are often the ones who retain knowledge of their uses
(UNDP Equator Initiative 2012).
• In Benin, 245 species of traditional vegetables are used by
communities all over the country as a source of food, nutrition and
medicine (Achigan-Dako et al, 2010).
29. • Experience and research have shown that agro biodiversity can:
• * Increase productivity, food security, and economic returns
* Reduce the pressure of agriculture on fragile areas, forests and
endangered species
* Make farming systems more stable, robust, and sustainable
* Contribute to sound pest and disease management
* Conserve soil and increase natural soil fertility and health
* Diversify products and income opportunities
* Reduce or spread risks to individuals and nations
* Help maximize effective use of resources and the environment
* Reduce dependency on external inputs
* Improve human nutrition and provide sources of medicines and vitamins,
* Conserve ecosystem structure and stability of species diversity.