The document discusses health indicators which are variables used to measure changes in health status and the health system. It describes the characteristics of ideal indicators, such as being valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible and relevant. It then categorizes and provides examples of different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, disability, nutritional status, health care delivery, utilization rates, social/mental health, environmental, socioeconomic, health policy, and quality of life indicators. The document emphasizes that indicators should help monitor and evaluate health programs and allocate resources to improve health.
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The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-Support-System-101733164924592
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsupportsystem_nursing/
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#indicatorsofhealth, #mortalityhindicators,#morbidityindicators, #crudedeathrate,#maternalmortalityrate, #communityhealthnursing #anm,#gnm,#bscnursing, #nursingstudents, #nursingtutor
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
unit.1- introduction to community health.pptxVeena Ramesh
the content briefs out about community health nursing basic knowledge, information about PHC and prevention of diseases there by promoting the health of individuals especially in the community
A comprehensive presentation about community dentistry, health , definition, dimensions, different concepts, and indicators of health. Disease, its concepts, iceberg concept of disease. Concepts of control.
Infections, stages of infectious process, active immunity and passive immunity, difference between two.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
unit.1- introduction to community health.pptxVeena Ramesh
the content briefs out about community health nursing basic knowledge, information about PHC and prevention of diseases there by promoting the health of individuals especially in the community
A comprehensive presentation about community dentistry, health , definition, dimensions, different concepts, and indicators of health. Disease, its concepts, iceberg concept of disease. Concepts of control.
Infections, stages of infectious process, active immunity and passive immunity, difference between two.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. INDICATORS
Indicators are required to measure :
the health status of community
to compare the health status of one country with that of
another
for assessment of health care needs
for allocation of scarce resources
and for monitoring and evaluation of health services,
activities and programmes.
Indicators help to manage the extent to which the
objectives and targets of a programmes are being attained.
2
3. WHAT IS A HEALTH INDICATOR
• Indicators are only an indication of a given situation or a
reflection of that situation.
• According to WHO guidelines for health programme
evaluation; Indicators are defined as “variables which
help to measure changes.”
3
4. WHAT IS A HEALTH INDICATOR
• Often they are used when these changes cannot be
measured directly, as for example health or nutritional
status.
• If measured sequentially over time they can indicate
direction and speed of change and serves to compare
different areas and groups of people at the same
moment in time.
4
6. What is an ideal Indicator
1. Valid: They should actually measure what they are
supposed to measure
2. Reliable: The answers should be the same if measured
by different people in similar circumstances.
3. Sensitive: They should be sensitive in the situation
concerned
4. Specific: They should reflect changes only in the
situation concerned
5. Feasible: They should have the ability to obtain data
needed
6. Relevant: They should contribute to the understanding
of the phenomenon of interest.
6
7. CLASSIFICATION OF
HEALTH INDICATORS
1. Mortality Indicators.
2. Morbidity Indicators.
3. Disability Rates
4. Nutritional Status Indicators
5. Health care delivery indicators
6. Utilization rates
7. Indicators of social and mental health
8. Environmental health
9. Socioeconomic Indicators
10. Health policy Indicators
11. Indicators Of quality of life
12. Other Indicators 7
8. 1. MORTALITY INDICATORS
a) Crude death rate: It is defined as the number of deaths
per 1000 population per year in a given community.
b) Expectation Of life: It is defined as the average number
of years that will be lived by those born alive into a
population if the current age- specific mortality rate
persists.
8
9. 1. MORTALITY INDICATORS
c) Infant mortality Rate: It is defined as the ratio of deaths
under one year of age in a given year to the total number
of live births in the same year; usually expressed as a rate
per 1000 live births.
d) Child mortality rate: It is defined as the number of
deaths at ages 1-4 years in a given year, per 1000 children
in that age group at the mid point of the year concerned.
9
10. 1. MORTALITY INDICATORS
e) Under 5 proportionate mortality rate: It is proportion
of total deaths occurring in the under 5- age group.
f) Maternal ( Puerperal ) mortality rate: It accounts for
the greatest proportion of deaths among women of
reproductive age in most of the developing world,
although its importance is not always evident from
official statistics.
10
11. 1. MORTALITY INDICATORS
g) Disease- specific mortality rate: Mortality rates can be
computed for specific diseases
h) Proportional mortality rate: The simplest measure to
determine the burden of a disease in the community i.e the
proportion of all deaths currently attributed to it.
11
12. 2. MORBIDITY INDICATORS
a) Incidence and prevalence
b) Notification rates
c) Attendance rates at out patient departments, health
centres etc,
d) Admission, readmission and discharge rates
e) Duration of stay at hospital
f) Spells of sickness or absence from work or school.
12
13. 3.DISABILITY RATES
• Disability rates are based on the premise or notion that
health implies a full range of daily activities. The
commonly used disability rates fall into two groups.
a) Event –type Indicators
b) Person-type indicators
13
14. 3. DISABILITY RATES (cont)
a) Event Type Indicators:
Number of days of restricted activity
Bed disability days
Work- loss days (or school loss days) within a specified
period
b) Person-type Indicators:
Limitation of mobility: confined to bed, confined to
home
Limitation of activity: limitation to perform the basic
activities of daily living e.g, washing, dressing, and
limitation to perform major activity, e.g, ability to work
at job 14
15. Sullivan’s Index
• Sullivan’s index ( Expectation of life free of disability) is
computed by subtracting from the life expectancy the
probable duration of bed disability and inability to
perform major activities, according to cross sectional
data from the population surveys.
15
16. • HALE (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy)
The name of indicator used to measure healthy
life expectancy has been changed from Disability -
adjusted life expectancy (DALE) to Health -
adjusted life expectancy(HALE)
Hale is based on life expectancy at birth but
includes an adjustment for time spent in poor
health.
It is most easily understood as the equivalent
number of years in full health that a new born
can expect to live based on current rates of
illness-health and mortality.
16
17. • DALY (Disability- Adjusted Life Years)
Is the measure of the burden of a disease in a defined
population and the effectiveness of the interventions.
DALYS express years of life lost to premature death
and years lived with disability.
One DALY is “one lost year of a healthy life”.
17
18. 4. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INDICATORS
a) Anthropometric measurements of preschool children,
e.g; weight and height, mid-arm circumference
b) Heights (and some weights) of children at school entry
c) Prevalence of low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg)
18
19. 5. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
INDICATORS
a) Doctor-population ratio
b) Doctor-nurse ratio
c) Population bed ratio
d) Population per health sub centre
e) Population per traditional birth attendant
These indicators reflect the equity of distribution of
health resources in different parts of the country and of
the provision of health care.
19
20. 6. UTILIZATION RATES
• Utilization of services or actual coverage is expressed as
the proportion of people in need of a service who
actually receive it in a given period, usually a year.
• Utilization rates give some indication of the care needed
by a population, and therefore the health status of the
population.
• A relationship exists between utilization of health care
services and health needs and status.
20
21. • Examples of few Utilization Rates:
a) Proportion of infants who are fully immunized against
the EPI diseases.
b) Proportion of pregnant women who receive antenatal
care, or have their deliveries supervised by a trained
birth attendant
c) Percentages of the population using the various
methods of family planning
d) Bed-occupancy rate (i.e. average daily in-patient
census/average number of beds)
e) Average length of stay (i.e. days of care rendered
discharges)
f) bed-turn over ratio (i.e. discharges/ average beds)
21
22. 7. INDICATORS OF SOCIAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
As long as valid positive indicators of social and
mental health are scarce, it is necessary to use
indirect measures like indicators of social and mental
pathology. These include:
Suicide, homicide, other acts of violence and other
crime, road traffic accidents, juvenile delinquency,
alcohol and drug abuse.
To these may be added family violence, battered
baby, battered wife syndrome, and neglected youth
in the neighbourhood.
22
23. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
• These Indicators reflect the quality of physical and
biological environment in which diseases occur and in
which people live.
• They include Indicators relating to pollution of air and
water, radiation, solid wastes, noise, exposure to toxic
substances in food or drink.
• Proportion of population having safe water and
sanitation facilities.
23
24. 9. SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
• These Indicators do not directly measure health. They are
of importance in interpretation of indicators of health
care. These include:
a) Rate of population increase
b) Per capita GNP
c) Level of unemployment
d) Dependency ratio
e) Literacy rate, especially female literacy rate
f) Family size
g) Housing, the number of persons per room
h) Per capita calorie availability 24
25. 10.HEALTH POLICY INDICATORS
• Single most important indicator:
a) Allocation of adequate resources.
• Relative Indicators:
a) Proportion of GNP spent on health services
b) Proportion of GNP spent on health related
activities. (Water supply and sanitation,
housing and nutrition, community
development)
c) Proportion of total health resources devoted to
primary health care.
25
26. 11. INDICATORS OF
QUALITY OF LIFE
• Quality of life is difficult to define and even more difficult
to measure. Various attempts have been made to reach
one composite index from a number of health indicators.
• “Physical Quality of Life Index” is one such index, it
consolidates three Indicators:
a) Infant mortality
b) Life expectancy at age one
c) Literacy
26
27. 12. OTHER INDICATOR SERIES
A. SOCIAL INDICATORS (12 categories By United Nations)
1. Population
2. family formation
3. families and house holds
4. learning and educational services
5. earning activities
6. distribution of income
7. consumption and accumulation
8. social security and welfare services
9. health services and nutrition
10. housing and its environment
11. public order and safety
12. time use
13. leisure and culture
14. social stratification and mobility 27
28. 12. OTHER INDICATOR SERIES
B. BASIC NEED INDICATORS:
Those mentioned in “basic needs performance” which
includes:
1. Calorie consumption
2. Access to water
3. Life expectancy
4. Deaths due to diseases
5. Illiteracy
6. Doctors and nurses per population
7. Rooms per person
8. GNP per capita.
28
29. 12. OTHER INDICATOR SERIES
C. HEALTH FOR ALL INDICATORS:
• For monitoring progress for goal of Health for all by
2000 AD, WHO categorizes four Indicators:
1. Health policy Indicators
2. Social and economic indicators related to
health
3. Indicators for provision of health care
4. health status indicators
29
30. 12. OTHER INDICATOR SERIES
D. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS:
• The MDG’S adopted by United Nations in the year 2000,
provides an opportunity for concerned action to improve
global health.
• It has eight goals, eighteen targets and forty eight
Indicators.
30