The slide gives a brief overview of the health indicators and indices used in India.

1. health
indicators
and indices

2. India, a diverse nation with a population exceeding 1.3 billion, grapples with
myriad health challenges and disparities. Understanding the health status of
its populace and monitoring progress towards better health outcomes is
essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and public health
practitioners. Health indicators and indices serve as invaluable tools in this
endeavour, providing insights into various facets of health ranging from
mortality rates to access to healthcare services.
introduction
Measuring and monitoring health indicators are important to provide a
foundation for measuring inequalities and guide evidence-based decision-
making in public health.

3. the concept of
“Health is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
health
In 1986, the WHO Trusted Source made
further clarifications:
“A resource for everyday life, not the objective
of living. Health is a positive concept
emphasizing social and personal resources, as
well as physical capacities.”

4. indicators
defining the
Every health indicator is an estimate (a measurement with some degree of
imprecision) of a given health dimension in a target population.
Measure - applying scale to a variable/set of
variables | Measuring Health Variable - two-
level:
• direct individual observation
• observation of population group
These measurements are used to produce
population-based measurements
• Aggregate Measure
• Ecological/Environmental
• Global - Contextual Indicators
• Indicators are considered positive when they
have a direct relationship with healthiness.
The higher the indicator value, the better the
state of health of the people in the population
being studied.
• Indicators are considered negative when they
have an inverse relationship with healthiness.
The higher the indicator value, the worse the
state of health of the people in the population
being studied.

5. • evaluate social inequalities in health
• describe health care needs in a population and the disease burden in
specific population groups.
• anticipate results about the state of health (forecast) of a population or
a group of patients (prognosis).
• facilitate an understanding of why some individuals in a population
are healthy and others are not.
• provide feedback to improve decision-making in various systems and
sectors.
• show the results of health interventions
• serve as tools to support or oppose particular ideas and ideologies in
different historical and cultural contexts
indicators
uses of health

6. Measurability and Feasibility - availability of data to measure the indicator
Validity - ability of an indicator to measure what it is intended to measure
Timeliness - indicators should be compiled and reported at the proper time, for health-
related decision-making
Replicability - measurements should be the same when made by different people using
the same method
Sustainability - qualities needed for the indicator to be usable over a while.
Relevance and Importance - indicators must provide information that is appropriate
and useful for guiding policies and programs as well as for decision-making
Comprehensible - must be understood by those responsible for taking action, and,
specifically, by those responsible for decision-making
indicators
attributes of health

7. an ideal indicator should
be valid, reliable,
sensitive, and specific
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDICATOR/INDICATORS
reflect the
changes

8. • Mortality Indicator
• Morbidity Indicator
• Disability Rates
• Nutritional Status Indicator
• Healthy Care Delivery Indicators
• Utilization Rates
• Indicators of Social & Mental Health
• Environmental Indicators
• Socio‐economic Indicators
• Healthy Policy Indicators
• Indicators of Quality of Life
indicators
types of

9. Mortality data are a fundamental source of demographic, geographic and
cause-of-death information. This data is used to quantify health problems as
well as to define or monitor health priorities and goals.
indicators:
indicator
mortality
CRUDE DEATH RATE: It indicates the rate at which people are dying. It is defined
as the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population, and is calculated using the
formula:
Number of deaths in a year/mid-year population x 1000
INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR): It refers to the number of deaths of infants
(below one year of age) in a year per 1,000 live births.
Number of deaths of children <1 year of age in a year/No. of live births x 1000

10. CHILD MORTALITY RATE: refers to the premature deaths of any child under the
age of 5 years old.
Number of deaths of children aged 1-4 years during a year/Total no. of children
aged 1- 4 years x 1,000
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE: The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live
births in a given year.
Number of maternal deaths / Number of live births x 100,000
DISEASE – SPECIFIC MORTALITY: It is the simplest method of calculating the
disease burden in a society.
Mortality rates can be computed for particular diseases.
The number of deaths due to a specific disease is expressed in terms of 1,000 or
1,00,000 population depending upon the number of deaths due to that disease

11. indicator
morbidity
Morbidity indicators are designed to measure the occurrence
of diseases, injuries, and disabilities in populations.
used for assessing ill health in community are:
INCIDENCE: It refers to the occurrence of new cases in a specified population
within a specified time frame.
Incidence rate: No. of new cases of a specific disease during a given
period/population at risk X 1,000
PREVALENCE: Refers to the number of existing cases of a particular disease
at one point in time, in a defined population.
Attendance rates at out-patient departments, and health centres.
Admission, readmission, and discharge rates.

12. 1 2
3
4
5
6
SULLIVAN’S INDEX
– Expectation of life free of
disability
EVENT TYPE INDICATORS
Number of days of restricted
activity – Bed disability days –
Work‐loss days within a specified
period
DALY (Disability Adjusted
Life Year)
The number of years lost due to
ill health or disability
PERSON‐TYPE INDICATOR
Limitation of mobility –
Limitation of activity (ADL)
HALE (Health Adjusted Life
Expectancy)
The equivalent number of years in
full health that a newborn can expect
to live based on current rates of ill
health and mortality.
QALY (Quality Adjusted Life
Year)
Number of years of life that
would be added by a medical
intervention.
indicator
disability

13. indicator
Indicators - stunting, wasting, overweight and
underweight are used to measure nutritional
imbalance. Child growth is internationally
recognized as an important indicator of nutritional
status and health in populations.
Prevalence of PEM in the under-
fives
Prevalence of Low Birth Weight
Protein Energy Malnutrition
(PEM)
nutritional Prevalence of Vitamin A
Deficiency
a deficiency disease caused in the
infants due to 'Food Gap' between the
intake and requirement

14. CURRENT
STATISTICS
1,428,627,663
PERSONS
Population
IN THE 2023 GLOBAL
HUNGER INDEX,
INDIA RANKS 111TH
OUT OF THE 125
countries with
sufficient data to
calculate 2023 GHI
scores. A score of 28.7
on the 2023 Global
Hunger Index Indicates
the level of hunger that
is serious.

15. India
NFHS-6 (2023-2024)
health in
• It provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India and each state
and union territory
• Conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(MoHFW), Government of India. MoHFW designated the International Institute for
Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. Fund for NFHS-6 is provided by the
Government of India.
1.Questions related to anaemia have been dropped from the NFHS-6
2.The survey will not have questions related to Disability

16. conclusion
In summary, indicators play a critical role in turning data into relevant information for
decision-makers in public health. Health indicators are relevant to define the health-
related goals to be pursued by national health authorities.
Examining health indicators and indices in India reveals a multifaceted landscape
marked by progress, challenges, and opportunities. While strides have been made in
improving certain metrics such as life expectancy and maternal mortality rates,
persistent disparities exist across regions, socio-economic groups, and genders. Key
health indices like the HDI, NCDI, and SDG Index offer valuable insights into the
broader health and development context.

17. reference
1.Anon (2018). Health Indicators: Conceptual and Operational Considerations. Pan American Health
Organization & World Health Organization America. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49056
2.Tripathi, S., Pathak, V. K., & Lahariya, C. (2023). Key findings from NFHS-5 India report: Observing
Trends of Health Indicators between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Journal of Family Medicine and
Primary Care, 12(9), 1759–1763. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_377_23
3.Das A. (2023). NITI Aayog Health Indicator and Mental Health System of India: A Critical Analysis
and Future Direction. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 76–79.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176211072249

18. Thank
You!
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