In vitro Fertilization- IVF is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART).In this special medical techniques are used to help a woman become pregnant. IVF, coupled with embryo transfer, in humans is aimed to enable couples suffering from certain types of sterility to have children.
Babies developed from this approach are known as "test-tube babies."
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium before being inserted into the uterus.
Egg freezing, also known as oocyte cryopreservation, is a great advancement in technology allowing women to preserve their fertility and their eggs. These eggs, once removed from the body are frozen using special techniques and can be used to make babies by the process of IVF when the woman desires.
This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans.
There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc.
Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.
process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation.this presentation will clear you about slow freezing rapid freezing and vitrification method of embryo freezing.
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium before being inserted into the uterus.
Egg freezing, also known as oocyte cryopreservation, is a great advancement in technology allowing women to preserve their fertility and their eggs. These eggs, once removed from the body are frozen using special techniques and can be used to make babies by the process of IVF when the woman desires.
This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans.
There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc.
Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.
process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation.this presentation will clear you about slow freezing rapid freezing and vitrification method of embryo freezing.
Hegde Fertility Centre offers the most advanced and efficient infertility treatments with the primary goal of being a centre par excellence that is focused on bringing avant-garde facilities, state-of-the-art labs, highly trained experts, and a dedicated caring staff for fulfilling a couple’s desire of having a baby. A team of embryologists, infertility consultants, and reproductive surgery specialists work together to provide a wide range of treatments from basic infertility care to the most advanced procedures to gift the joy of parenthood for couples. For more details visit https://hegdefertility.com
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. In-vitro fertilization and
Embryo Transfer
SUBMITTED BY – Kritika Joshi
MSc Biotechnology
3rd Sem
Roll no- 201632
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.
2. COMMON
TERMS
1. FERTILIZATION - defined as the union of two haploid
gametes, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, to restore the
diploid state and form a zygote through the process of egg
activation and a series of mitotic divisions that results in
cell differentiation and embryo development.
2. INFERTILITY- a disease of the male or female
reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a
pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected
sexual intercourse.
3. IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION- In vitro fertilization
(IVF) is the union of a woman's egg and a man's
sperm outside the female body, in a laboratory dish or a
culture vessel.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.
3. Causes of Infertility that can be treated by
IVF-
Endometriosis
Low sperm counts (oligospermia)
Problems with the uterus or fallopian tubes
Problems with ovulation
Tubal infertility
Lack of motile sperms (azoospermia)
Antibody problems that harm sperm or eggs
The inability of sperm to penetrate or survive in the cervical mucus
Poor egg quality
Genetic disease of mother or father
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.
4. IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
• IVF is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART).
• In this special medical techniques are used to help a
woman become pregnant.
• IVF, coupled with embryo transfer, in humans is aimed to
enable couples suffering from certain types of sterility to
have children.
• Babies developed from this approach are known as "test-
tube babies."
• The first Test Tube baby was born on July 25, 1987 and was
named as Loise Joy Brown.
• Since its introduction in the U.S. in 1981, 1.9% of all babies
in the U.S. are born through IVF.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
5. STEPS OF IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
The In-Vitro Fertilization process includes five key steps-
6. 1- Ovarian
stimulation
• Whether you are using your eggs or an egg donor, doctor will prescribe injectable
hormones or other medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce several eggs
instead of just one egg that normally develops each month (superovulation).
• Different fertility medication like clomiphene to stimulate ovarian follicles ranging
from a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), that help eggs mature and prepare the
lining of your uterus to hold the fertilized egg , HCG for preventing the inhibition of
luteinising hormone, etc are used.
• Typically occurs over 10 days before your eggs are ready for collection.
• Regular monitoring should be done.
• ADVANTAGE OF SUPEROVULATION- helps increase the chances of having at least
one viable embryo to use during the IVF procedure.
• DISADVANTAGE- increased risk of abnormal pregnancy.
IVF
procedure
.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.
7. 2- Egg retrieval/Collection of
oocytes
• Critical to determine the time of ovulation precisely before egg
retrieval.
• Time of ovulation is estimated on the basis of temperature
chart, change in cervical mucus score , level of Oestrogen and
LH in blood or urine and by determination of follicle size.
• Oocytes can be collected by laproscopic equipment that
permits visualization of ovary by monitor, aspiration of follicular
fluid having oocyte and surgical manipulation of ovaries.
• ADVANTAGES OF LAPROSCOPY-
minimum surgical intervention, very little damage to ovary and
is convenient.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.
8. 3- Insemination/
Collection of
Sperms
• The semen is collected about 60-90 min prior to fertilization,
liquefied and centrifuged.
• The sperm pellet so formed is resuspended in culture medium
and incubated for 30-60 min at 37°C.
• A sample is taken from the surface of medium for fertilization
• The man's sperm is placed together with the best quality eggs.
The mixing of the sperm and egg is called insemination.
• 10,000-50,000 sperms are added to 100 micro litre to 1ml of
culture media.
• In case of oligospermia and azoospermia , sperm may be
collected from donor.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.
9. 4- In-Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Culture-
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.
10. 5- Embryo Transfer
• In vitro fertilized embryos of 1-16 cells are transferred into uterus
• Best stage for transfer is 2-4 cell stage.
• Embryo is transferred into uterus through cervical canal by teflon catheter.
• Small amount (about 10 microlitre) of culture medium is transferred along with
embryo.
• A prolonged in vitro culture of embryos reduces their survival rate, while younger are
less likely to survive in uterine environment.
• Transfer of multiple embryos in single uterus increases the chances of survival but may
lead to multiple pregnancy.
• In case the uterus of female desiring to have a baby is nonfunctional or
absent , surrogate mother may be used.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
11.
12. Major
points/factors affecting success
rate of IVF-
• The Quality of Egg, Sperm, and Embryo
• Collection of oocyte and embryo transfer should be done
with extreme care to avoid fallopian tube pregnancy and
the expulsion of transferred embryo from uterus.
• Correct stage of menstrual cycle should also be monitored.
• Incubation of oocyte and semen should be done properly.
• Couples who have a high risk of passing a genetic
(hereditary) disorder to a child may consider pre-
implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
• Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocol
• Uterine or Endometrial Receptivity
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.
13. ADVANTAGES-
• Can overcome both male and female infertility.
• Assist Women Who Have Had Premature Ovarian Failure
• IVF helps to maximize the chance of conceiving among older patients
• No human intervention in fertilization.
• Safe Track Record
DISADVANTAGES-
• Side Effects and Risks Associated With IVF.
• Women Can Have A Slightly Higher Chance Of Ectopic Pregnancy.
• IVF Is Not Always A Success.
• Costly
• Involves laproscopic surgery.
