A genetic preservation serves as an insurance policy for breeders and owners of valuable cattle by enabling them to extend and develop a specific bloodline when additional production is needed or untimely losses or reproductive inabilities occur.
This document discusses germplasm conservation through plant tissue culture and biotechnology. It defines germplasm as the hereditary material or total genes inherited by offspring. Conservation of germplasm is important for breeding programs. Methods of conservation include in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats and ex-situ conservation through seed banks or tissue culture. Tissue culture offers advantages over other ex-situ methods as it allows for clonal multiplication and storage of plants free from hazards. Cryopreservation, the storage of living cells at sub-zero temperatures in liquid nitrogen, is also discussed as an important method for long-term conservation.
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
This document discusses ex situ conservation methods for plant genetic resources, focusing on field gene banks and seed banks. Field gene banks involve growing plant collections in artificial ecosystems for study and comparison. Seed banks preserve seeds at low temperatures and moisture levels for long-term conservation, though only seeds from orthodox species can be stored this way. Cryopreservation allows storage of seeds, pollen, or embryos in liquid nitrogen for even longer preservation periods. Both methods have advantages like easy access to materials and large storage capacity, but field gene banks are costly to maintain and exposed to threats, while seed banks cannot store recalcitrant species.
Genetic material of plants which is of value as a resource for present and future generations of people is referred to as plant genetic resources.
The whole library of different alleles of a species or sum total of genes in a species is known as gene pool, also called germplasm, genetic stock and genetic resources.
The term gene pool was coined by Dobzhansky in 1951.
The term germplasm was first used by Weismann in 1883.
This document discusses several applications of plant tissue culture, including clonal propagation to produce genetically identical copies of plants, synthetic seed production, somatic hybridization to create hybrids between sexually incompatible plants, and cryopreservation for long-term germplasm storage. Clonal propagation is used in horticulture and forestry to multiply desirable traits from a single donor plant. Synthetic seeds encapsulate somatic embryos to allow for disease-free propagation of asexually reproducing plants. Somatic hybridization uses isolated protoplasts to create hybrids and introduce traits from wild plants to crops. Cryopreservation stores plant tissues and organs at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen for long-term conservation of plant germplasm.
Germplasm conservation involves maintaining genetic resources through both in situ and ex situ methods. In situ conservation maintains species in their natural habitats through reserves and protected areas. Ex situ conservation preserves genetic material outside its natural habitat, including through seed banks, field gene banks, and cryopreservation. Cryopreservation involves storing plant materials at ultra-low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen at -196°C, to preserve genetic resources indefinitely with minimal space and labor requirements. The process includes pretreatment with cryoprotectants, controlled freezing and thawing, then assessing post-thaw viability.
Cryopreservation and germplasm preservation in plants involves storing biological material at ultra-low temperatures to conserve it for long periods of time. Cryopreservation can be used to store tissues, cell cultures, embryos and transgenic products in liquid nitrogen. It requires minimal space and upkeep. Germplasm preservation aims to conserve genetic diversity and can be done through in-situ or ex-situ methods. In-situ involves preserving plants in their natural habitats while ex-situ involves storing seeds or tissues in gene banks. Both approaches help protect valuable genetic traits and endangered plant species.
A genetic preservation serves as an insurance policy for breeders and owners of valuable cattle by enabling them to extend and develop a specific bloodline when additional production is needed or untimely losses or reproductive inabilities occur.
This document discusses germplasm conservation through plant tissue culture and biotechnology. It defines germplasm as the hereditary material or total genes inherited by offspring. Conservation of germplasm is important for breeding programs. Methods of conservation include in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats and ex-situ conservation through seed banks or tissue culture. Tissue culture offers advantages over other ex-situ methods as it allows for clonal multiplication and storage of plants free from hazards. Cryopreservation, the storage of living cells at sub-zero temperatures in liquid nitrogen, is also discussed as an important method for long-term conservation.
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
This document discusses ex situ conservation methods for plant genetic resources, focusing on field gene banks and seed banks. Field gene banks involve growing plant collections in artificial ecosystems for study and comparison. Seed banks preserve seeds at low temperatures and moisture levels for long-term conservation, though only seeds from orthodox species can be stored this way. Cryopreservation allows storage of seeds, pollen, or embryos in liquid nitrogen for even longer preservation periods. Both methods have advantages like easy access to materials and large storage capacity, but field gene banks are costly to maintain and exposed to threats, while seed banks cannot store recalcitrant species.
Genetic material of plants which is of value as a resource for present and future generations of people is referred to as plant genetic resources.
The whole library of different alleles of a species or sum total of genes in a species is known as gene pool, also called germplasm, genetic stock and genetic resources.
The term gene pool was coined by Dobzhansky in 1951.
The term germplasm was first used by Weismann in 1883.
This document discusses several applications of plant tissue culture, including clonal propagation to produce genetically identical copies of plants, synthetic seed production, somatic hybridization to create hybrids between sexually incompatible plants, and cryopreservation for long-term germplasm storage. Clonal propagation is used in horticulture and forestry to multiply desirable traits from a single donor plant. Synthetic seeds encapsulate somatic embryos to allow for disease-free propagation of asexually reproducing plants. Somatic hybridization uses isolated protoplasts to create hybrids and introduce traits from wild plants to crops. Cryopreservation stores plant tissues and organs at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen for long-term conservation of plant germplasm.
Germplasm conservation involves maintaining genetic resources through both in situ and ex situ methods. In situ conservation maintains species in their natural habitats through reserves and protected areas. Ex situ conservation preserves genetic material outside its natural habitat, including through seed banks, field gene banks, and cryopreservation. Cryopreservation involves storing plant materials at ultra-low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen at -196°C, to preserve genetic resources indefinitely with minimal space and labor requirements. The process includes pretreatment with cryoprotectants, controlled freezing and thawing, then assessing post-thaw viability.
Cryopreservation and germplasm preservation in plants involves storing biological material at ultra-low temperatures to conserve it for long periods of time. Cryopreservation can be used to store tissues, cell cultures, embryos and transgenic products in liquid nitrogen. It requires minimal space and upkeep. Germplasm preservation aims to conserve genetic diversity and can be done through in-situ or ex-situ methods. In-situ involves preserving plants in their natural habitats while ex-situ involves storing seeds or tissues in gene banks. Both approaches help protect valuable genetic traits and endangered plant species.
This document discusses different methods of germplasm conservation including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation involves protecting genetic resources in their natural habitats through national parks, biosphere reserves, gene sanctuaries and sacred forests. Ex situ conservation involves maintaining genetic resources outside their natural habitats through seed banks, gene banks, tissue culture, cryopreservation and botanical gardens. The document provides details on various types of in situ and ex situ conservation methods.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Conservation and preservation of germplasmIñnøcènt ÅñDi
The document discusses germplasm conservation, including both ex situ and in situ methods. Ex situ conservation involves maintaining genetic resources outside their natural habitat, such as in seed banks, field gene banks, DNA banks, botanical gardens, and through in vitro and cryopreservation methods. In situ conservation preserves species in their natural environments through biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and on-farm conservation. Cryopreservation is described as a method to bring plant cells and tissues to a zero metabolism state through freezing at very low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
This document discusses methods for conserving medicinal plants, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation involves protecting plants in their natural habitats through methods like establishing nature reserves, wild nurseries, and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation involves collecting and preserving plants outside their natural habitats, such as in botanical gardens, seed banks, and through biotechnology techniques like tissue culture and cryopreservation. Overall, the document outlines various strategies for conserving medicinal plants and their genetic diversity both within and outside of natural habitats.
Cryopreservation is a method for long-term conservation of plant genetic resources by storing plant materials like seeds, tissues, cells, pollen, etc. at ultra-low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. This preserves the viability and genetic integrity of the materials. There are several advantages like maintaining a large number of accessions in a small space and providing pathogen-free plant materials. Successful cryopreservation involves pretreatment with cryoprotectants, controlled freezing and thawing, then regeneration of plants from the stored materials. It allows preservation of plant genetic diversity for future use in breeding programs.
Management of intra and inter specific genetic diversityKangkan Kakati
This document discusses genetic diversity and its conservation. It defines genetic diversity as variation at the genetic level among organisms of a species. Genetic diversity is important for species continuity and adaptation. There are two main types of genetic diversity - intraspecific (within species) and interspecific (between species). Methods to conserve genetic diversity include ex-situ conservation methods like cryopreservation, seed banks, and tissue culture as well as in-situ conservation methods like biosphere reserves and sacred groves. Case studies demonstrate successful cryopreservation of sweet potato shoot tips and protection of genetic resources in sacred groves in India. The conclusion emphasizes that diverse plant genetic resources are valuable and their conservation is essential for present and future human well-
Germplasm conservation refers to maintaining plant genetic material, such as seeds or living plants, in a way that minimizes the risk of loss. This allows the material to be used in the future if needed. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation keeps germplasm in its natural habitat through methods like biosphere reserves and national parks, while ex-situ conservation stores germplasm outside its natural habitat using techniques like seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens. The goal of both is to preserve genetic diversity and protect endangered plant species and economically important varieties.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...Biswajit Sahoo
1. The document discusses various methods for conserving plant genetic resources or germplasm, including in-situ and ex-situ preservation as well as techniques like DNA libraries, cell-free DNA cloning using PCR, and tissue culture methods like micropropagation and embryo culture.
2. It explains that germplasm conservation provides a genetic source for plant breeders and is important to preserve biodiversity and make species available when needed.
3. Modern biotechnological tools like DNA libraries, PCR, and tissue culture can help in conserving germplasm and producing identical clones for commercial use or recovering valuable clones.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions. It allows for the mass production of clones of plants with desirable traits. The key aspects of plant tissue culture are maintaining sterile conditions on a nutrient medium, and providing proper aeration. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, and anther culture. Plant tissue culture has many applications for plant conservation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
Embryo rescue, Somaclonal Variation, CryopreservationAbhinava J V
This document discusses various techniques in plant biotechnology including embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature or weak embryos on artificial nutrient media to allow their development. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic and phenotypic changes that can occur in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Cryopreservation aims to preserve plant cells and tissues in a frozen state at ultra-low temperatures like liquid nitrogen. The key steps involve adding cryoprotectants, freezing, storage, thawing, and regeneration of plants. These techniques have various applications for breeding programs and conservation of plant genetic resources.
Centers of origin are geographical areas where crop plants first developed distinctive traits. Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov identified eight main centers and three subsidiary centers of crop origin and diversity based on plant exploration. These centers include areas like China, India, Central Asia, and South America. Primary centers of diversity contain vast genetic resources in wild areas, while secondary centers have cultivated varieties with crossing over. Microcenters within centers exhibit high diversity and rapid evolution. Gene sanctuaries protect genetic resources in natural habitats from human impacts and allow natural selection.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Tissue culture is a technique used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It has various applications in horticulture including micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue and synthetic seed production. The process involves selecting an explant from a mother plant, inducing callus formation, initiating shoot and root development, and acclimatizing the plantlets. Factors like the growth medium, environmental conditions and explant source influence the outcome. Tissue culture has advantages like rapid mass propagation of disease-free clones and conservation of endangered species, but also risks of genetic variation and infection if not performed carefully.
This document discusses different methods of germplasm conservation including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation involves protecting genetic resources in their natural habitats through national parks, biosphere reserves, gene sanctuaries and sacred forests. Ex situ conservation involves maintaining genetic resources outside their natural habitats through seed banks, gene banks, tissue culture, cryopreservation and botanical gardens. The document provides details on various types of in situ and ex situ conservation methods.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Conservation and preservation of germplasmIñnøcènt ÅñDi
The document discusses germplasm conservation, including both ex situ and in situ methods. Ex situ conservation involves maintaining genetic resources outside their natural habitat, such as in seed banks, field gene banks, DNA banks, botanical gardens, and through in vitro and cryopreservation methods. In situ conservation preserves species in their natural environments through biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and on-farm conservation. Cryopreservation is described as a method to bring plant cells and tissues to a zero metabolism state through freezing at very low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
This document discusses methods for conserving medicinal plants, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation involves protecting plants in their natural habitats through methods like establishing nature reserves, wild nurseries, and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation involves collecting and preserving plants outside their natural habitats, such as in botanical gardens, seed banks, and through biotechnology techniques like tissue culture and cryopreservation. Overall, the document outlines various strategies for conserving medicinal plants and their genetic diversity both within and outside of natural habitats.
Cryopreservation is a method for long-term conservation of plant genetic resources by storing plant materials like seeds, tissues, cells, pollen, etc. at ultra-low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. This preserves the viability and genetic integrity of the materials. There are several advantages like maintaining a large number of accessions in a small space and providing pathogen-free plant materials. Successful cryopreservation involves pretreatment with cryoprotectants, controlled freezing and thawing, then regeneration of plants from the stored materials. It allows preservation of plant genetic diversity for future use in breeding programs.
Management of intra and inter specific genetic diversityKangkan Kakati
This document discusses genetic diversity and its conservation. It defines genetic diversity as variation at the genetic level among organisms of a species. Genetic diversity is important for species continuity and adaptation. There are two main types of genetic diversity - intraspecific (within species) and interspecific (between species). Methods to conserve genetic diversity include ex-situ conservation methods like cryopreservation, seed banks, and tissue culture as well as in-situ conservation methods like biosphere reserves and sacred groves. Case studies demonstrate successful cryopreservation of sweet potato shoot tips and protection of genetic resources in sacred groves in India. The conclusion emphasizes that diverse plant genetic resources are valuable and their conservation is essential for present and future human well-
Germplasm conservation refers to maintaining plant genetic material, such as seeds or living plants, in a way that minimizes the risk of loss. This allows the material to be used in the future if needed. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation keeps germplasm in its natural habitat through methods like biosphere reserves and national parks, while ex-situ conservation stores germplasm outside its natural habitat using techniques like seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens. The goal of both is to preserve genetic diversity and protect endangered plant species and economically important varieties.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...Biswajit Sahoo
1. The document discusses various methods for conserving plant genetic resources or germplasm, including in-situ and ex-situ preservation as well as techniques like DNA libraries, cell-free DNA cloning using PCR, and tissue culture methods like micropropagation and embryo culture.
2. It explains that germplasm conservation provides a genetic source for plant breeders and is important to preserve biodiversity and make species available when needed.
3. Modern biotechnological tools like DNA libraries, PCR, and tissue culture can help in conserving germplasm and producing identical clones for commercial use or recovering valuable clones.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions. It allows for the mass production of clones of plants with desirable traits. The key aspects of plant tissue culture are maintaining sterile conditions on a nutrient medium, and providing proper aeration. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, single cell culture, root tip culture, shoot tip culture, and anther culture. Plant tissue culture has many applications for plant conservation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
Embryo rescue, Somaclonal Variation, CryopreservationAbhinava J V
This document discusses various techniques in plant biotechnology including embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature or weak embryos on artificial nutrient media to allow their development. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic and phenotypic changes that can occur in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Cryopreservation aims to preserve plant cells and tissues in a frozen state at ultra-low temperatures like liquid nitrogen. The key steps involve adding cryoprotectants, freezing, storage, thawing, and regeneration of plants. These techniques have various applications for breeding programs and conservation of plant genetic resources.
Centers of origin are geographical areas where crop plants first developed distinctive traits. Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov identified eight main centers and three subsidiary centers of crop origin and diversity based on plant exploration. These centers include areas like China, India, Central Asia, and South America. Primary centers of diversity contain vast genetic resources in wild areas, while secondary centers have cultivated varieties with crossing over. Microcenters within centers exhibit high diversity and rapid evolution. Gene sanctuaries protect genetic resources in natural habitats from human impacts and allow natural selection.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Tissue culture is a technique used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It has various applications in horticulture including micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue and synthetic seed production. The process involves selecting an explant from a mother plant, inducing callus formation, initiating shoot and root development, and acclimatizing the plantlets. Factors like the growth medium, environmental conditions and explant source influence the outcome. Tissue culture has advantages like rapid mass propagation of disease-free clones and conservation of endangered species, but also risks of genetic variation and infection if not performed carefully.
Similar to IN-VITRO GERMPLASM CONSERVATION [Autosaved].pptx (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Germplasm is defined as all the genotypes of a species that could be used for breeding a new genotype.
• It is represented by a collection of various strains and species.
• It contains the information for a species genetic makeup, a valuable natural resources of plant diversity.
• Plant germplasm is the genetic source material used by plant breeders to develop new cultivars.
It includes:
a) Seeds
b) Other plant propagules such as i) Leaf
ii) Stem
iii) Pollen
iv) Cultured cells
3
4. INTRODUCTIONCONT…
• To preserve the genetic diversity of a particular plant or genetic stock for its use at any time in future.
• In recent years, many new plant species with desired and improved characteristics have started replacing the
primitive and conventionally used agricultural practices.
• It is important to conserve the endangered plants or some valuable genetic traits present in the primitive plants
may be lost.
4
5. GERMPLASMCONSERVATION
• Germplasm conservation is a most effective way to maintain the genetic traits of endangered and
commercially important plants.
• It provides raw material (genes) which the breeder used to develop commercial crop varieties.
• It has to be protected to ensure variability for future species improvement.
• For plants, germplasm are stored as pollen, seed, stem, callus and even a whole plant where as for animals,
genes and body parts are stored in a gene bank or cryobank.
• Conventional germplasm is considered to store seeds at ambient temperature, low temperature and ultra-low
temperature.
• But many seeds produce short leaves through this conventional germplasm method.
• Hence, in-vitro germplasm conservation is used as an alternative for seed banks and field banks.
5
6. NEEDFORCONSERVATIONOFPLANTGERMPLASM
• Loss of genetic diversity among crop plant species.
• Human dependence on plant species for food and many different uses. Eg: Basic
food crops, building materials, oils, lubricants, rubber and other latexes, resins,
waxes, perfumes, dyes fibres and medicines.
• Species extinction and many others are threatened and endangered- deforestation.
• Great diversity of plants is needed to keep various natural ecosystems functioning
stably- interactions between species.
• Aesthetic value of natural ecosystems and diversity of plant species.
6
7. TYPESOFGERMPLASMCONSERVATION
Mainly there are two types of germplasm conservation based on locality of their storage:
a) IN-SITU CONSERVATION
b) EX-SITU CONSERVATION
a) IN-SITU CONSERVATION:
• It is the on-site conservation and maintenance of germplasm in the natural population of plants like national parks,
wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves etc.
• It is the process of protecting an endangered plant in its natural habitat either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself
or by defending species from predators.
• It is applied for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro ecosystem by farmers who use unconventional
farming practice.
Disadvantage: Risk of germplasm being lost due to environment hazards.
Cost of maintaining a large proportion of available genotypes in nurseries or fields may be extremely high.
7
9. b) EX-SITU CONSERVATION
• It is the off-site conservation and maintenance of germplasm as gene bank for long-term storage under suitable
conditions.
• It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat, eg: by
removing part of population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild
area or within the care of humans.
• It involves transfer and easy accessibility of genetic material away from location where it is found.
DISADVANTAGE
Required costly and well developed lab.
• Loss of seed viability and seed destruction by pests.
• Some plants do not produce fertile seeds.
• Poor germination rate.
• Only useful for seed propagating plants.
9
10. EX-SITUCONSERVATIONCONT…
Ex-situ conservation can be carried out by several methods:
Seed gene bank
In-vitro storage
DNA storage
Pollen storage
Field gene bank
Botanical gardens
Meristem gene bank
10
11. TYPESOFEX-SITUCONSERV
ATIONCONT..
A. Gene Bank : It refers to a place or organization where germplasm can be conserved in living state.
1.Seed gene bank: a place where germplasm is conserved in the form of seeds.
2. Field gene bank: Also called plant gene bank. It is an area of land in which germplasm collections of
land in which germplasm collections of growing plants are assembled.
3. Meristem gene bank: Germplasm of asexually propagating species can be conserved in the form of
meristems. It is used in the conservation of horticultural crops.
B. DNA Bank: It is where DNA can be stored as extracted uncut genomics. Such efforts have lead to storage
of total genomic information of germplasm in the form of DNA libraries.
11
12. TYPESOFEX-SITUCONSERV
ATIONCONT…
C. Pollen Bank: Pollen can be preserved in limited space. Pollen preservation
may be useful for base
collections of species that do not produce orthodox seeds.
D. Botanical Garden: More than 1,700 botanical gardens and institutions
holding plant collections that
serve both conservation and educational purposes
globally.
12
13. EX-SITUCONSERVATIONCONT…
• Usually , seeds are the most common and convenient materials to conserve plant germplasm.
• This is because many plants are propagated through seeds and seeds occupy relatively small space.
• Further, seeds can be easily transported to various places.
LIMITATION IN THE CONSERVATION OF SEEDS
• Viability of seeds is reduced or lost with passage of time.
• Seeds are susceptible to insect or pathogen attack, often leading to their destruction.
• It is confined to seed propagating plants and thus it is of no use for vegetatively propagated plants eg: potato,
ipomea, dioscorea
• It is difficult to maintain clones through seed conservation.
13
14. SEEDCONSERVATIONCONT…
• In seed banks, there are three types of conservation:
1. Short term storage (Working collections)
2. Medium term storage (Active collections)
3. Long term storage
1. Short term storage
• Working collections are stored for short term (>3-5 years) at 10-15ºC at 10% moisture.
• The accessions being actively used in crop improvement programmes.
• These collections are maintained by breeders using them.
14
15. SEEDCONSERVATION
2. Medium term storage
• The accessions in an active collection are stored at temperatures below 15ºC and the seed moisture is kept at
5%.
• Storage : 10-15 years.
• Collections are used for evaluation, multiplication and distribution of accessions.
15
17. IN-VITROGERMPLASMCONSERVATION
• In-vitro germplasm conservation is an advanced technology for the preservation of genetic materials.
• Here, gene banks are made to preserve genetic material by non-conventional methods using tissue and cell
culture procedures.
• Materials stored in-vitro may be isolated protoplasts, cells from suspension or callus cultures, meristem tips,
somatic embryos, shoot tips and propagules at various stages of development or organised plantlets.
• It is important for vegetatively propagated and for non-orthodox seed plant species.
• Hence this preservation depends on the principle that plant cells which are mostly totipotent are kept alive for
longer durations using in-vitro cultures.
• In-vitro storage of germplasm helps to assure access and safe transportation of plant material.
• Germplasm preserve can be maintained in an environment free from pathogens.
17
18. MATERIALSUSEDFORIN-VITROGERMPLASM
• Materials stored in-vitro may be isolated protoplasts, cells from suspension or callus cultures, meristem tips,
propagules at various stages of development or organised plantlets.
• Cultured cells or shoots can be maintained by serial subcultures at 4-8 weekly intervals for virtually unlimited
periods.
Storage of germplasm by repeated cultures has some disadvantages:
Risk of material loss due to human error or failure in maintenance of in-vitro.
Genetic instability is also affected during serial subculturing of plant material.
These genetic changes are either due to additions or deletions of gene sequences.
18
19. ADVANTAGES
• Requirement of little space for preservation of a large number of clonally multiplied plants.
• Maintenance of material in an environment free of pests or pathogens.
• Protection against dangers of natural environmental hazards.
• Sterile plants which cannot be reproduced in general can be maintained in-vitro.
• Availability of nucleus stock to propagate a large number of plants rapidly whenever necessary.
• Minimising obstacles imposed by quarantine systems on the movement of live plants.
• Since germplasm is kept under aseptic conditions, it can be easily transported.
• It requires constant electricity, skilled manpower and high technology.
• Formation of ice crystals is seen where it causes damage to germplasm.
DISADVANTAGES:
• It requires constant electricity, skilled manpower and high technology and highly expensive.
• Formation of ice crystals is seen where it causes damage to germplasm.
19
20. TYPESOFIN-VITROGERMPLASMCONSERVATION
Mainly there are three types of in-vitro germplasm conservation:
a) Cold storage
b) Low-pressure and low-oxygen storage
c) Cryopreservation
Other approaches:
Slow Growth Cultures
Desiccated Somatic Embryos (SE) and Artificial Seeds
DNA clones
20
21. COLDSTORAGE
• Cold storage involves germplasm conservation at a low and non-freezing temperatures.
• Low temperatures used is in a range of 1-9ºC but not the freezing temperature.
• This method slows down the growth process of cultured cells or tissues rather than fully stopping. Hence it is
considered as a slow growth germplasm conservation method.
• Through this, genetic material can last for about 15 years and thus helps in preventing cryogenic injuries
which lead to higher survival rates of germplasm and long term cold storage is simple and cost effective.
• It can store many in-vitro developed shoots or plants of fruiting trees like strawberries and grapes.
• With the addition of few drops of medium every 2-3 months, virus-free plants could be conserved at 10ºC for
about 6 years.
• Several grape plants have been stored for over 15 years by cold storage (around 9ºC) by transferring them
yearly to a fresh medium.
21
23. LOW-PRESSURESTORAGE
• In low-pressure storage, the atmospheric pressure surrounding plant material is reduced. This results in partial
decrease of pressure exerted by gases around germplasm.
• Lowered partial pressure reduces in-vitro growth of plants.
• Low- pressure storage systems are useful for short and long term storage of plant material.
• It increases shelf life of many plant materials.
• Germplasm grown in cultures can be stored for long term under low pressure.
• It also reduces activity of pathogenic organisms and inhibits spore germination in plant culture systems.
23
24. LOW-OXYGENSTORAGE
• In low-oxygen storage, oxygen concentration is reduced, but atmospheric pressure is maintained by addition
of inert gases (nitrogen).
• Partial pressure of oxygen below 50mm Hg reduces plant tissue growth. This is because with reduced
availability of O2, the production of CO2 is low.
• Thus photosynthetic activity is reduced thereby inhibiting plant tissue growth and dimension.
LIMITATION OF LOS
• Long term conservation of plant material by low-oxygen storage is likely to inhibit plant growth after certain
dimensions.
24
25. CRYOPRESERVATION
• Cryopreservation means preservation in the frozen state.
• Principle: To bring plant cell and tissue cultures to a zero metabolism or non-dividing state by reducing
temperature in the presence of cryoprotectants.
25
26. SLOWGROWTHCULTURES
• Slow-growth of plantlets in-vitro provides an attractive alternative to freeze preservation of
germplasm as it is simpler, cheaper and very effective.
• Slow growth may be achieved by maintaining plantlets either at a low temperature (4-9ºC) or on a
medium having high osmotic concentration (eg: 20% sorbitol or sucrose) or both.
• Nutritional status of the medium may be lowered to restrict the growth of plantlets.
• Under the conditions of slow growth, cultures may be attended to only once in several months.
• Its subculture may, be necessary only after long periods, once every 236 months.
• Slow growth approach is being utilized for germplasm conservation of specified root, tuber and
tree species, in NBPGR, New Delhi. A national facility for plant tissue culture repository has been
created for this purpose. Eg: garlic, banana, sweet potato etc.
26
27. DESICCATEDSOMATICEMBRYOS(SE)AND ARTIFICIALSEEDS
• The techniques for desiccation of SE and for production of desiccated, artificial
seeds are now becoming available.
• The desiccated SE and artificial seeds can be stored at low (4ºC) or ultralow (-
20ºC) temperatures for prolonged periods in a manner similar to zygotic seeds.
DNA CLONES
Germplasm can also be conserved in the form of DNA segments cloned in a
suitable vector, eg: cosmids, phasmids or YACs. The technique is highly
sophisticated, technically demanding expensive.
27
28. APPLICATIONSORSIGNIFICANCEOFIN-VITROGERMPLASMCONSERVATION
• Preservation and maintenance of genetic diversity of a particular plant or genetic stock.
• Disease free plant materials can be frozen and propagated whenever required.
• Cryopreservation produces secondary metabolites.
• Recalcitrant seeds can be maintained for long.
• Conservation of somaclonal and gametoclonal variations in cultures.
• Plant materials from endangered species can be conserved.
• Establishment of germplasm banks for exchange of information at international level.
• IBPGR (International Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) has been established for germplasm
conservation and provides necessary support for collection, conservation and utilization of plant genetic
resources through out the world. In NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources), India has a cold
storage facilities known as National Germplasm Repository.
28
29. REFERENCE
• 1. Bhojwani, S. S., & Razdan, M. K. (1986). Plant tissue culture: theory and
practice.
Elsevier.
2. Razdan, M.K. (2000). An introduction to plant tissue culture. Oxford &IBH
publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi, Calcutta.
3.Kumar, D. (2010). Plant breeding Biometry Biotechnology. New Central
Book Agency Pvt.
Ltd. Calcutta.
4. Misra, S. P. (2009). Plant tissue culture. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
29