The document outlines the HIV virus replication cycle, describing key steps such as the binding of the virus GP120 protein to CD4 and subsequent reverse transcription of viral RNA. It also categorizes various antiviral agents targeting herpes, retroviruses, and influenza, detailing their mechanisms of action. Additionally, it highlights the role of protease inhibitors in HIV maturation and the effects of other antiviral drugs like amantadine and ribavirin.

1. Antiviral Agents
Prepared by Ganesh D.Mote

2. Virus life cycle

3. Replication of HIV Virus

4. Replication of HIV Virus
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• 1.The virus gp120 protein binds to CD4 resulting in fusion of the viral envelope
and the cellular membrane and the release of viral nucleocapsid into the
cytoplasm
• 2.The nucleocapsid is uncoated, and viral RNA is reverse transcribed by reverse
transcriptase (RT).
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• 3.The resulting double-stranded proviral DNA migrates into the cell nucleus
and is integrated into the cellular DNA by integrase (IN).
• 4.Proviral DNA is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II.
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• 5.The mRNAs are translated by the cellular polysomes.
• 6.Viral proteins and genomic RNA are transported to the cellular membrane
and assemble. Immature virions are released, and polypeptide precursors are
processed by the viral protease (PR) to produce mature vital particles

5. Classification of antiviral Agents
1.Anti-Herpes virus
Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Valaciclovir, Famciclovir,Ganciclovir, Foscarnet
2. Anti-Retrovirus
(a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs):
Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Zalcitabine,Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Tenofovir
(b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs):
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine
(c) Protease inhibitors: Ritonavir, Indinavir,Nelfinavir, Saquinavir,
Amprenavir, Lopinavir
3. Anti-Influenza virus-Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir
4. Nonselective Antiviral Drugs
Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Interferon α

6. 1.Anti-Herpes virus

7. 2.Anti-Retrovirus
(a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs):

8. b.Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors(NNRTIs):

9. (c) Protease inhibitors:

10. 3.Anti-Influenza virus

11. 4.Nonselective Antiviral Drugs

12. MAO of Riverse Transcritase Inhibitor
Single-stranded viral RNA
Virus directed reverse transcriptase
(inhibited by zidovudine triphosphate)
Double-stranded viral DNA

13. Retroviral protease inhibitors (Pis
• An aspartic protease enzyme encoded by HIV is
involved in the production of structural proteins and
enzymes (including reverse transcriptase) of the virus.
• The large viral polyprotein is broken into various
functional components by this enzyme.
• This protease acts at a late step in HIV replication, i.e.
maturation of the new virus particles when the RNA
genome acquires the core proteins and enzymes.
• Five proteaseinhibitors-Indinavir (IDV), Nelfinavir
(NFV),Saquinavir (SQV), Ritonavir (RTV) and Lopinavir

14. MOA of Antiviral Agents
MOA of Amantidine-Chemically, it is a tricyclic amine
unrelated to any nucleic acid precursor, but inhibits
replication of influenza A virus (a myxovirus).
• It appears to act at an early step (possibly uncoating) as
well as at a late step (viral assembly) in viral replication.
• A protein designated 'M2' which acts as an ion channel
has been identified as one of its targets of action.
MOA of Ribavirin-Its mono- and triphosphate
derivatives generated intracellularly inhibit GTP and
viral RNA synthesis