Immunostimulators are prescribed to enhance the immune response against infectious diseases, tumours, primary or secondary immunodeficiency, and alterations in antibody transfer, among others .
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It describes various immunostimulants and immunosuppressants, along with their characteristics, uses, and classifications. Specific drugs that are discussed include BCG, levamisole, interferons, interleukin-2, and vaccines. Adverse effects are also summarized for some of these immunomodulating drugs.
This document summarizes immunostimulant drugs and immunotherapy. It describes the innate and adaptive immune response and lists immunostimulant microbial products like BCG that boost immune function. Immunostimulant drugs include cytokines, thalidomide, and levamisole. Immunotherapy methods covered are active and passive vaccination, adoptive cell transfer, and cell-based vaccination. The document provides details on specific immunostimulant drugs and their uses and side effects.
immunostimulants
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are substances that affect the immune system by either suppressing or stimulating it. It describes two main types: immunosuppressants, which decrease immune response, and immunostimulants, which increase immune response. Common immunosuppressants discussed include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, glucocorticoids, and antibodies. These work by interfering with cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody synthesis, and other immune mechanisms. Immunosuppressants are used for organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases but can have side effects like infection, cancer, and nephrotoxicity
This document discusses various classes of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. It describes several important antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, which is the most effective treatment for systemic fungal infections but also highly toxic. Newer formulations like liposomal amphotericin B have reduced toxicity. Other major classes discussed are azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. Griseofulvin remains the treatment of choice for dermatophyte infections. The document provides detailed information on the pharmacology of these antifungal drugs.
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It describes various immunostimulants and immunosuppressants, along with their characteristics, uses, and classifications. Specific drugs that are discussed include BCG, levamisole, interferons, interleukin-2, and vaccines. Adverse effects are also summarized for some of these immunomodulating drugs.
This document summarizes immunostimulant drugs and immunotherapy. It describes the innate and adaptive immune response and lists immunostimulant microbial products like BCG that boost immune function. Immunostimulant drugs include cytokines, thalidomide, and levamisole. Immunotherapy methods covered are active and passive vaccination, adoptive cell transfer, and cell-based vaccination. The document provides details on specific immunostimulant drugs and their uses and side effects.
immunostimulants
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are substances that affect the immune system by either suppressing or stimulating it. It describes two main types: immunosuppressants, which decrease immune response, and immunostimulants, which increase immune response. Common immunosuppressants discussed include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, glucocorticoids, and antibodies. These work by interfering with cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody synthesis, and other immune mechanisms. Immunosuppressants are used for organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases but can have side effects like infection, cancer, and nephrotoxicity
This document discusses various classes of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. It describes several important antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, which is the most effective treatment for systemic fungal infections but also highly toxic. Newer formulations like liposomal amphotericin B have reduced toxicity. Other major classes discussed are azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. Griseofulvin remains the treatment of choice for dermatophyte infections. The document provides detailed information on the pharmacology of these antifungal drugs.
The document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones, a family of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. It discusses their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. Common examples like ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and levofloxacin are described in terms of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, doses, and adverse effects which include gastrointestinal issues and central nervous system effects. Mechanisms of resistance and drug interactions are also covered at a high level.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that either suppress (immunosuppressants) or enhance (immunostimulants) the immune system. It describes several classes of immunosuppressants including calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative agents like azathioprine, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, glucocorticoids like prednisolone, and biologics like infliximab. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects are summarized. Immunostimulants discussed include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG vaccine, and interferons.
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology and summarizes key topics including:
- Immunostimulants such as levamisole and thalidomide that boost the immune system.
- Immunosuppressants that suppress the immune system including drugs used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
- Vaccines including bacterial, viral, and combination vaccines that activate the immune system to provide immunity against pathogens.
- Recombinant cytokines like interferons and interleukins used in cancer therapy and viral infections to modulate the immune system.
This document discusses various immunosuppressant drugs, including their mechanisms of action and uses. It describes how immunosuppressants work by inhibiting T cell activation through mechanisms such as blocking co-stimulatory signals, inhibiting cytokine production or action, and inhibiting purine or pyrimidine synthesis. Common immunosuppressants mentioned include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, corticosteroids, purine synthesis inhibitors like mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine, co-stimulation inhibitors like abatacept, and antibodies against T cell surface molecules. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these
This document summarizes a seminar on immunostimulants. It defines immunostimulants as substances that increase the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases. The document describes the different types of immunostimulants including specific and non-specific, and lists various classes like vaccines, adjuvants, immunoglobulins, and miscellaneous agents. It provides examples like BCG vaccine and discusses the functions, classification, and concludes that immunostimulants will be important for modern medicine.
This document provides an overview of antifungal agents, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. Major antifungal classes discussed include azoles (e.g. fluconazole, itraconazole), polyenes (e.g. amphotericin B), echinocandins (e.g. caspofungin), and allylamines (e.g. terbinafine). It covers antifungals used to treat both superficial and systemic fungal infections, with details on selected drugs' mechanisms, spectra of activity, advantages/disadvantages, and adverse effect profiles.
The document discusses various topics in immunopharmacology including:
1. The two major components of the immune system - innate and adaptive immunity.
2. Mechanisms of action and indications for commonly used immunosuppressant drugs like corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus.
3. Immunomodulators and cytokines used to treat various cancers and infectious diseases.
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their uses. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) like zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, and lamivudine which work by competing for incorporation into viral DNA and terminating the chain. It also discusses protease inhibitors like saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir which prevent viral replication by binding to viral proteases and blocking protein cleavage. Finally, it mentions other antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, and gancyclovir which interfere with viral attachment, uncoating, or nucleic acid replication
The document discusses various types of immunosuppressant drugs, their mechanisms of action, and uses. It covers calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, antiproliferative drugs, glucocorticoids, and biological agents. Cyclosporine inhibits T cell proliferation by binding cyclophilin and inhibiting calcineurin. Tacrolimus binds a different protein FKBP but also inhibits calcineurin. Sirolimus binds FKBP but inhibits mTOR, arresting the immune response at a later stage. These drugs are used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune diseases.
This document discusses immunomodulators called immunostimulants that enhance the immune system's defenses. It describes several types of immunostimulants including bacterial products like BCG, complex carbohydrates like glucans and trehalose, vaccines and their adjuvants, cytokines like interferons and interleukins, and immunoenhancing drugs. Vaccines provide active or passive immunity and can include adjuvants, adoptive cell transfer, or be cell-based. The document also mentions uses of immunostimulants for immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infections, and cancer prophylaxis.
The document discusses immunosuppressant drugs, which inhibit immune responses. It classifies immunosuppressants into calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, antiproliferative drugs like azathioprine and methotrexate, glucocorticoids like prednisone, and biological agents. It describes the mechanisms of these drugs, including inhibiting T-cell activation, cytokine production, purine synthesis, and immune cell proliferation. The major uses are for preventing rejection after organ transplantation and treating autoimmune diseases.
Drugs used in protozoal infections-Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various protozoal infections. It begins by introducing several common protozoal infections including malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis. The majority of the document then focuses on chemotherapy for malaria, discussing the life cycle of the malaria parasite and sites of action for antimalarial drugs. It also covers chemotherapy for amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis, outlining the causative organisms and recommended treatments. The document concludes by listing several references used.
The document discusses various types of anticancer drugs including alkylating agents like cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, and targeted drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and common uses in treating cancers like breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and others. The goal of cancer chemotherapy is to cure cancer when possible or induce remission, but the drugs can also be used for palliation to reduce tumor size and prolong life when the cancer is not curable.
1. Fungal infections are common in immunocompromised patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. They are harder to treat than bacterial infections.
2. There are two main types of fungal infections - superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs like the lungs and brain.
3. Major antifungal drug classes include azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, polyenes like amphotericin B, and allylamines like terbinafine. They work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting fungal enzyme activity.
This document summarizes immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It discusses their use in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. The three main types of organ rejection - hyperacute, acute, and chronic - are described. Common immunosuppressive drug classes and mechanisms are outlined, including corticosteroids, antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antibodies, and cytokines inhibitors. The document provides an overview of immunomodulation strategies used to promote organ acceptance after transplantation.
Anthelmintics drugs classification,history,mechanism of action and adverse ef...Muhammad Amir Sohail
Helminths infect billions worldwide and effective drugs are available to treat most infections. However, drug costs are high. Mass treatment programs by WHO and governments have significantly reduced some infections. Anthelmintics expel or kill parasitic worms. They work by inhibiting worm metabolism or muscle paralysis. Common anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel, and ivermectin. Praziquantel is effective against most flukes and schistosomes by increasing calcium permeability in the worm's tegument. While treatments are generally well tolerated, anthelmintic resistance has emerged as a threat to future control of parasitic worms.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics - polyenes and polypeptides. It provides details about Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin in the polyene class and Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Colistin/Polymyxin-E, and Dactinomycin/Actinomycin-D in the polypeptide class. It describes their origins, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages and adverse effects.
The document discusses anti-ulcer drugs. It begins by describing peptic ulcers and the imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors that can lead to their development. It then covers the classes of anti-ulcer drugs, including H2 blockers that reduce acid secretion, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, and antacids. Sucralfate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate are also covered as ulcer protective drugs. Diagnostic tests for ulcers like endoscopy and barium meal are mentioned. The goal of anti-ulcer treatment is outlined as relieving pain, promoting healing, preventing complications, and reducing relapse.
This document summarizes various anti-viral drugs used to treat viral infections like herpes, influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. It discusses nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir for herpes; oseltamivir and zanamivir for influenza; lamivudine for hepatitis B; and protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors for HIV treatment. It also covers classification, uses, advantages, resistance and adverse effects of these anti-viral medications.
This document discusses types of immunity and immunomodulators. It describes active and passive immunity and the important components of the immune system. It then discusses immunomodulators that can suppress or enhance immune response, including immunosuppressants like corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and immunoenhancers like BCG vaccine, levamisole, and corynebacterium parvum. The document provides examples of immunomodulators and how they work to modulate the immune system.
The document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones, a family of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. It discusses their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. Common examples like ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and levofloxacin are described in terms of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, doses, and adverse effects which include gastrointestinal issues and central nervous system effects. Mechanisms of resistance and drug interactions are also covered at a high level.
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that either suppress (immunosuppressants) or enhance (immunostimulants) the immune system. It describes several classes of immunosuppressants including calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative agents like azathioprine, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, glucocorticoids like prednisolone, and biologics like infliximab. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects are summarized. Immunostimulants discussed include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG vaccine, and interferons.
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology and summarizes key topics including:
- Immunostimulants such as levamisole and thalidomide that boost the immune system.
- Immunosuppressants that suppress the immune system including drugs used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
- Vaccines including bacterial, viral, and combination vaccines that activate the immune system to provide immunity against pathogens.
- Recombinant cytokines like interferons and interleukins used in cancer therapy and viral infections to modulate the immune system.
This document discusses various immunosuppressant drugs, including their mechanisms of action and uses. It describes how immunosuppressants work by inhibiting T cell activation through mechanisms such as blocking co-stimulatory signals, inhibiting cytokine production or action, and inhibiting purine or pyrimidine synthesis. Common immunosuppressants mentioned include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, corticosteroids, purine synthesis inhibitors like mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine, co-stimulation inhibitors like abatacept, and antibodies against T cell surface molecules. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these
This document summarizes a seminar on immunostimulants. It defines immunostimulants as substances that increase the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases. The document describes the different types of immunostimulants including specific and non-specific, and lists various classes like vaccines, adjuvants, immunoglobulins, and miscellaneous agents. It provides examples like BCG vaccine and discusses the functions, classification, and concludes that immunostimulants will be important for modern medicine.
This document provides an overview of antifungal agents, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. Major antifungal classes discussed include azoles (e.g. fluconazole, itraconazole), polyenes (e.g. amphotericin B), echinocandins (e.g. caspofungin), and allylamines (e.g. terbinafine). It covers antifungals used to treat both superficial and systemic fungal infections, with details on selected drugs' mechanisms, spectra of activity, advantages/disadvantages, and adverse effect profiles.
The document discusses various topics in immunopharmacology including:
1. The two major components of the immune system - innate and adaptive immunity.
2. Mechanisms of action and indications for commonly used immunosuppressant drugs like corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus.
3. Immunomodulators and cytokines used to treat various cancers and infectious diseases.
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their uses. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) like zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, and lamivudine which work by competing for incorporation into viral DNA and terminating the chain. It also discusses protease inhibitors like saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir which prevent viral replication by binding to viral proteases and blocking protein cleavage. Finally, it mentions other antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, and gancyclovir which interfere with viral attachment, uncoating, or nucleic acid replication
The document discusses various types of immunosuppressant drugs, their mechanisms of action, and uses. It covers calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, antiproliferative drugs, glucocorticoids, and biological agents. Cyclosporine inhibits T cell proliferation by binding cyclophilin and inhibiting calcineurin. Tacrolimus binds a different protein FKBP but also inhibits calcineurin. Sirolimus binds FKBP but inhibits mTOR, arresting the immune response at a later stage. These drugs are used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune diseases.
This document discusses immunomodulators called immunostimulants that enhance the immune system's defenses. It describes several types of immunostimulants including bacterial products like BCG, complex carbohydrates like glucans and trehalose, vaccines and their adjuvants, cytokines like interferons and interleukins, and immunoenhancing drugs. Vaccines provide active or passive immunity and can include adjuvants, adoptive cell transfer, or be cell-based. The document also mentions uses of immunostimulants for immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infections, and cancer prophylaxis.
The document discusses immunosuppressant drugs, which inhibit immune responses. It classifies immunosuppressants into calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, antiproliferative drugs like azathioprine and methotrexate, glucocorticoids like prednisone, and biological agents. It describes the mechanisms of these drugs, including inhibiting T-cell activation, cytokine production, purine synthesis, and immune cell proliferation. The major uses are for preventing rejection after organ transplantation and treating autoimmune diseases.
Drugs used in protozoal infections-Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various protozoal infections. It begins by introducing several common protozoal infections including malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis. The majority of the document then focuses on chemotherapy for malaria, discussing the life cycle of the malaria parasite and sites of action for antimalarial drugs. It also covers chemotherapy for amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis, outlining the causative organisms and recommended treatments. The document concludes by listing several references used.
The document discusses various types of anticancer drugs including alkylating agents like cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, and targeted drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and common uses in treating cancers like breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and others. The goal of cancer chemotherapy is to cure cancer when possible or induce remission, but the drugs can also be used for palliation to reduce tumor size and prolong life when the cancer is not curable.
1. Fungal infections are common in immunocompromised patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. They are harder to treat than bacterial infections.
2. There are two main types of fungal infections - superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs like the lungs and brain.
3. Major antifungal drug classes include azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, polyenes like amphotericin B, and allylamines like terbinafine. They work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting fungal enzyme activity.
This document summarizes immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It discusses their use in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. The three main types of organ rejection - hyperacute, acute, and chronic - are described. Common immunosuppressive drug classes and mechanisms are outlined, including corticosteroids, antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antibodies, and cytokines inhibitors. The document provides an overview of immunomodulation strategies used to promote organ acceptance after transplantation.
Anthelmintics drugs classification,history,mechanism of action and adverse ef...Muhammad Amir Sohail
Helminths infect billions worldwide and effective drugs are available to treat most infections. However, drug costs are high. Mass treatment programs by WHO and governments have significantly reduced some infections. Anthelmintics expel or kill parasitic worms. They work by inhibiting worm metabolism or muscle paralysis. Common anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel, and ivermectin. Praziquantel is effective against most flukes and schistosomes by increasing calcium permeability in the worm's tegument. While treatments are generally well tolerated, anthelmintic resistance has emerged as a threat to future control of parasitic worms.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics - polyenes and polypeptides. It provides details about Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin in the polyene class and Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Colistin/Polymyxin-E, and Dactinomycin/Actinomycin-D in the polypeptide class. It describes their origins, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages and adverse effects.
The document discusses anti-ulcer drugs. It begins by describing peptic ulcers and the imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors that can lead to their development. It then covers the classes of anti-ulcer drugs, including H2 blockers that reduce acid secretion, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, and antacids. Sucralfate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate are also covered as ulcer protective drugs. Diagnostic tests for ulcers like endoscopy and barium meal are mentioned. The goal of anti-ulcer treatment is outlined as relieving pain, promoting healing, preventing complications, and reducing relapse.
This document summarizes various anti-viral drugs used to treat viral infections like herpes, influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. It discusses nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir for herpes; oseltamivir and zanamivir for influenza; lamivudine for hepatitis B; and protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors for HIV treatment. It also covers classification, uses, advantages, resistance and adverse effects of these anti-viral medications.
This document discusses types of immunity and immunomodulators. It describes active and passive immunity and the important components of the immune system. It then discusses immunomodulators that can suppress or enhance immune response, including immunosuppressants like corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and immunoenhancers like BCG vaccine, levamisole, and corynebacterium parvum. The document provides examples of immunomodulators and how they work to modulate the immune system.
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology. It begins by defining immunopharmacology and describing the immune system, including its components and mechanisms. The major components are the innate and adaptive immune responses. It then discusses various immunomodulators that can suppress the immune system like immunosuppressants or stimulate it like immunostimulants. Examples of therapies used in immunopharmacology are provided for immunosuppressants like cyclosporine and immunostimulants like levamisole. Recent advances in immunotherapy for conditions such as cancer are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of the immune system and drugs that impact immunity. It describes the components of the immune system including lymphocytes, cellular and humoral immunity. There are two types of immunity: active and passive. Immunosuppressants discussed include corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and methotrexate which act on different phases of the immune response. Immunostimulants covered are BCG vaccine, levamisole, corynebacterium parvum and tilorone which enhance the immune system.
IMMUNOMODULATOR (Aarti pal).pptx Immune system, Types of immunityAartiPal23
This document provides an overview of immunomodulators and summarizes their uses and classifications. It discusses how immunomodulators can induce, amplify, attenuate, prevent or regulate immune responses as part of immunotherapy. The document categorizes immunomodulators as immunosuppressants or immunostimulants and describes some major drugs in each category, including their mechanisms of action and clinical applications in treating diseases related to immune system dysfunction.
This document summarizes immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It describes the innate and adaptive immune response and how immunomodulators can act as immunosuppressants or immunostimulants. Key immunosuppressants discussed include glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, antiproliferatives, antibodies, and their mechanisms and uses for conditions like transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Immunostimulants covered include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG, interferons, interleukin-2, and immunization through vaccines and immune globulins.
This document discusses various immunostimulant drugs and therapies that boost the immune system. It describes the innate and adaptive immune response and how immunostimulants can enhance both arms of the immune system. Specific immunostimulants discussed include BCG vaccine, cytokines, levamisole, thalidomide, isoprinosine, immunocycin, and immunoglobulins. Vaccines, adjuvants, adoptive cell transfer, and dendritic cell-based vaccination are also covered as immunotherapies to strengthen immune defenses against infections and cancer.
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
This document summarizes immunosuppressive drugs. It discusses how they work to suppress the immune system and are used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation and treat autoimmune diseases. The main classes of immunosuppressive drugs covered are glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative drugs including mycophenolate mofetil and mTOR inhibitors, immunosuppressive antibodies, and others. Specific drugs within each class are described in terms of their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects.
The document discusses various types of immunostimulants including bacterial vaccines, colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, therapeutic vaccines, vaccine combinations, and viral vaccines. Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria to build antibodies against infection. Colony stimulating factors promote white blood cell production in response to infection. Interferons have antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Interleukins are cytokines that regulate immune responses. Therapeutic vaccines treat diseases like cancer by stimulating immune responses. Vaccine combinations provide protection against multiple diseases in one vaccine. Viral vaccines contain inactivated or attenuated viruses to induce immune responses.
Biological therapies are drugs derived from living organisms that are used to treat various medical conditions. Common biological therapies include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and growth factors. These agents are used to treat diseases like cancer, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. While effective, biological therapies can have significant side effects like increased risk of infection and autoimmune disorders. Ongoing research continues to develop new biological agents and dosing strategies to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
Biologics are complex drug products derived from living organisms. They include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, growth factors, and vaccines. Common biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases are TNF inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab), rituximab, abatacept, anakinra, anti-integrins (natalizumab, vedolizumab), belimumab, alemtuzumab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib. These agents have improved treatment but also carry risks of infection and other adverse drug reactions that require monitoring by health care providers.
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Immunosuppressants are drugs that inhibit immune responses and are used to control autoimmune diseases and prevent rejection after organ transplants. There are several classes of immunosuppressants including calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, antiproliferative drugs like azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil, glucocorticoids like prednisone, and biological agents that target cytokines. Immunosuppressants work by inhibiting T cell activation and proliferation or the production of cytokines to suppress immune responses. They can cause side effects like nephrotoxicity, hypertension, infections, and increased risk of cancer
The document discusses various immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune diseases. It describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of transplant rejection and how drugs like cyclosporine, sirolimus, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate act at different steps to inhibit rejection. It also discusses antibodies used as immunosuppressants and their mechanisms of action in blocking T cell activation and cytokine signaling to suppress the immune response.
This document discusses vaccination in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It outlines how CKD affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to impaired immunity. It describes alterations in end-stage renal disease that impair response to vaccines. Guidelines recommend vaccines for hepatitis B, pneumococcus, and influenza for CKD patients, with some vaccines requiring higher doses or more doses. Methods to potentially improve vaccine efficacy include use of immunomodulators like interleukin-2 administered with vaccines.
Immunomodulators and their application as adjuvantAnkita Gurao
The document discusses immunomodulators and their applications. It describes the two main types of immunomodulators - immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Immunosuppressants suppress the immune system and are used to control pathological immune responses. Examples include glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, and cytokine inhibitors. Immunostimulants enhance the immune system and are used to boost resistance against infections. Examples provided include BCG, levamisole, thalidomide, isoprinosine, immunocynin, and recombinant cytokines. The mechanisms and therapeutic uses of several specific immunosuppressants and immunostimulants are also outlined.
Immunotherapy involves activating or suppressing the immune system to fight diseases like cancer. There are two main types - activation immunotherapies that elicit an immune response and suppression immunotherapies that reduce it. Methods include monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, cytokines, and immunomodulators that control immune response levels. The goal is to stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells through approaches like naked or conjugated monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and nonspecific therapies including cytokines and interleukins.
Immunomodulators help regulate the immune system and are used to treat autoimmune diseases, organ transplants, cancer, and chronic infections. They are classified as immunosuppressants or immunostimulants. Immunosuppressants like glucocorticoids, cytostatics, antibodies, and drugs acting on immunophilins inhibit immune system activity. Immunostimulants like vaccines and levamisole stimulate immune system components. While immunomodulators are effective treatments, they can cause adverse effects like infections, bone marrow suppression, and organ toxicity that require patient monitoring.
This document discusses various natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents that help regulate the immune system. It describes several classes of immunomodulators including immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, and tolerogens. Specific agents are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages, and potential adverse effects when used for various oral diseases.
Similar to Immunomodulators and immunostimulants (20)
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. Immunomodulators are a group of drugs that mainly target the pathways
that treat multiple myeloma and a few other cancers. They have many ways
to work, including working on the immune system directly by turning down
some proteins and turning up others
3. • Immunostimulators are prescribed to enhance the immune
response against infectious diseases, tumours, primary or secondary
immunodeficiency, and alterations in antibody transfer, among others
• Immunosuppressive drugs are used to reduce the immune response
against transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases such as
pemphigus, lupus, or allergies
4.
5. Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and
nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing
activity of any of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte
macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Thalidomide (Thalomid), lenalidomide (Revlimid), and pomalidomide (Pomalyst) are
known as immunomodulating drugs (or IMiDs).
The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and
thus to modify the defences favourably is an exciting development in
immunopharmacology. Such agents may act by:
• Increasing the humoral antibody responses,
• Enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages, or
• Modifying the cell-mediated immune responses
6.
7. There are two main categories of immunostimulants:
•Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as
vaccines or any antigen.
•Non-specific immunostimulants act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment
immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system
without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.
Non-specific
Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female
sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some
autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their
onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune
system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.
11. Imiquimod is a drug that is applied to the
skin as a cream. It stimulates a local
immune response against skin cancer cells.
It is used to treat some very early stage skin
cancers (or pre-cancers), especially if they
are in sensitive areas such as on the face.
The cream is applied anywhere from once a
day to twice a week for several months.
Some people have serious skin reactions to
this drug.
12. Levamisole is orally active levo isomer of
tetramisole,restores depressed T-cell function
used as an adjunct in malignancies,aphthous
ulcers & recurrent herpes,also used as disease
modifying drug in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Mainly acts by raising c-GMP levels through
interaction with thymopoietien receptor sites
leads to decrease in metabolic inactivation of
c-GMP accompanied with increased
breakdown of c-AMP
increase inc-GMP level induces lymphocyte
proliferation &augmentation of chemotactic
responses
this reflects into increased antibody
production,lymphokine production,increased
13. This is a synthetic co-polymer with
some immunological similarity to myelin
basic protein, one of the major
components of myelin. Given SC, it is
claimed to reduce the relapse rate in
relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis.
It probably
acts as an immunomodulator.
14. This drug, chemically related to barbiturates, and introduced as
a
hypnotic and antiemetic, was found to be teratogenic and
hence
rejected. It has now staged
a comeback in therapeutics as an immunomodulator.
Mechanism of action:
(a) Anti-inflammatory: It inhibits the production of TNF
alpha and interferon, and has
stimulatory effects on IGF1, IL-6 and IL-2.
(b) Immunomodulatory: It reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils
and enhances CMI by
interacting with T cells.
(c) Antiangiogenic: It inhibits the induction of COX-2 and the
biosynthesis of PGE 2 needed
for angiogenesis.
Given orally, it is well absorbed and is metabolised to several
15. Therapeutic uses:
• Drug of choice in symptomatic treatment of moderate to severe ENL ,
Multiple myeloma, refractory to other treatments.
• Refractory cutaneous lupus lesions.
• Crohn’s disease.
• Treatment of cachexia and weight loss in HIV and that due to TNF-α in
cancer patients.
•It counters nausea, vomiting and anorexia due to TNF-α in cancer patients.
• In advanced prostatic cancer, as an immunomodulator.
Adverse reactions:
• It can cause sedation, dizziness,
constipation, tremors, mood changes.
• Increased risk of DVT and
• rarely, peripheral neuropathy and
hypothyroidism may
occur.
• It is highly teratogenic.
16. •It is used as immunological enhancer to stimulate intact immune
system(i.e.a non-specific immunoenhancer)of the body.
•BCG &its methanol extracted residue(MER) contain muramyl dipeptide
as an ctive immunostimulant ingredient
•t-lymphocytes are principle target cells for the action of BCG vaccine
•it causes stimulation of macropage function,phagocytic
activity,lysosomal enzyme activity &chemotaxis mechanisms
•it induces the production of lymphocyte activity factor resulting of phase
1 of immune response
•because of its activity against tumor antigen it is beneficial in treatment
of lungs& breast cancer ,acute lympholytic& myelogeneous leukaemia
•it is available as unlyophilized,live or killed lyophilized form
Therapeutic uses:
Treatment and prophylaxis of Bladder Carcinoma
Adverse Reactions:
Hypersensitivity shock chills
17. It is a derivative of
thalidomide and is used
for multiple myeloma and
myelo-plastic syndrome.
It is also teratogenic.
18. These are now use by rDNA technology Application
in treatment of viral infection, autoimmune and
neoplastic diseases.
INTERFERONS
•low molecularweight glycoprotein cytokines
produced by host cells in response to viral
infections
•immunomodulatory activity
•bind to cell surface receptors-initiate intracellular
events
• Enxyme induction
• inhibition of cell proliferation
19. MOA
Interferon alfa-2b inhibits virus replication in virus-infected cells and
suppresses cell proliferatio;although the exact MOA of ribavirin is not
known;it has antiviral inhibitory activity against respiratory syncytial
virus,influenza virus,and herpes simplex virus.
Uses
hairy cell leukemias
malignant melanoma
hepatitis B
ADR
•flu like symptoms:- fever,chills,headache
•cvs-hypotension,arrhythmia
•cns-depression,confusion
20. It is a protein that regulates the activities of
WBC(leukocytes,often lymphocytes)that are
respomsible for immunity. IL-2 is a part of the
body's natural response to microbial
infection,and in discriminating between
foreign and self.
Uses
• metastatic renal cell carcinoma
•melanoma
•toxicity
•hypotension
21. Leads the production of
cytokines such as IL-I, IL- 2,
and IFN- y, increase
proliferation of lymphocytes
in response to mitogenic or
antigenic stimuli
Therapeutic uses: Herpes simplex
infection, Measles viruses
Adverse reactions: Rise in uric
acid in serum and urine,
Nausea
23. VACCINES
Impart active immunity –
Active immunization more
efficacious & longer lasting than
passive immunization
Booster doses required at certain
intervals
Anticancer vaccines — immunizing
patients with APCs expressing
24.
25. Indications
Individual is deficient in
antibodies —
immunodeficiency
Individual is exposed to an
agent, inadequate time for
active immunization
— Rabies
— Hepatitis B
Nonspecific
immunoglobulins
— Antibody-deficiency
disorders
Specific immune globulins
High titers of desired
26. Antibodies against Rh(D) antigen on the
surface of RBC
Binds the Rho antigens & does not allow
them to induce antibody formation in Rh -
ve individuals
Used for prevention of postpartum/post-
abortion formation of antibodies in Rho-D -
ve women (Hemolytic disease of newborn)
Given at 28th week of pregnancy
27. colony stimulating factors are glycoprotiens that promote
production of white blood cells(mainly granulocytes such
as neutrophils), in response to infection.
An administration of exogenous colony stimulating factors
stimulates the stem cells in the bone marrow to produce
more of the particular white blood cells. The new white
blood cells migrate into the blood and fight the infection.
Uses:-
Colony stimulating factors are used in patients who are
undergoing cancer treatment that causes low white blood
counts ( neutropenia) and puts the patient at risk of
infections. Colony stimulating factors tend to reduce the
time where patients are neutropenic.
28. Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria
that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built
against that particular bacteria, and prevents bacterial
infection later.
An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis
vaccine.
Uses:-
BCG(TB) vaccine is used in many countries with a high
prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous
meningitis and miliary disease.
Side effects of TB vaccine,
serious side effect of BCG(TB) vaccine, such as
anaphylactic reaction( a serious allergic reaction), are
rare
29. DRUG NAME GENERIC NAME
Pneumovax 23
(Pro)
pneumococcal 23-
polyvalent vaccine
Prevnar 13 (Pro) pneumococcal 13-
valent vaccine
Menactra meningococcal
conjugate vaccine
ActHIB haemophilus b
conjugate (prp-t)
vaccine
Bexsero meningococcal
group B vaccine
Biothrax (Pro) anthrax vaccine
adsorbed
Hiberix (Pro) haemophilus b
conjugate (prp-t)
vaccine
DRUG NAME GENERIC NAME
Liquid
PedvaxHIB
haemophilus b
conjugate (prp-omp)
vaccine
MenHibrix haemophilus b
conjugate (prp-t)
vaccine /
meningococcal
conjugate vaccine
Vivotif Berna typhoid vaccine, live
Vaxchora (Pro) cholera vaccine, live
Te Anatoxal
Berna
tetanus toxoid
Prevnar (Pro) pneumococcal 7-
valent vaccine
Menveo (Pro) meningococcal
conjugate vaccine
30. Therapeutic vaccines are vaccines which are intended to
treat or cure a disorder or disease by stimulating the immune
system.
Uses:-
they may be used to treat certain types of cancer, by
stimulating the body's immune system to help it respond
against certain cancer cell.
they may also be used in the prevention of tuberculosis who
are at high risk for exposure.
31. Vaccine combinations merge antigens that
prevent different diseases or that protect
against multiple strains of infectious agents
causing the same disease, into a single
product. This reduces the number of
injections required to prevent some diseases.
uses
Combination vaccines combined protection
against two or more diseases into one shot.
The measles, mumps & rubella
vaccine(MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus and
pertusis vaccine(DTaP) each protect our child
against three diseases & that means fewer
delays in disease protection for children.
32. some example of common combination vaccine for children,
•comvax, which combines Hib and Hep B.
•Twnrix, which combines Hep A and Hep B.
•pediarix, which combines DTaP, Hep B and IPV(polio).
•kinrix, which combines DTaP and IPV (polio)
•pentacel, which combines DTaP, IPV(polio) and Hib.
side effects of Combination vaccine
Side effects from combination vaccines are usually mild. they are
similar to those individual vaccines given separately.
Sometimes combination vaccines are usually causes slightly more
pain or swelling where the shot was given. But child got the shots
individually, he or she might have pain or swelling in two or three
spots, instead of just one.
33. Viral vaccines contains either inactivated
virus or attenuated(alive but not capable of
causing disease) viruses.
inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain
viruses, which have lost their ability to
replicated and in order it to bring about a
response it contains more antigen live
vaccines. Attenuated or live vaccines contain
live from of the virus. These viruses are not
pathogenic but are able to induce an immune
response.
Side effects
•common side effects are
•blood in urine or stools
34. •Pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics by R.S Satoskar , Nirmala N. Rege ,
S.D.Bhandarkar ,24th edition ,Page No. 1619-1620
•https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-
types/immunotherapy/immunomodulators.html
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy
•https://www.slideshare.net/JoonJyotiSahariah/immunostimulants-76870153
•https://www.slideshare.net/drswarnankparmar/immunomodulators-66778161
•https://www.slideshare.net/sameenrashid1/immunomodulators-63004559
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909428/
•https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/medication-safety-concerns-
surrounding-immunomodulators