The document discusses adaptive immunity. It describes: 1. Adaptive immunity is stimulated by exposure to infectious agents and increases in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure. It can recognize and react to a large number of substances. 2. The two major types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity are B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). B cells produce antibodies while T cells mediate cell-mediated immune responses. 3. Adaptive immunity provides the body with immunological memory, allowing faster and stronger responses upon second or subsequent exposures to the same pathogens.

1. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Oleh:
Muh Dzulfikar Lingga QM
Pembimbing:
dr. Deshinta Putri Mulya, Sp.PD-KAI

3. Innate Immunity
• Innate immunity (natural/naive immunity): early line of defense
against microbes.
• It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in
place even before infection and are poised to respond rapidly to
infections.
• These mechanisms react only to microbes (and to the products of
injured cells), and they respond in essentially the same way to
repeated infections.

5. Adaptive Immunity
• Adaptive/acquired/specific immunity: stimulated by exposure to
infectious agents and increase in magnitude and defensive
capabilities with each successive exposure to a particular microbe
• It is able to recognize and react to a large number of microbial and
nonmicrobial substances.
• It has an extraordinary capacity to distinguish between different, even
closely related, microbes and molecules

7. Cardinal Feature of Adaptive Immunity

9. Cardinal Feature of Adaptive Immunity

10. Comparison between
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

11. Main Mechanisms
• Cell-mediated immune
response (CMIR)
• T-lymphocytes
• eliminate intracellular microbes
that survive within phagocytes or
other infected cells
• Humoral immune response
(HIR)
• B-lymphocytes
• mediated by antibodies
• eliminate extra-cellular
microbes and their toxins

13. Adaptive Immunity
Two major types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Lymphocytes manifest
functional activity until they
encounter a specific antigen that
interacts with an antigen
receptor on their cell surface.
Lymphocytes that have not yet
been activated by antigen are
known as Naive lymphocytes
Lymphocyte have met their
antigen, become activated, and
have differentiated further into
fully functional lymphocytes are
known as Effector lymphocytes.
Naive lymphocytes are mature T
or B cell emigrants from generative lymphoid organs
that have never encountered foreign antigen. They will
die after 1 to 3 months if they do not recognize antigens.

14. Adaptive Immunity
B cells and T cells are distinguished by the
structure of the antigen receptor that they
express.
The B-cell antigen receptor, or B-cell receptor
(BCR) is formed by the same genes that encode
antibodies, a class of proteins also known as
immunoglobulins (Ig)
The T-cell antigen receptor, or T-cell
receptor(TCR), is related to the
immunoglobulins but is quite distinct in its
structure and recognition properties.

15. Lymphoid organs can be divided into:
1. The central or primary lymphoid organs
where lymphocytes are generated
The central lymphoid organs are the bone
marrow and the thymus
2. The peripheral or Secondary lymphoid
organ
where mature naive lymphocytes are
maintained and adaptive immune responses
are initiated.
organs comprise the lymph nodes, the spleen,
and the mucosal lymphoid tissues of the gut, the
nasal and respiratory tract, the urogenital tract,
and other mucosa.
The distribution of lymphoid tissues in the body

18. CELL MEDIATED

19. • Peran utama limfosit T
adalah dalam imunitas
seluler, yang memberikan
pertahanan terhadap
infeksi mikroba intraseluler.
• Pada beberapa jenis infeksi,
mikroba mungkin
menemukan tempat yang
nyaman di dalam sel,
sehingga perlu dieliminasi
oleh respons imun seluler

20. Limfosit T (sel T)
CD 8+ CD 4+

21. Proses Maturasi Sel T
Cell Mediated Immunity

25. Aktivasi Sel T

27. Antigen Recognition

29. T-Cell Antigen Recognition

30. Pathways of antigen processing and presentation

36. Jalur persinyalan utama yang
terkait pada fosforilasi rantai ζ,
dan ZAP- 70 adalah
• jalurNFAT-kalsium,
• jalur Ras- dan kinase Rac-
MAP,
• jalur PKC8-NF-KB,
• jalur kinase PI-3

38. T-Cell Activation

40. Sel T CD4 efektor

42. T-Cell Activation : CD4

43. 1. Cytokine that induces
differentiation
2. Master Transcriptional
regulator
3. Cytokine they produce and
secrete

51. Cytokine Innate & Adaptive

52. T-Cell Activation : CD8
latent viral infections, organ transplants,
and tumors, all of which tend to elicit
weak innate immune reactions
In the setting of a strong innate immune
response to a microbe, if professional
APCs are directly infected by the
microbe, or if cross-presentation
efficient

54. HUMORAL

55. Humoral Immune Response
1. B lymphocytes recognize specific antigens
• proliferate and differentiate into antibody-
secreting plasma cells
2. Antibodies bind to specific antigens on microbes;
destroy microbes via specific mechanisms
3. Some B lymphocytes evolve into the resting state -
memory cells

56. Development of B Lymphocyte
BONE
MARROW
Peripheral
Janeway's immunobiology 9th
pembentukan heavy chain pembentukan light chain
Naive B cell

57. The Immune System, 3rd ed. Garland Science, 2009

58. B Cell Activation
-recognize polysaccharide Antigen
-secretion IgM antibody only
(without Tcell help cannot
differentiate into IgG,IgE, IgA)
-The T cell-independent response is
short-lived and does not result in
the production of memory B cells
T - Independent

59. B Cell Activation
- T cell-dependent activation of B cells is more
complex than T cell-independent activation, but the
resulting immune response is stronger and
develops memory.
- the B cell recognizes and internalizes an antigen
and presents it to a helper T cell
- The helper T cell interacts with the antigen
presented by the B cell, which activates the T cell
and stimulates the release of cytokines that then
activate the B cell.
-Activation of the B cell triggers proliferation and
differentiation into B cells and plasma cells.
T - Dependent

60. B Cell Activation
T - Dependent
After initial secretion of IgM, cytokines
secreted by TH2 cells stimulate the
plasma cells to switch from IgM
production to production of IgG, IgA, or
IgE.

65. Primary and Secondary Response
The first exposure to a protein antigen, a T cell-dependent primary antibody response occurs.
The initial stage of the primary response is a lag period, or latent period, of approximately 10 days, during which no antibody can be detected in
serum.
This lag period is the time required for all of the steps of the primary response, including naïve mature B cell binding of antigen with BCRs,
antigen processing and presentation, helper T cell activation, B cell activation, and clonal proliferation. The end of the lag period is characterized
by a rise in IgM levels in the serum, as TH cells stimulate B cell differentiation into plasma cells. IgM levels reach their peak around 14 days after
primary antigen exposure; at about this same time, TH stimulates antibody class switching, and IgM levels in serum begin to decline. Meanwhile,
levels of IgG increase until they reach a peak about three weeks into the primary response

66. Primary and Secondary Response
During the primary response, some of the cloned B cells are differentiated into memory B cells
This secondary response occurs more quickly and forcefully than the primary response.
The lag period is decreased to only a few days and the production of IgG is significantly higher than observed for the primary response .
The antibodies produced during the secondary response are more effective and bind with higher affinity to the targeted epitopes.
Plasma cells produced during secondary responses live longer than those produced during the primary response, so levels of specific antibody
remain elevated for a longer period of time.

67. Antibodies can participate in host defense in three main ways:
1. Neutralization
antibodies binding to and neutralizing a bacterial toxin, thus
preventing it from interacting with host cells and causing
pathology.The antigen-antibody complex is eventually scavenged
and degraded by macrophages.
2. Opsonization
Antibodies coating an antigen render it recognizable as foreign
by phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), which then ingest
and destroy it.
Antibody first binds to antigens (red) on the bacterial cell
through the variable regions. Then the antibody’s Fc region binds
to Fc receptors (yellow) expressed by macrophages and other
phagocytes, facilitating phagocytosis

68. Antibodies can participate in host defense in three main ways:
3. Complement activation
antibodies coating a bacterial cell. Bound antibodies form a
platform that activates the first protein in the complement
system, which deposits complement proteins (blue) on the
surface of the bacterium. This can lead in some cases to
formation of a pore that lyses the bacterium directly. More
generally, complement proteins on the bacterium can be
recognized by complement receptors on phagocytes; this
stimulates the phagocytes to ingest and destroy the bacterium.
Thus, antibodies target pathogens and their toxic products for
disposal by phagocytes.

69. TERIMA KASIH
Mohon Arahannya

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75. Complement System

76. Complement System