This document summarizes recent advancements in immunization. It discusses the goals of immunization as preventing disease in individuals and ultimately eradicating diseases worldwide. Data from the US shows significant decreases in morbidity from diseases like smallpox, polio, measles, and haemophilus influenza type B due to immunization programs. It also discusses common concerns parents have about immunization and ways to address those concerns. The document then describes the different types of immunization including active and passive immunization. It provides guidelines for many common vaccines and discusses considerations around vaccine handling, scheduling, and specific diseases.
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Get a move to keep your work environment solid this Vaccination season. Corporate Vaccinations Camps at Workplace. Consider offering free nearby Vaccination inoculations in your business areas. On the off chance that your business can’t offer Vaccination antibody centers nearby, urge representatives to look for Vaccination inoculation in the network. Making yearly Vaccination immunizations part of your work environment.
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Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Get a move to keep your work environment solid this Vaccination season. Corporate Vaccinations Camps at Workplace. Consider offering free nearby Vaccination inoculations in your business areas. On the off chance that your business can’t offer Vaccination antibody centers nearby, urge representatives to look for Vaccination inoculation in the network. Making yearly Vaccination immunizations part of your work environment.
Visit us @ http://bit.ly/2oeWNSR
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
Introduction about postnatal care
Define postnatal care
Aims & objectives postnatal care
Important conditions we should enquire in postnatal care
Schedule of postnatal care
Postnatal exercise
Advice given to the mother during discharge postnatal care
Advice regarding family planning and sterilization during puerperium
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
Introduction about postnatal care
Define postnatal care
Aims & objectives postnatal care
Important conditions we should enquire in postnatal care
Schedule of postnatal care
Postnatal exercise
Advice given to the mother during discharge postnatal care
Advice regarding family planning and sterilization during puerperium
mmunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money can buy.
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. GOALS OF IMMUNIZATION
• IMMEDIATE :prevention of disease in
individuals
• ULMITIMATE : eradication/ elimination of
disease from the world
3. EFFECTS OF IMMUNIZATION( US BASED DATA )DISEASE SMALL POX POLIO
PARALYTIC
MEASELS HAEM.INFLUEN
ZA
TYPE B
MORBIDITY
20TH CENTURY
48164 16311 503282 20000
MORBIDITY
2007
ZERO ZERO 43 22
% DECREASE 100 100 >99 >99%
4. PARENTS CONCERNS ABOUT
IMMUNIZATION
• Safety of immunization
• Objections due to religious thoughts
• Past experience or hear say
• Disease would give better protection than vaccine
• Combine vaccines given on one visit may have more
side effects
• Cost.
• They should be counselled in detail, referred to
different literatures and websites like
www.aapnews.org / www.immunizationfo.org
5. Types of immunization
1. Active immunization
2. Passive immunization
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION:
1. The administration of all, part of micro organism
,modified product of that organism , resulting in an
immunologic response that mimics that of the natural
disease but usually present no or little risk for the
recipient
It may provide life long protection ,partial protection
or may require administration at regular intervals.
6. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
• It is the administration of preformed antibodies to
recipients
• It is available as
• immunoglobulin, I/M
• specific immunoglobulins ,
• Immunoglobulin I/V
• Indications are immunodeficiency states, ITP, Rabies
(rabies Ig) Tetanus(TIG), tetanus antitoxin, Diptheria
anti toxin
7. VACCINE HANDLING AND STORAGE
• Transported/stored at recommended
temperature
• Live virus attenuated vaccine are heat
sensitive and destroyed at high
temperature e.g MMR Rota Virus OPV etc
• Inactivated vaccine are cold sensitive but
they are destroyed by freezing e.g DPT, IPV,
HiB, Hep A & B etc
8. SCHEDULING IMMUNIZATION
• Two programmes are available in our country
• Expanded Programme for immunization (EPI)
• Programme recommended by American
Academy of Pediatrics (AIP)
9. GUIDLINES FOR MAJOR VACCINES
• BCG
• Prepared from live attenuated M. Bovis
• Method of administration
• Natural course of BCG vaccine
• Accelerated BCG response
• Evidence of successful BCG vaccine
• Protective efficacy
• Adverse reaction like abscesses disseminated fatal
disease, axillary adenitis etc
• Contraindiactions include burns, skin infections,
primary and secondary immunodeficiencies
10. POLIO
• Two types
• 1)inactivated polio virus IPV given parentally I/M or
S/C
• 2)live virus vaccine given orally OPV
• OPV is easy to administer low cost and more
effective immunization
• Both vaccines contain 1,2&3 polio strains
• Two doses of IPV results in 95% and 3 doses results
in 99-100% immunity probably life long
• Three doses of OPV gives excellent antibody
response
11. • Adverse Effects of IPV
• No serious side effect except the
hypersensitivity to neomycin streptomycin
and polymyxin and can be given to
immunocompromised persons
• Adverse Effects of OPV
• OPV associated VAPP =1:750000 doses
• Overall risk for VAPP =1:2.4 million doses
12. DIPTHERIA TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS
IMMUNIZATION
• DwPT and DaPT
• Contains
• 1)Diptheria Toxoids
• 2 )Pertussis(killed whole cell/Acellular) and
• 3)Tetanus Toxoid
• Schedule : 5 doses at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months
and 4-6 years of age, over 7 years child should
receive Tdap
13. TETANUS
• 5 doses as mentioned above in the form of
DTwP, DtaP, DT, Tdap
• Wound management
H/o Tetanus Toxoid (doses) Clean wound
Td/Tdap TIG
All other wounds
Td/Tdap TIG
Less than 3 or unknown Yes No Yes Yes
More than 3 No No No No
14. Tetanus prophylaxis
• TIG 250 units I/M regardless of age and weight
• IVIG can be used if TIG is not available
• ATS (equine Antitoxin Serum) is better avoided
because of anaphylaxis and serum sickness
• Tetanus immunization with Tetanus Toxoids
can be initiated simultaneously
15. Prevention of neonatal tetanus
(prenatal immunization)
• Pregnant women who have not completed their
primary series (3 doses) should do so preferably
before delivery
• 2 doses of Td 4 weeks apart 2nd being given 2
weeks before delivery
• Immunization with TdaP/Td is not contraindicated
during pregnancy
• Adverse reaction with Tetanus Toxoids include
Anaphylaxis, GBS, Brachial neuritis but are rare
16. PERTUSSIS
• 5 Doses as mentioned earlier
• DwPT contains whole cell killed Pertussis
organism and is immunogenic as well as
reactogenic
• Acellular pertussis contains two or more
immunogens derived from B-Pertussis
17. Side effects
Whole cell vaccine Acellular vaccine
Local reaction more Much less
Systemic More Much less
Anaphylaxis 2 per million Much less
Seizures 1:1750 doses Much less
HHE 1:1750 Much less
Temp 105F In 0.3% reciepients Much less
crying for more than 3 hrs 1% Much less
18. CONTRAINDICTIONS FOR DTaP
• Anaphylactic reaction
• Encephalopathy with in 7 days after receipt
of Dtap
• Progressive neurological disorder
19. HEPATITIS B VACCINE
• HBV is produced by Recombinant DNA
technology
• 3 doses of HBV (Engerix-B)10 microgram I/M 0,1
and 6 months upto age of 20 years .Over 20 years
20 microgram I/M is needed
• 4 doses of HBV may be administered at birth. If
birth dose is given and a combination of vaccine
is used to complete the series
• Efficacy and duration of protection is 90-95% and
immune memory is intact for 20 years
20. INDICATION FOR BOOSTER DOSES OF
HBV
• Patients on hemodialysis
• Immunocompromised
• Health workers
MANAGEMENT OF NON RESPONDERS
Re immunization with additional 3 doses series
21. MANAGEMENT OF BABIES BORN TO
HBSAge+VE MOTHERS
• Safe delivery
• Baby should receive HBIG 0.5ml I/M as soon
as possible but within 7 days of birth
• Baby should be given 1st dose of Hep B vaccine
if baby weight is over 2 kg and if <1kg after 1
month
• Remaining doses of HBV can be given alone or
in combination
22. HEPATITIS A VACCINE
• Inactivated Hep A given in 2 doses starting from 1
year and 2nd dose 6 months after 1st dose
• Doses are 720 ELU 1 -18 year of age
• And 1440 ELU 19 years and older
• For post exposure prophylaxis(contact with near and
dear ones)
• IG(0.02ml/kg) given within 2 weeks after exposure
and is effective upto 85% in preventing Hep A upto 3
months
• Twinrix a combination vaccine of Hep A and Hep B
for age 18 years and above
23. MEASLES
• Measles is immunosuppresive disease
associated with chronic mortality, morbidity
and serious complications
• Measles vaccine is a live attenuated and is
available as a monovalant and also in
combinations (MMR , MMRV)
• Pakistan being endemic state for measles ,
recommendation for measles are
• 1) measles at 9 months of age (MMR)
• 2)MMR/MMRV at 15 months and at 4-6 years
of age
24. • Serum antibodies develop in 95% if MMR
given at 12 months of age and 99% if given at
15 months of age
• Adverse effect are
• Fever 5-15%
• Transient rash
• Thrombocytopenia
• Encephalitis <1/million doses
• For prevention of measles to close contacts IG
0.25 ml /kg can be given
25. VARICELLA VACCINE
• Contains live attenuated vaccine as a monovalent
and part of MMRV
• Dose is 0.5ml/s/c
• 1st dose12-15 months and 2nd dose 4-6 years
(minimum interval between 2 doses is 3 months)
• Single dose efficacy is 70-90% against infection
and 95%against serious infection. Recipients of 2
doses are 3.3 fold less likely to have break
through infection. Duration of immunity is 20 yrs
or more.
• Vaccine is safe and reactions are mild.
26. Haemophilus Influenza type B (HIb)
• HIb conjugated vaccine consist of capsular
polysaccharide , Tetanus toxoid (PRP-T)/outer
membrane protein complex from N.meningitidis.
• Available as a monovalent vaccine (ACT-HIB,
HIBERIX).
• 3 doses given at 2,4 and 6 months of age PRP-T,
PRP-OMP (minimum 2 doses interval being 1
month), 4th dose at 12-15 months
• Doses 0.5ml/IM
• In patients with sickle cell disease , leukemia, HIV
infection, patients with splenectomy one dose of
HIb vaccine may be given after age of 5 years.
27. PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
• Streptococcal pneumonia causes invasive
bacterial infection like pneumonia, empyema,
AOM, meningitis etc
• 110 serotypes of pneumococci are identified
• Two types of vaccines
• 1)pneumococcal conjugate vaccine which are
immunogenic from 6 weeks -5years of age(PCV)
• 2)pneumococcal polysaccharide 23 valent vaccine
which is immunogenic after the age of 2
years(PPSV23)
28. • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are available
10(synflorix) and 13(prevenar13) serotypes
• Primary series consists of three doses at 2 ,4
and 6 months of age and booster at 12-15
months of age
• Conjugate vaccine is recommended upto the
age of 17 years and in all persons above 50
years.
• Doses 0.5ml I/M
29. PCV Q13 (CONJ) VERSUS PPSV23(PR
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
PCV13(CONJ) PPSV23(PR.POLYSACCHARI
DE VACCINE)
DURATION OF IMMUNITY definite Unknown, likely to be short
IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORIES yes no
BOOSTER EFFECT WITH
SUBSEQUENT DOSES
yes no
NASOPHARYNGEL
EFFECT(HERD IMMUNITY)
yes no
30. ROTA VIRUS VACCINE
• Incidence is 28-30% of all diarrhoeal diseases
• 7 distinct groups are recognized A-G
• Group A virus -major cause
• Previously Rota virus vaccine was associated with
intussusception so it was withdrawn
• In 2008 a live oral human attenuated rota virus
vaccine has been introduced as a two dose
vaccine
• Min age of 1st dose 6weeks
• Max age of 1st dose 14 weeks and 6 days
• Min interval between doses is 4 weeks
• Max age of last dose 8 months
31. TYPHOID VACCINE
• Effective 50-70%only
• TAB vaccine can be given at age of 6 months
• 3 doses are needed at 1-2 weeks interval (not in
use now because of severe local and side effects)
• Ty21 A is live attenuated vaccine replicates in gut
• It should not be used in acute gastroenteritis
• Antibiotics should not be used 1 day prior and 7
days after 4th dose of vaccine
• Should not used in immuno-compromised
patients
32. vaccine type route Age of
recipient
doses frequency
ViCPS
(Typhim/
Typherix)
polysacchari
de
I/M 2years 1 2 years
Ty21a
(Vivotef)
Live
attenuated
oral 6 years 4 5 years
33. HUMAN PAPPILOMA VIRUS
• Produce benign epithelial proliferation(warts) of skin and
mucous membranes
• Also associated with anogenital dysplasia and cancers
• HPV VACCINES quadrivalent (HPV4 types 6,11,16,18)
vaccines (Gardisil) is available
• 3 doses starting from age of 11-13 years upper age limit
is 26 years
• Dose is 0.5 ml I/M 2nd dose 2 months after 1st dose and
3rd dose 6 months after 1st dose
• Ceravarix (bivalent HPV 2 for type 16,18)
• 99% is immunogenic and has efficacy against cervical,
vulvar,vaginal cancers genital and skin warts
• Now AIP has recommended quadrivalent for both sexes
and bivalent only for females.
34. INFLUENZA
• Very common disease
• Associated with fevers chills headache myalgia
and cough often super added by bacterial
infection
• Occasionally febrile seizures and encephalitis
• Influenza virus is of 3 types (A,B,C). Epidemics is
caused by type A and B and both are included in
influenza vaccine. Type C causes mild and
sporadic disease and not included in the vaccine
• Circulating Human Influenza A subtypes include
H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 viruses.
35. Seasonal epidemics
• Are caused by minor antigenic variations within
influenza A and B virus and are called antigenic
drift
• Pandemics are caused by major changes in
influenza A virus and are called antigenic shifts
• In 1918 H1N1 pandemic 20 million people were
killed in USA and 50 million in the whole world.
36. Diagnosis
• High index of clinical suspicion
• Nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal tissue swab
obtained within 72 hours of illness
• 1)viral culture (result available in 2-6 days)
• 2)Rapid diagnostic test for identification infective
antigen are available commercially- yields result in 30
mins
• 3)direct florescent antibody(DFA) and indirect
immunoflorescent antibody (IFA) for the detection of
infective antigen (results in 3-4 hours)
• PCR(higher sensitivity and specificity but lacks
availability)
37. Types of vaccines
• Two types
• Live attenuated influenza vaccine contain 3
virus strains A(H3N2), A(H1N1)and B. It is used
above 2 years through intranasal route
• May increase wheezing and may not be used
in asthma and immuno-compromised patients
• Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is
available with the names of Vaxigrip,
Agrippal, Fluarix
38. SCHEDULE FOR TIV VACCINE
AGE DOSE(ml) NO OF DOSE ROUTE
6-35 MONTHS 0.25 2 I/M
3 THROUGH 8
YEARS
0.5 2 I/M
9 YEARS OR OLDER 0.5 1 I/M
39. Timings for vaccine is October to
JanuaryIndications
• All children 6 months to 18 years
• Household contact and children caretakers
Indication for persons above 19 years of age
– Imuno-compromised states
– Hemoglobinopathies
– Chronic pulmonary and cardiac diseases
– Chronic renal disease and metabolic diseases
– Patient on long term salicylic therapy
– All persons above 65 should be vaccinated once a
year.