Illumination:Lighting The World.
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•342 views
This document discusses different types of lighting sources and illumination methods. It describes natural illumination from the sun and stars, and artificial illumination produced electrically from lamps. It defines lighting terms like luminous flux and luminous intensity. It explains different illumination methods like direct, semi-direct, and indirect lighting and their uses. It also discusses different types of electric lamps including incandescent, discharge, mercury, sodium, and fluorescent lamps as well as their characteristics.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Illumination project
This document presents information about illumination and artificial lighting. It explains that illumination occurs when a material is heated above a certain temperature and begins radiating energy in the form of light. Various types of artificial lights are discussed, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and mercury vapor lamps. Their working principles, startup times, light colors, costs, and common applications are compared. Lighting schemes like direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general diffusing are also explained. The document also covers the laws of illumination, what floodlighting is, and provides references used.
Artificial illumination and night lighting
This document defines key lighting terminology and discusses artificial lighting systems. It defines terms like luminaire, lumen, lux, luminous intensity, and utilization factor. It also covers different lighting systems like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and sodium lamps. The document discusses lighting design methods, including calculating required fixtures based on illuminance needs, room dimensions, and utilization factor. Design aids discussed include heliodons and software for thermal/lighting analysis like Autodesk Ecotect.
Illumination
The document discusses different types of lighting schemes and artificial lighting sources. It describes direct, indirect, semi-direct and semi-indirect lighting schemes. It also explains different artificial light sources like incandescent lamps, CFLs, neon lighting, flood lights, and LEDs. LEDs are highlighted as one of the most efficient and long-lasting light sources available.
Electrical lighting design
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
Illumination
The document discusses various aspects of lighting design including illumination, brightness, contrast, glare, diffusion, and color. It describes how lighting affects visual tasks and defines key lighting concepts. Specific lighting types and arrangements are also covered, such as downlighters, track lighting, and shade lighting. Proper lighting design considers factors like lighting level, uniformity, and control of glare to create a space that supports visual tasks and is comfortable for users.
Illumination basic and lightning scheme
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
Illumination basic and schemes
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
electric light sources
1. The document discusses various types of electric lighting sources, their characteristics, and applications. It focuses on illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and the differences between incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and discharge lamps.
2. Incandescent lamps have low efficacy but are inexpensive, while fluorescent lamps have higher efficacy but require ballasts. Halogen lamps have better efficacy than incandescents and are used for accent lighting.
3. The best lighting design uses the most efficient source appropriate for the application and design goals. Incandescents should be limited to infrequent or short use cases due to their inefficiency.
Recommended
Illumination project
This document presents information about illumination and artificial lighting. It explains that illumination occurs when a material is heated above a certain temperature and begins radiating energy in the form of light. Various types of artificial lights are discussed, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and mercury vapor lamps. Their working principles, startup times, light colors, costs, and common applications are compared. Lighting schemes like direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general diffusing are also explained. The document also covers the laws of illumination, what floodlighting is, and provides references used.
Artificial illumination and night lighting
This document defines key lighting terminology and discusses artificial lighting systems. It defines terms like luminaire, lumen, lux, luminous intensity, and utilization factor. It also covers different lighting systems like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and sodium lamps. The document discusses lighting design methods, including calculating required fixtures based on illuminance needs, room dimensions, and utilization factor. Design aids discussed include heliodons and software for thermal/lighting analysis like Autodesk Ecotect.
Illumination
The document discusses different types of lighting schemes and artificial lighting sources. It describes direct, indirect, semi-direct and semi-indirect lighting schemes. It also explains different artificial light sources like incandescent lamps, CFLs, neon lighting, flood lights, and LEDs. LEDs are highlighted as one of the most efficient and long-lasting light sources available.
Electrical lighting design
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
Illumination
The document discusses various aspects of lighting design including illumination, brightness, contrast, glare, diffusion, and color. It describes how lighting affects visual tasks and defines key lighting concepts. Specific lighting types and arrangements are also covered, such as downlighters, track lighting, and shade lighting. Proper lighting design considers factors like lighting level, uniformity, and control of glare to create a space that supports visual tasks and is comfortable for users.
Illumination basic and lightning scheme
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
Illumination basic and schemes
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
electric light sources
1. The document discusses various types of electric lighting sources, their characteristics, and applications. It focuses on illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and the differences between incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and discharge lamps.
2. Incandescent lamps have low efficacy but are inexpensive, while fluorescent lamps have higher efficacy but require ballasts. Halogen lamps have better efficacy than incandescents and are used for accent lighting.
3. The best lighting design uses the most efficient source appropriate for the application and design goals. Incandescents should be limited to infrequent or short use cases due to their inefficiency.
Illumination, Lighting
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
Illumination
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
(Eee)140210107052
this ppt is about elements of electrical engineering.
on topic illumination and lighting scheme.and
Lighting architecture lecture 3
The document defines key terminology used in illumination, including luminance, illuminance, lux, lumen, candela, foot-candle, efficacy, efficiency, glare, and luminaires. Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from a surface, illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, and lux is a unit of illuminance or luminous flux per unit area. Glare can be direct from a light source or indirect from reflections, and causes visual discomfort or disability depending on its severity. Luminaires are lighting fixtures or fittings used to hold and distribute light sources.
Lighting
This document provides an overview of lighting design fundamentals and applications. It discusses basic light concepts like photometric quantities used to measure light, illumination quality, and different types of lamps like incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity discharge lamps. It also covers topics like quantity and quality of light, lighting control systems, color, color rendering, and color temperature. The document is intended to educate about key lighting design topics and current lighting technologies and practices.
building services- II Lighting
This document discusses lighting design and different lighting technologies. It begins with an overview of visual tasks and factors affecting them. Then it covers the principles of light, including color theory, luminous flux, illumination levels, and lighting laws. Various lighting sources are described like incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, LED, and OLED. Recommendations are provided for illumination levels in different building types. Modern lighting classifications and applications are also discussed.
artificial lighting
Artificial lights have evolved significantly from early incandescent bulbs to modern LED technologies. The document traces the history of major artificial light types including incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lights. It also discusses how different light types are suited for various areas like homes, schools, and offices. Ambient, task, and accent lighting serve different purposes and are selected based on the needs of the space. Modern electrical distribution uses parallel circuits to efficiently deliver adequate and consistent power for lighting applications.
electrical lighting calculation
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
Lighting Presentation Rev2
The document discusses various types of light sources and their characteristics. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), high intensity discharge (HID) lamps including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor lamps. It also discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). For each light source, it provides a brief overview of its history, operating principle and common applications. The document is intended to provide fundamental information on different lighting technologies and their uses.
Illumination.
This document discusses illumination and lighting design. It begins by outlining the objectives of studying illumination for architects, including providing proper ambient lighting, safety, and energy efficiency. It then defines key lighting terms like illuminance, luminous intensity, and luminance. The document covers the inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing light distribution. It describes the history of lighting technologies from candles to modern LEDs. It also discusses light sources like fluorescent lamps and the types of lighting schemes and lamps used in various applications.
Ices chapter 8 - illumination engineering
This document discusses illumination engineering and provides definitions and formulas for key terms. It describes:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and visible light spectrum.
2. Terms like luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous exitance, and luminance and their definitions and relationships.
3. How to calculate illuminance on surfaces using the inverse square law and other formulas, accounting for factors like source intensity, distance, and angle to the surface.
4. Intensity distribution curves and how they illustrate light output as a function of angle.
5. The zonal cavity method for lighting layout and design, which divides a room into cavities and calculates light levels based on factors like room dimensions
illumination scheme
This presentation contain different illumination scheme for domestic, industrial and commercial premises.
Efficient lighting
Efficient lighting in buildings can be achieved through renewable energy sources and efficient artificial lighting systems. Several eco-friendly buildings around the world make use of natural lighting, rainwater recycling, and integrated energy systems. Light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs are more efficient than incandescent bulbs, producing flicker-free light while using only 10% of the power. Their long lifetime of 50,000-100,000 hours provides significant energy savings over other lighting options.
Lighting architecture lecture 6
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
ILLUMINATION & LIGHTING
This document discusses illumination and lighting schemes. It begins with an introduction to artificial lighting and important terminology like luminous flux and illumination. It then describes different lighting schemes including direct, semi-direct, semi-indirect and indirect lighting. It also discusses the design of indoor lighting schemes and different types of lamps such as incandescent, halogen, discharge and fluorescent lamps. Finally, it covers topics like industrial lighting, street lighting and references used.
How to measure illumination
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels in indoor spaces. It describes the lumen method, which uses calculations involving flux, illumination levels, room dimensions, and reflectance values to determine lighting requirements. It also covers utilization factors, maintenance factors, glare indices, and considerations for lighting layout and control of glare. The goal is to provide uniform illumination while avoiding discomfort glare through analytical lighting design methods.
Unit v
This document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It explains that lux is the unit used to measure illumination and is equal to one lumen per square meter. The lumen method for calculating lighting needs involves determining the total lumens needed and dividing by the area, taking into account utilization and maintenance factors. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Standards provide guidelines but no absolute legal requirement for daylight in offices.
Lighting Design - Theory and Calculations
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
Unit 2 illumination
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
(5) bs-ii-electricity-unit-v-2012-five
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides the lumen method formula for calculating lighting levels: Lux x Area / Lumen Output x Maintenance Factor x Utilization Factor. It lists recommended illumination levels for various spaces from 50-1500 lux depending on the task. It also discusses controlling glare through limiting luminance of light sources, positioning luminaires out of the field of view, and maintaining small source sizes.
natural light and illumination
The report discusses the benefits of natural light over artificial light. Natural light has positive effects on human health like improving sleep and reducing depression. It also benefits plant growth and allows for inexpensive natural light photography. Daylight is sometimes used as the primary light source in buildings to reduce energy consumption from artificial lighting. Proper lighting, whether natural or artificial, can enhance performance and well-being.
Illumination Lighting
The document discusses the principles of street lighting. It describes two main principles: 1) the diffusion principle and 2) the specular reflection principle. The diffusion principle uses reflectors designed to spread light uniformly downward, creating soft, diffuse light without harsh shadows. This prevents glare for drivers. The specular reflection principle uses upward-curved reflectors to throw light at a large angle, allowing the light source and road surface to be seen but creating glare. Diffuse lighting is preferred for safety.
More Related Content
What's hot
Illumination, Lighting
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
Illumination
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
(Eee)140210107052
this ppt is about elements of electrical engineering.
on topic illumination and lighting scheme.and
Lighting architecture lecture 3
The document defines key terminology used in illumination, including luminance, illuminance, lux, lumen, candela, foot-candle, efficacy, efficiency, glare, and luminaires. Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from a surface, illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, and lux is a unit of illuminance or luminous flux per unit area. Glare can be direct from a light source or indirect from reflections, and causes visual discomfort or disability depending on its severity. Luminaires are lighting fixtures or fittings used to hold and distribute light sources.
Lighting
This document provides an overview of lighting design fundamentals and applications. It discusses basic light concepts like photometric quantities used to measure light, illumination quality, and different types of lamps like incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity discharge lamps. It also covers topics like quantity and quality of light, lighting control systems, color, color rendering, and color temperature. The document is intended to educate about key lighting design topics and current lighting technologies and practices.
building services- II Lighting
This document discusses lighting design and different lighting technologies. It begins with an overview of visual tasks and factors affecting them. Then it covers the principles of light, including color theory, luminous flux, illumination levels, and lighting laws. Various lighting sources are described like incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, LED, and OLED. Recommendations are provided for illumination levels in different building types. Modern lighting classifications and applications are also discussed.
artificial lighting
Artificial lights have evolved significantly from early incandescent bulbs to modern LED technologies. The document traces the history of major artificial light types including incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lights. It also discusses how different light types are suited for various areas like homes, schools, and offices. Ambient, task, and accent lighting serve different purposes and are selected based on the needs of the space. Modern electrical distribution uses parallel circuits to efficiently deliver adequate and consistent power for lighting applications.
electrical lighting calculation
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
Lighting Presentation Rev2
The document discusses various types of light sources and their characteristics. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), high intensity discharge (HID) lamps including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor lamps. It also discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). For each light source, it provides a brief overview of its history, operating principle and common applications. The document is intended to provide fundamental information on different lighting technologies and their uses.
Illumination.
This document discusses illumination and lighting design. It begins by outlining the objectives of studying illumination for architects, including providing proper ambient lighting, safety, and energy efficiency. It then defines key lighting terms like illuminance, luminous intensity, and luminance. The document covers the inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing light distribution. It describes the history of lighting technologies from candles to modern LEDs. It also discusses light sources like fluorescent lamps and the types of lighting schemes and lamps used in various applications.
Ices chapter 8 - illumination engineering
This document discusses illumination engineering and provides definitions and formulas for key terms. It describes:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and visible light spectrum.
2. Terms like luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous exitance, and luminance and their definitions and relationships.
3. How to calculate illuminance on surfaces using the inverse square law and other formulas, accounting for factors like source intensity, distance, and angle to the surface.
4. Intensity distribution curves and how they illustrate light output as a function of angle.
5. The zonal cavity method for lighting layout and design, which divides a room into cavities and calculates light levels based on factors like room dimensions
illumination scheme
This presentation contain different illumination scheme for domestic, industrial and commercial premises.
Efficient lighting
Efficient lighting in buildings can be achieved through renewable energy sources and efficient artificial lighting systems. Several eco-friendly buildings around the world make use of natural lighting, rainwater recycling, and integrated energy systems. Light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs are more efficient than incandescent bulbs, producing flicker-free light while using only 10% of the power. Their long lifetime of 50,000-100,000 hours provides significant energy savings over other lighting options.
Lighting architecture lecture 6
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
ILLUMINATION & LIGHTING
This document discusses illumination and lighting schemes. It begins with an introduction to artificial lighting and important terminology like luminous flux and illumination. It then describes different lighting schemes including direct, semi-direct, semi-indirect and indirect lighting. It also discusses the design of indoor lighting schemes and different types of lamps such as incandescent, halogen, discharge and fluorescent lamps. Finally, it covers topics like industrial lighting, street lighting and references used.
How to measure illumination
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels in indoor spaces. It describes the lumen method, which uses calculations involving flux, illumination levels, room dimensions, and reflectance values to determine lighting requirements. It also covers utilization factors, maintenance factors, glare indices, and considerations for lighting layout and control of glare. The goal is to provide uniform illumination while avoiding discomfort glare through analytical lighting design methods.
Unit v
This document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It explains that lux is the unit used to measure illumination and is equal to one lumen per square meter. The lumen method for calculating lighting needs involves determining the total lumens needed and dividing by the area, taking into account utilization and maintenance factors. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Standards provide guidelines but no absolute legal requirement for daylight in offices.
Lighting Design - Theory and Calculations
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
Unit 2 illumination
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
(5) bs-ii-electricity-unit-v-2012-five
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides the lumen method formula for calculating lighting levels: Lux x Area / Lumen Output x Maintenance Factor x Utilization Factor. It lists recommended illumination levels for various spaces from 50-1500 lux depending on the task. It also discusses controlling glare through limiting luminance of light sources, positioning luminaires out of the field of view, and maintaining small source sizes.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
natural light and illumination
The report discusses the benefits of natural light over artificial light. Natural light has positive effects on human health like improving sleep and reducing depression. It also benefits plant growth and allows for inexpensive natural light photography. Daylight is sometimes used as the primary light source in buildings to reduce energy consumption from artificial lighting. Proper lighting, whether natural or artificial, can enhance performance and well-being.
Illumination Lighting
The document discusses the principles of street lighting. It describes two main principles: 1) the diffusion principle and 2) the specular reflection principle. The diffusion principle uses reflectors designed to spread light uniformly downward, creating soft, diffuse light without harsh shadows. This prevents glare for drivers. The specular reflection principle uses upward-curved reflectors to throw light at a large angle, allowing the light source and road surface to be seen but creating glare. Diffuse lighting is preferred for safety.
Qissa hatim-tai (iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Right light
The document discusses the proper lighting of different rooms, including hostel rooms, hotel rooms, and offices. It notes that lighting is often taken for granted but can create nuance when used intentionally around objects. Floor plans and illustrations are provided showing lighting designs for bedrooms, hotels, and offices using natural daylighting alone or combined with artificial lighting.
Laws of illuminations
This document discusses two laws of illumination: 1) The Law of Inverse Squares, which states that the intensity of illumination from a point source decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. 2) Lambert's Cosine Law, which states that the illumination at a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of the light. It also provides background on units of measurement for light intensity, illuminance, and how photometric benches can be used to measure the candlepower of lamps.
Lighting architecture lecture 8
This document discusses LED (light emitting diode) lights. Some key points:
- LED lights are extremely energy efficient, lasting around 100,000 hours while reducing energy consumption by 80-90% compared to other bulbs.
- They are widely used for general lighting as well as in specific applications like hotels, shops, signs, and outdoor lighting.
- LEDs use semiconductors rather than a filament to produce light through excitation of electrons, making them more durable and longer lasting than incandescent bulbs.
- Other advantages of LEDs include low heat production, instant on, shock resistance, compatibility with dimmers, and lack of toxic materials like mercury.
Photometry and interactions
This document discusses light and its measurable properties and interactions with matter. It covers calculating the speed of light through historic experiments by Roemer and Fizeau. It also discusses photometry, including luminous intensity, luminous flux, and illuminance. Finally, it examines the interactions of light with matter, such as reflection, absorption, transmission, and scattering. Key light properties and metrics like candela, lumen, and lux are defined.
Lighting architecture notes lectureLighting architecture lecture 5
The lumen method is a widely used lighting design method that calculates illumination levels based on the total lumens output of lamps, the utilization factor, and maintenance factor. It can be used to either check or directly design a lighting scheme. Two example problems are provided to demonstrate how to use the method to calculate the number of lamps needed based on the desired illumination level and room area. The watts-per-square-foot method involves multiplying the room area by recommended wattages per square foot to determine total lighting power needs. Two example problems apply this method to determine the number of luminaires required.
Lighting architecture lecture 2
This document discusses calculating and utilizing daylight factor (DF) for building design. DF is the ratio of internal light level to external light level, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as the illuminance at an indoor point divided by the simultaneous outdoor illuminance, multiplied by 100. DF includes sky component, external reflected component, and internal reflected component. A simple rule of thumb can approximate DF as 10% of the percentage of glazing area to floor area. Daylight factor is used to assess natural lighting levels on the working plane and determine lighting requirements.
Types of Lighting and Luminaire
Sample pictures of lighting and luminaire, For architecture students having subjects such as Building Utilities; Lighting and Acoustics.
Lighting ppt 1
This document discusses ways to reduce energy usage from lighting in buildings through green practices. It recommends using natural daylight whenever possible through proper window and skylight design. When artificial lights are needed, the right amount and type of lighting should be used based on the task. Different lighting technologies like LEDs and fluorescents are more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Automatic controls can further reduce energy by turning lights off when not needed or adjusting output based on daylight.
LED Lighting Presentation
An introduction to LED lighting and LED lighting products and an installation showcase of LED applications.
LIGHT AND LIGHTING FIXTURES
The presentation discusses light and lighting fixtures. It defines light and how it is produced through electrons moving between orbits in atoms. It then covers the different types of light sources including natural light and various artificial lights. The rest of the presentation focuses on methods of lighting, including types of lighting fixtures for indoor and outdoor use. It also addresses the effects of lighting in different areas and the advantages and disadvantages of natural versus artificial light.
Viewers also liked (13)
Lighting architecture notes lectureLighting architecture lecture 5
Lighting architecture notes lectureLighting architecture lecture 5
Similar to Illumination:Lighting The World.
SERVICES
This document discusses different types of electrical luminaires. It begins by defining a luminaire as a complete lighting unit comprised of a light source, parts to distribute and protect the light, and a power connection. It then describes the main parts of luminaires and different light distribution types including direct, semi-direct, general diffusing, indirect, and semi-indirect. Specific luminaire examples are then provided such as troffers, downlights, and various LED lighting options from companies like Oppole lighting.
Lighting
Lighting provides illumination through both natural and artificial means. Good lighting has several key requirements including sufficient brightness distributed evenly without glare or shadows. Different types of lighting serve specific purposes such as task, accent, and general lighting. Lighting is measured using various metrics like luminous intensity, flux, illuminance and luminance. Artificial lighting aims to provide optimal illumination while minimizing energy consumption and potential health impacts like light pollution.
DESIGN for TOT.pptx for center of excellanc3e and
it is the note related to center of excellance and productivity improvement
Light_architecture-corporate interiors
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum perceived by human eyes. It is best to provide uniform illumination using both natural and artificial lighting. Lighting quality and quantity should be considered to minimize glare and ensure uniform illuminance over workspaces. A variety of light sources have different characteristics that make some more suitable than others depending on the application.
Bharat Jeswani ( M.sc- Interior Design)Lighting protfolio
The document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses various types of light sources including natural light, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LEDs. It describes lighting units such as luminaires, luminous flux, illuminance, and luminance. It also covers color temperature, color rendering index, lighting fixtures, wash lights, spot lights, and downlights. The document is a guide for lighting design and selection of appropriate light sources and fixtures for different applications.
Light
Light is essential for vision but imperfect light can cause health issues and eye damage. There are various ways to measure light, including foot-candles, lumens, and lux. Good lighting is sufficient, uniform, and avoids glare or shadows. Natural light is better than artificial but artificial options include fluorescent and filament lamps. Standards recommend illumination levels of 100-2000 lux for different tasks. Good lighting criteria ensures proper illumination, uniform distribution without too bright light or flickering to prevent eye strain and accidents.
lighting-design-essentials.pdf
This document discusses lighting design essentials, including types of lamps and basic lighting terminology and calculations. It describes various lamp types like incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, CFL, and LED lamps. It also defines key lighting terms such as luminous flux, luminous efficacy, illuminance, luminance, and utilization factor. Finally, it outlines the basic steps for performing lighting design calculations, which involve selecting a luminaire, determining the required number and spacing of luminaires based on the room's illumination level, area, and reflection coefficients.
electrical luminaries and market survey
A luminaire is defined in Article 100 as “a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and ballast (where applicable), and to connect the lamps to the power supply.” Since luminaires (lighting fixtures) were not previously defined before the 2002 NEC, this new definition is meant to cover all aspects of a lighting unit, including the lamps that actually provide the illumination, as well as internal and external parts necessary for the proper operation of the unit.
Lighting Acoustics Assignment 1.pdf
This document discusses various types of lighting fixtures and lamps. It describes luminaires like recessed lights, pendants, wall sconces, and track lighting. It also covers different types of lamps including incandescent, CFL, halogen, LED, and fluorescent. Finally, it provides examples of specific lighting fixtures, their typical applications, and cost ranges.
Pawan kumar sharma MSc Interior Design ( Lighting Project)
This document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses key lighting principles and terms such as foot candles, lux, color temperature, and color rendering index. It also describes different light sources like incandescent lamps, types of lighting fixtures and luminaires, and how to classify luminaires. Recommended light levels for various activities are provided.
Services ppt
about electrical luminaries, informative ppt, including tyoes and its market survey with all the details
Lighting Design Project (Mohd. nadeem MSC. Interior Design)
This document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers various topics such as:
1. The different types of light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and LED lamps.
2. Factors that influence light quality like color temperature, color rendering index, and lighting fixtures.
3. Classifications of lighting fixtures and the different types of lighting like general, accent, task, and decorative lighting.
4. Detailed information about incandescent lamps, their construction, advantages, disadvantages and types.
Jamel gantt depth knowledge of lighting
Jamel Gantt uses high-end devices and is well-versed in HDR digital photography. The HDR photos exceptionally take your listed residence in the most amazing lighting. This is the nearest your customer can come to individually experiencing the beauty of the property you’re trying to sell. His goal is to showcase your listed properties in a way that really converse to the customers. We accomplish this goal for all our customers.
Final Project Lighting Class
The document outlines the lighting design for various areas of the Delavan Public Library including the stacks areas, task locations, circulation pathways, children's areas, entryway, and bathroom with recommendations for luminaire types, lighting layers, color temperature, CRI, and illumination levels to provide optimal task lighting, ambient lighting, and visual interest throughout the library spaces.
Induction lamps
SEECOL manufactures and sells eco-friendly lighting products including induction lamps. Induction lamps create light through electromagnetic excitation of mercury particles without electrodes. They are more efficient and longer lasting than conventional lamps. SEECOL aims to provide green lighting solutions and reduce energy usage and environmental impact through their product offerings.
Iilumination by absar ahsan
This document discusses different types of lamps used for illumination. It describes incandescent lamps which use a heated filament to produce light and have benefits of being inexpensive and having a warm color but are inefficient. It also describes discharge lamps which produce light through passing electric current through vapor or gas rather than a heated filament. The document also discusses different lighting schemes classified by location and purpose including direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general lighting.
Yasmeen shaikh BSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
The document discusses various types of lighting sources and their properties. It describes incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LED lights. It covers key characteristics like color temperature, light output, efficiency, lifespan, and benefits of each. Common lighting fixtures and their uses are also outlined.
The illumination
The document discusses different aspects of illumination and lighting. It defines illumination as the quantity of light falling on a surface and discusses factors that determine quality of lighting such as glare, shadows and contrast. It then describes different lighting schemes such as direct, indirect, semi-direct and general lighting. It also discusses types of lamps including incandescent, fluorescent, LED and OLED. The document recommends lux levels for different indoor activities and emphasizes the importance of energy efficient lighting and integrating daylight with electric lighting.
Sarvesh singh bhati MSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
This document provides information on lighting design and different types of light sources. It discusses key lighting concepts like color temperature, lumens, footcandles and lux. It describes different types of lighting fixtures and luminaires. Common artificial light sources are covered, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LEDs. Details are given on incandescent lamp construction and types, as well as tungsten-halogen and low-voltage lamps.
Lighting Project ( Anandita portia MSc. Interior Design)
This document discusses various topics related to lighting design for commercial and residential spaces, including:
- Units of light measurement such as candela, foot-candle, and lux
- Recommended light levels for different activities from hallways to kitchens
- Color temperature and how it relates to lighting appearance
- Different types of lighting fixtures and light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lamps
- Factors to consider for lighting such as distribution, intensity, and color rendering
Similar to Illumination:Lighting The World. (20)
Bharat Jeswani ( M.sc- Interior Design)Lighting protfolio
Bharat Jeswani ( M.sc- Interior Design)Lighting protfolio
Pawan kumar sharma MSc Interior Design ( Lighting Project)
Pawan kumar sharma MSc Interior Design ( Lighting Project)
Lighting Design Project (Mohd. nadeem MSC. Interior Design)
Lighting Design Project (Mohd. nadeem MSC. Interior Design)
Yasmeen shaikh BSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
Yasmeen shaikh BSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
Sarvesh singh bhati MSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
Sarvesh singh bhati MSc-Interior Design (Lighting Project )
Lighting Project ( Anandita portia MSc. Interior Design)
Lighting Project ( Anandita portia MSc. Interior Design)
Recently uploaded
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Convolutional Neural Network used for image classification
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION for seminar ppt.pdf
BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION
AND CLASSIFICATION USING
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Recently uploaded (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Illumination:Lighting The World.
- 2. Natural Illumination: • Sources of light existing naturally in the environment. • E.g. Sun, Stars, etc. Artificial Illumination: • Produced Electrically. • Steady output, aesthetic appearance, clean, reliable and low-in-cost.
- 3. Light: Electromagnetic Energy radiated from a hot body or substance. Luminous Flux: Light energy emitted per unit time. UNIT: Lumens Luminous Intensity: Intensity of emission of luminous flux. UNIT: Candela Illumination: Phenomenon of light falling on any surface.
- 4. Direct Lighting: • About 80% to 90% of the total light flux is made to fall directly upon the working plane with the help of suitable reflectors. • Used for general outdoor lighting.
- 5. 60%-90% of the total light flux is made to fall directly downwards with the help of semi-direct reflectors. Remaining light is used for illuminate ceilings and walls. Causes soothing brightness.
- 6. 60%-90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffused reflection by using inverted reflectors. Used for indoor light decorations.
- 7. More than 90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffused reflection by bowl reflectors. Used in cinemas, hotels, theatres, etc.
- 8. Causes diffused and glare-less lighting, same illumination in all directions. For this scheme, fluorescent lights are used.
- 9. Aspects to be kept in mind: • Adequate illumination • Uniform light distribution all over the working plane. • Light of suitable color. • Minimum hard shadow and glare.
- 10. Electric lamps :- • Incandescent lamps • Discharge lamps Incandescent lamps:- • Vacuum lamps • Gas filled lamps
- 11. Vacuum Lamps: • Current is passed through FILAMENT. • Lamps are used below 40 W. • Higher amount of light radiated. • Heat energy is emitted, as wire glows. Gas Filled Lamps: • The bulb filled with an inert gas-mostly N2 ,Ar. • Used for 40W-500W. • Low initial cost, low energy consumption & convenience. • Use coiled filaments.
- 12. High & Low Pressure Mercury Lamps: • Under low pressure, mercury lamps emit UV radiation. • The pressure is increased we get light having bluish tinge. • Replaced by Sodium Vapour Lamps.
- 13. Sodium Vapour lamps: • Must operated at horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform throughout. • Efficiency=40–50 lumens per Watt • Average life=about 3000 hours • Not affected by voltage variations
- 14. Neon Tube: • Widely used for decoration & ads purposes. • Can be bent into desirable shape • Made to emit different colours like orange, red, etc. by mixing chemicals with neon gas. • Operating temperature=573 K • Thus, are known as Cold Cathode Discharge Lamps.
- 15. Compact Fluorescent Lamps. Compact size, saves space. Saves 70-80% energy. Life Is 10 times as compared to incandescent lamps. Starting and working is flicker-free.
- 16. Provides amenities to the workers & increasing productivity ,avoiding accidents. 200 Lumens/ m2 = day-light. Light of suitable colour must be distributed all over the working plane. In large machine shops, the height of light must be above level of machines.
- 18. Mercury & Sodium lamps are suitable for this purpose. Initial cost high, power consumption low. Economical compared to filament lamps. Used for clearly visible traffic, surrounding ,obstructions on road. Also for attractive look of area
- 20. Sr. No Class Of The Street Illumination (lux) 1. A1: Imp. Roads with heavy traffic 30 2. A2: Main roads with Mix Traffic, city streets, etc. 15 3. B1: Roads like shopping streets, Localized Traffic routes, etc. 8 4. B2: Secondary Roads with Light Traffic, By- Lanes, etc. 4
- 21. Images from Google. Reference Text: Elements Of Electrical Engineering--- J. N. Swamy N. V. Sinha (8th Edition)