人工照明在日常生活中扮演着重要角色，主要用于装饰、广告、交通控制、医疗和街道照明等。与机械灯相比，电灯因其清洁、易控制和经济等优势而逐渐普及，照明方案包括直射、间接和一般照明等多种类型。设计良好的照明系统应确保均匀分布光线、避免眩光与阴影，并考虑工作环境的适当照明水平和光质等因素。

1.  Rathod jigna p.
 Enroll no.-140210107052

2. As we know that almost all human activities depends on
light. Sun is a prime natural source of light but
artificial lighting plays almost main role in our daily
life. These artificial lights are produced by
mechanical lamps and electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the mechanical light are
totally replaced by electrical lights. The electrical
lighting are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field and street
lighting etc.
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3. Electrical lighting has following advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
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4. As we know natural light consists of seven colors
having different wavelengths. The average human
eye is most sensitive to a wave length of 5500 0
A.
The relative sensitivity of eye for a particular wave
length is the visual effect produced by the light on
the average human eye as compared with the
effect of light having wave length 5500 0
A on
human eye.
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5. This is also known as Relative luminosity Factor.
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6. That part of radiant energy
from a hot body which
produced the visual sensation
on human eye is called light.
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7. Lighting schemes are classified according
to the location, requirement and
purpose etc. are as under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
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8. As is clear from the name, in this system
almost 90 to 95 % light falls directly on the
object or the surface. The light is made to
fall upon the surface with the help of deep
reflectors. Such type of lighting scheme is
most used in industries and commercial
lighting. Although this scheme is most
efficient but it is liable to cause glare and
shadows.
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In this system, the light does not fall directly
on the surface but more than 90 % of light
is directed upwards by using diffusing
reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as a source
of light and this light is uniformly distributed
over the surface and glare is reduced to
minimum. It provides shadow less
illumination which is useful for drawing
offices and composing rooms. It is also
used for decoration purposes in cinema
halls, hotels etc.

10. This is also an efficient system of lighting and
chances of glare are also reduced. Here
transparent type shades are used through which
about 60 % light is directed downward and 40 % is
directed upward. This also provides a uniform
distribution of light and is best suited for room with
high ceilings.
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11. In this system about 60 to 90 % of total light is thrown
upward to the ceiling for diffused reflection and the
rest reaches the working plane directly. A very
small amount of light is absorbed by the bowl. It is
mainly used for interior decoration.
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12. This system employs such type of luminaries, shades
and reflectors which give equal illumination in all
the directions.
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13. While designing a good lighting schemes, the
following points must be kept in mind :
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed light all
over working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far as
possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.
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14. The following factors are required to be considered
while designing the lighting scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio
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15. This is the most vital factor in deciding the number
and wattage of luminaries so that we are able to
see and recognize the object properly. Colors of
the body have the property of reflecting the light in
different proportions, degree of illumination, its
distance from the viewer, contrast between the
object to be seen and its surroundings.
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16. Type of work recommended illumination level
Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
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17. This means that the illumination should not be
harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare from
the source of light is most common factor.
Presence of polished and glassy surface will
cause indirect glare unless diffused light is used.
Hard and long shadows can be avoided by using
a large number of lamps and adjusting the
mounting height.
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18. A surface to be illuminated receive light either directly
from the lamps or reflected from the ceiling and
walls or both. In this case, the total flux reaching
the surface will never be equal to the flux emitted
by the lamp, due to absorption by reflectors,
ceiling and walls.
Utilization factor = lumens reaching at the working
place
total lumens emitted by the source
Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
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19. The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may
be reduced due to deposition of dust upon the
surfaces. Similarly quantity of light reflected from
the ceiling and walls also decreases with the
passage of time. This is called as depreciation
facto.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.
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20. The ratio of space (horizontal distance ) between the
two adjacent lamps to the vertical height of the
lamps above the working plane is called space
height ratio.
So the distance between the lamps is not too
much. An ideal scheme could be when there is
large number of small size lamps are used also it
increases the cost of installation. So the space
height ratio is 1 to 1.5.
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