The construction industry involves risky and unhealthy operations which result in many human tragedies, to lose
enthusiasm of workers, disrupt construction, delay progress, and adversely affect cost, productivity, and reputation. The
complex nature of construction and hazards it have occupational health and safety in construction work should design table and
continue throughout the construction phases until the safety and health of every end users is ensured. Safety is a major concern
for construction companies, as it is a source of substantial direct and indirect costs. In some countries, the rate of total workplace
injuries from construction activities can be as high as at least 50%. This is undoubtedly a serious matter warranting urgent
attention. This paper reviewed that the safety problems at construction site with fetal injuries caused by it with help of different
graphical data of agencies .It gives detailed information regarding about the injuries type and physical loss of human from this.
This study also revealed that the importance of safety in construction should pay more attention as the injuries loss the human
life and also delay in completion of project
IRJET- Labour Safety in Construction Industry: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a literature review on labor safety in the construction industry. It discusses how construction is one of the most hazardous industries globally, but continues to see numerous accidents despite existing safety laws in India. The review examines causes of accidents like falls, electrocutions, and being struck by objects. It also looks at techniques that can improve safety, such as hazard analysis, safety training, designating a safety officer, and ensuring proper safety organization and record keeping on worksites. Several studies discussed found management commitment and effective hazard identification are important for reducing accidents and improving safety performance in the construction industry.
IRJET- Safety Management in Construction Sites – Fall From HeightIRJET Journal
This document discusses safety management related to falls from heights in construction sites. It identifies falls as one of the major hazards for construction workers. Through a literature review and preliminary study, it determines that the most common types of falls are from scaffolding, ladders, and roofs. A questionnaire survey with safety experts identifies the top factors contributing to fall accidents as working at heights, unprotected edges, and failure to use personal protective equipment. The study aims to develop a checklist based on the identified top fall types and causes to help monitor safety on construction sites through automation techniques like mobile apps or drones. Reducing fall hazards is important as falls are a leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
A study about the status of implementation on safety standards and legal requ...VISHNU VIJAYAN
This document discusses a study on the status of implementation of safety standards and legal requirements pertaining to construction safety in Kerala, India. It finds that despite advances in technology and safety legislation, accidents remain common in the construction industry. Through site visits, interviews, and document analysis of several construction projects, the study evaluated the implementation of important statutory safety requirements. It identified lack of compliance with safety standards and proper implementation of relevant laws as major causes of accidents. The document emphasizes that proper implementation of construction safety laws and standards can prevent many accidents and calls for increased awareness of safety practices.
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
IRJET- Effective Safety Management in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses effective safety management in construction projects. It aims to identify and evaluate safety management methods to minimize health and safety risks for construction workers. Sensor-based technology is proposed to help monitor safety on sites in real-time by detecting potential hazards and unsafe incidents. The methodology used sensor networks to track workers and resources and communicate safety information to stakeholders. Traditional safety management faces challenges due to changing work conditions. Effective safety processes are needed to prevent accidents in the dangerous construction industry.
This document discusses integrating occupational health and safety (OHS) courses into built environment curriculums. It notes that construction accidents are a major problem globally and in Nigeria. The study assessed awareness of OHS among construction students and the impact of OHS training. The study developed an OHS curriculum framework and found students had little OHS awareness while educators saw benefits of OHS knowledge for students' safety and employability. However, educators and students disagreed on adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses. It recommends effective OHS integration into curriculums with sufficient facilities and training to improve safety culture.
This document discusses safety practices in the Lebanese construction industry from the perspective of contractors. It finds that small and medium contractors lack awareness of the need for safety training programs on sites, while large contractors show stronger commitment through planned safety programs and inspections, albeit with limited budgets. The construction industry worldwide is considered dangerous, and the boom in Middle Eastern construction was accompanied by increased deaths and injuries among laborers. However, Lebanese construction laws have not been improved to include safety regulations and standards.
uction safety has been achieved, the industry still continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety. The construction safety of any organization consists of employee’s attitudes towards and perceptions of, health and safety
behaviour. Construction workers attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules
and procedures. A measure of safety could be used to identify those areas of safety that need more attention and improvement.
The aim of the study was to identify factors in the safety management that any lead project success. these factors influence
construction safety. In this project questionnaire is framed to find safety in major organisations. data is collected on the basis
of questionnaire. Employees of various construction firm are interviewed. Collected data is analysed statistically. this analysis
is show the safety environment among organisation. it also gives suggestion to improve safety at construction site.
IRJET- Labour Safety in Construction Industry: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a literature review on labor safety in the construction industry. It discusses how construction is one of the most hazardous industries globally, but continues to see numerous accidents despite existing safety laws in India. The review examines causes of accidents like falls, electrocutions, and being struck by objects. It also looks at techniques that can improve safety, such as hazard analysis, safety training, designating a safety officer, and ensuring proper safety organization and record keeping on worksites. Several studies discussed found management commitment and effective hazard identification are important for reducing accidents and improving safety performance in the construction industry.
IRJET- Safety Management in Construction Sites – Fall From HeightIRJET Journal
This document discusses safety management related to falls from heights in construction sites. It identifies falls as one of the major hazards for construction workers. Through a literature review and preliminary study, it determines that the most common types of falls are from scaffolding, ladders, and roofs. A questionnaire survey with safety experts identifies the top factors contributing to fall accidents as working at heights, unprotected edges, and failure to use personal protective equipment. The study aims to develop a checklist based on the identified top fall types and causes to help monitor safety on construction sites through automation techniques like mobile apps or drones. Reducing fall hazards is important as falls are a leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
A study about the status of implementation on safety standards and legal requ...VISHNU VIJAYAN
This document discusses a study on the status of implementation of safety standards and legal requirements pertaining to construction safety in Kerala, India. It finds that despite advances in technology and safety legislation, accidents remain common in the construction industry. Through site visits, interviews, and document analysis of several construction projects, the study evaluated the implementation of important statutory safety requirements. It identified lack of compliance with safety standards and proper implementation of relevant laws as major causes of accidents. The document emphasizes that proper implementation of construction safety laws and standards can prevent many accidents and calls for increased awareness of safety practices.
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
IRJET- Effective Safety Management in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses effective safety management in construction projects. It aims to identify and evaluate safety management methods to minimize health and safety risks for construction workers. Sensor-based technology is proposed to help monitor safety on sites in real-time by detecting potential hazards and unsafe incidents. The methodology used sensor networks to track workers and resources and communicate safety information to stakeholders. Traditional safety management faces challenges due to changing work conditions. Effective safety processes are needed to prevent accidents in the dangerous construction industry.
This document discusses integrating occupational health and safety (OHS) courses into built environment curriculums. It notes that construction accidents are a major problem globally and in Nigeria. The study assessed awareness of OHS among construction students and the impact of OHS training. The study developed an OHS curriculum framework and found students had little OHS awareness while educators saw benefits of OHS knowledge for students' safety and employability. However, educators and students disagreed on adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses. It recommends effective OHS integration into curriculums with sufficient facilities and training to improve safety culture.
This document discusses safety practices in the Lebanese construction industry from the perspective of contractors. It finds that small and medium contractors lack awareness of the need for safety training programs on sites, while large contractors show stronger commitment through planned safety programs and inspections, albeit with limited budgets. The construction industry worldwide is considered dangerous, and the boom in Middle Eastern construction was accompanied by increased deaths and injuries among laborers. However, Lebanese construction laws have not been improved to include safety regulations and standards.
uction safety has been achieved, the industry still continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety. The construction safety of any organization consists of employee’s attitudes towards and perceptions of, health and safety
behaviour. Construction workers attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules
and procedures. A measure of safety could be used to identify those areas of safety that need more attention and improvement.
The aim of the study was to identify factors in the safety management that any lead project success. these factors influence
construction safety. In this project questionnaire is framed to find safety in major organisations. data is collected on the basis
of questionnaire. Employees of various construction firm are interviewed. Collected data is analysed statistically. this analysis
is show the safety environment among organisation. it also gives suggestion to improve safety at construction site.
IRJET- The Health and Safety Management Performance of Construction Smes i...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on health and safety management practices in the construction industry in Gujarat, India. It finds that construction work is hazardous and small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) dominate the industry in Gujarat. The document reviews literature on factors affecting safety performance and identifies barriers to effective health and safety management in Gujarat's construction SMEs. These include a lack of safety training and awareness among workers, inadequate safety policies and monitoring, and failure to integrate health and safety training. The document concludes more focus on safety is needed from the industry and recommends owners take a more active role in safety management.
The document provides an overview of safety and health regulations in Vietnam, including:
- An outline of key safety/health regulations such as the Labour Code and relevant decrees, circulars, and standards.
- Rights and obligations of employers and workers regarding safety and health. Responsibilities of project owners, PMUs, consultants, and contractors are also outlined.
- General issues on safety management systems, safety education, protective equipment, walkways, signage, employment requirements, and signals.
Case Study on Health and Safety Knowledge and Compliance on Construction SiteIRJET Journal
This document presents the findings of a case study on health and safety knowledge and compliance on construction sites in Gwalior, India. A questionnaire and interviews were used to assess health and safety knowledge, compliance levels, and their impact on project performance among technical workers and construction laborers. The study found that technical workers had high levels of health and safety knowledge but moderate compliance, resulting in high project performance. Construction laborers had moderate knowledge but low compliance, resulting in moderate project performance. The study concluded that both worker groups need high levels of knowledge and compliance with health and safety programs to maximize positive impact on project performance.
The Building area is growing very fast and indispensable to Development involving of Building. Workers Operate in dangerous Environmental and accidents are a common incidence at Building sites. The fundamental Objective of the learn about has been investigate the Safety of worker at constructing sites, and arose out of the need to have a safer working environment. Safety and what have an effect on it have been examined and the most effective preventive and mitigation measure, which can be adopted, that are like minded with the practices and applied sciences handy regarded at. The Methodology adopted involves, an big Literature review, Collection of records by use of Questionnaires, on spot web site test plus oral interviews at Building site. The finding of study are, that the stakeholders are not nicely educated in security planning and administration but they have a main function in providing and keeping a protection at constructing sites, the protective gear and first aid furnished is now not sufficient, and attention plus attitude closer to safety at all level in poor. A protection Assessment tool for building sites has been developed, Conclusion and Recommendation made, which include integrating safety into standard expert coaching and site management, plus introduction of a fine safety. S. Lavanyadevi | Dr. K. Vidhya "Safety Assessment in Construction Projects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30967.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30967/safety-assessment-in-construction-projects/s-lavanyadevi
According to the document:
1. An estimated 120 million occupational accidents occur annually worldwide, resulting in 210,000 fatalities. Every day over 500 workers die from work-related accidents.
2. Accident prevention has traditionally relied on investigating past accidents and near misses to identify causes and mitigate risks. Analysis of individual accidents aims to determine direct causes and contributing factors.
3. There are various theories on the causes of accidents, including the domino theory which identifies a sequence of factors leading to injury. Multiple causation theory recognizes that accidents rarely have a single cause.
Efficient Safety Culture as Sustainable Development in Construction IndustryIJERA Editor
The paper focuses on precaution necessary to prevent avoidable accidents in the construction industries, important water development, building and roads construction in Nigeria. Moreover, appreciate the need for a safe working environment but also precaution necessary for hitch-free operation.
Occupational safety and health management in Afghanistan.ikhtiargul
This document discusses occupational health and safety (OHS) management in Afghanistan's construction industry. It finds that OHS regulations are not commonly adopted and safety knowledge is poor. There is no safety training required and no OHS subjects taught in engineering programs. After 2002, construction increased rapidly but there were no OHS standards. Projects followed different standards, with US projects having the strictest regulations and private projects having little safety oversight. Recommendations include requiring safety training and courses, developing national OHS regulations, and mandating safety compliance in all construction contracts.
STUDY ON ENHANCEMENT OF HUMAN SAFETY PROTECTION FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYIAEME Publication
Objectives:To show that effective implementation of safety protection factors will lead to zeroaccident project. To prove that there must be noticeable enhancement of safetyrequired in the construction industry. Methods/Analysis:Understanding the problems associated with the existing safety performancein the construction industry. Identifying the organization which implementingeffective safety performance in the site and taken it as case study. Extracting the personnelsafety factors from the above case studies where the maximum potentialpossibilities of accidents happen. Progressed with the questionnaire survey onextracted factors. Analysis of the data and extracting results. Findings: From the analysis of 40responses to questionnaire it shows thathuman safety protection factors is implementing in every constructionorganization but not in at the most effectiveway so that accidents are taking place in construction industry. So there isgreat need to enhance safety protection factors in construction industry. Applications: Regular use of humansafety protection factors is must for any organization that leads to betterenhancement on the safety in site. Projective knowledge on safety to engineersleads to zero accident as per the following case study which is most usefulfactor for an organization for safety performance of the project. Recommendationsmentioned in paper is applicable to any construction organization those areinfluencing with safety problems.
Characteristic data analysis of occupational accident in heavy engineering in...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes occupational accident data from a heavy engineering industry from 2012-2013. It categorizes accidents by shift, age, employment type, injury location, nature of injury, and accident type. Statistical analysis finds the accident rate was highest in the first shift, among workers aged 20-29, and for contractor employees. Most injuries occurred to fingers and were cuts. Unsafe acts like operating without permission contributed to accidents. The goal is to understand accident causes to implement preventative measures and reduce future incidents.
The document discusses various aspects of industrial safety including:
1. The development of the safety movement in India and objectives of industrial safety such as preventing accidents and injuries.
2. Key elements of safety planning like hazard identification, developing safety procedures, and emergency response.
3. The importance of formulating a clear safety policy and budget to support safety programs and training.
4. The roles and qualifications required of safety professionals to lead safety efforts in an organization.
A Review on Application of Ergonomic Principles for Work related Injuries in ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the application of ergonomic principles to address work-related injuries in construction projects. It discusses how construction is physically demanding and hazardous, leading to various injuries. The objectives are to study ergonomic aspects among construction workers, suggest safety improvements, improve work efficiency, and minimize waste. A literature review covers previous research identifying ergonomic risk factors and efforts to increase productivity and health. The methodology discusses identifying key factors affecting construction project ergonomics through a questionnaire survey of workers.
ASSESEMENT ON FACTORS DECLINING LABOUR PRODUCTIVTY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Objective: Identifying the factors which are affecting the labour productivityand leading to its decline. Defining the major causingfactors which minimize 80% of maximum damage done to decline the labourproductivity. Methodology: Survey isconducted and data collected through questionnaire followed by reliabilitytest, ranking and Pareto analysis, Pareto analysis is done to indicate thefactors which can minimize the damage about 80%. Findings: Results reveals that Cronbach coefficient value 0.7-0.8which proves that collected data is consistent, factors lack of skilled labourwith RII value 0.92, improper planning with RII value 0.83 and malfunctioningof equipment with RII value 0.78 are major that would affect the labourproductivity and Pareto analysis shows that factors from efficiency related,management related and technical related are main in declining labour productivityin Indian scenario construction projects. Novelty/Improvement:Decline inlabour productivity is concern for resource management which is critical in executionof construction projects. Efficiency and technical related factors proves to becritical in declining the productivity on job site.
Managing health and safety in the workplace HRUsman Rashid
The document discusses managing health and safety in the workplace. It identifies several risks to businesses like fires, accidents, stress, and injuries. It emphasizes the importance of identifying and mitigating these risks to protect employees and comply with laws. Businesses can reduce risks through measures like thorough risk assessments, adequate training, provision of protective equipment, first aid policies, and procedures for ladder safety. Overall, the document stresses that properly managing health and safety is crucial for businesses.
This document discusses industrial accidents, causes, and preventions. It notes that industrial accidents are unplanned events that result in employee injury for more than 48 hours. Accidents are usually caused by a combination of unsafe conditions like defective equipment, and unsafe acts by employees like carelessness. Preventative measures include use of safety devices, safety training, and signage. The document also discusses industrial health, noting its importance in reducing absenteeism and improving efficiency. Statutory provisions in the Factories Act 1948 aim to maintain worker health and safety conditions.
Application of Domino Theory to Justify and Prevent Accident Occurance in Con...IOSR Journals
Abstract: since the construction activities involve most complex processes and the most intensive
administrative atmosphere as well, the accident events come raised in different situations and due to various
causations. Most of the construction accidents originate from human errors and operation sources such as
equipments and facilities in work processes. Most accidents lead to the loss of life, injuries and loss of
properties. The other possible results due to the errors, unsafe acts, and unsafe conditions can be categorized in
Near miss events (no result of injuries), and incidents (likelihood of injuries or loss of property). The role of a
tool by which the causations and the processes can be highlighted is vital to save the projects not to be trapped.
In order to recognize the reasons or the factors contributing to accidents, several theories have been developed
by researchers. Domino theory as a structural map has been one of the most understandable and widely
acceptable theories among the accident theories. The authorities employ it to control the factors causing
undesirable events and to prevent the errors before being made. The aims of this paper are firstly, to describe
the shortcomings of construction processes contributing hazardous situations. secondly, highlighting, the ways
to apply Domino theory, and thirdly, to define how to establish a remedy model to prevent accidents in
construction projects based on domino theory in simple statements.
Keywords: Application of Domino theory, Construction accidents, Remedy model of Domino theory
The occupational accidents are not standardized to rating the risk factors for timely execution of infrastructures. Particularly, developing countries do not have guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each infrastructures construction projects are not projected and published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety engineers along with the workers need to aware to every construction project is not yet started. Project owner, consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety act which must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the Health, Safety and Environment risks. Safety engineering and prosperous Nepal are two side of same coin. By ignoring safety engineering to achieve prospers Nepal and happy Nepali is baseless dream .There would be lot of chances to inviting the risk factors which can lose much more.
Industrial Accident, Safety and HealthMainak Ghosh
This document is a team case presentation on industrial accidents, safety, and health submitted by three students from St. Xavier's College in Kolkata, India. It contains information on industrial accident statistics in India, the causes of accidents, types of accidents, and the importance of industrial safety and health. It discusses India's legal provisions around safety under the Factories Act of 1948 and outlines an effective safety management approach with elements like safety policy, training, committees, and accident investigation. The presentation aims to promote awareness of occupational safety and health issues in India.
The modern trend is to develop IC
Engine of increased power capacity. One of
the design criteria is the endeavor to reduce
the structures weight and thus to reduce fuel
consumption. This has been made possible
by improved engine design. In the internal
combustion engine there are many
reciprocating parts which are responsible for
giving the motion to the engine. The piston
is “Heart” of the engine and its working
condition is the worst one of the key parts of
engine in the working environment. So it is
very important for design and structural
analysis of the piston.
A Silencer is a part of the exhaust system of an automobile that plays a vital role. It needs to
have modes that are located away from the frequencies that the engine operates at, whether the engine be
idling or running at the maximum amount of revolutions per second. The purpose of the design project
performed was to determine which modes are very high and may affect the automobile adversely while in
operation. Research was performed prior to the test to determine which frequencies to look for modes at.
It was determined to conduct the experiment so data from 20 Hz to 20 KHz could be collected. The force
was generated by running the engine at different speed. Acceleration is measured by using FFT analyzer
by selecting the points on the Silencer were chosen, after looking at the data and determined to be under
damped. Therefore, our design study suggests increasing the mass, increase the damping, or providing a
negative stiffness to make the silencer more damped.
The purpose of this report is also to the study the harmful effects of noise caused by it on Engine.
In India, the transportation sector is growing rapidly and number of vehicles on Indian roads is increasing
at very fast rate. This has lead to overcrowded roads and noise pollution. Engine vibration is one of the
major source of noise in vehicles. So, it is necessary to study noise generated by four stroke petrol engine.
The study of noise generated by four stroke petrol engine is carried out with or without mufflers to check
the effectiveness of the muffler
This paper is focused towards extraction of important words from conversations, and then these
words are utilized to recover a small number of relevant documents, which can be given to users as per
their needs. In any case, even a short audio fragment contains of large number of words, which are
conceivably identified with a few topics and also, using automatic speech recognition (ASR) framework
reduces errors in the output. It is difficult to provide the data needs of the conversation members
appropriately. A calculation to remove decisive words from the yield of an ASR framework (or a manual
transcript for testing) to support the potentially differing qualities of subjects and decrease ASR
commotion is proposed. At that point, a technique is used to make many implicit queries from the selected
keywords. These queries will in return produce list of relevant documents. The scores demonstrate that our
proposition is modified over past systems that consider just word re-occurrence or topic closeness, and
speaks to an appropriate answer for a report recommender framework to be utilized as a part of
discussions.
The main goal of this paper to produce new low power solutions for very large scale
integration(VLSI).The main focus of this research on the power consumption, which is showing an
ever-increasing growth with scaling down of the technologies. The full adder is the most important
component of any digital system applications. To limit the power dissipation, this full adder is
designed with adiabatic technique PFAL and it compare with partial adiabatic technique ECRL.
These analysis have done on TANNER simulator V 7 technology. The power is reduced up to 70-
80% as compared to other methods.
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
IRJET- The Health and Safety Management Performance of Construction Smes i...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on health and safety management practices in the construction industry in Gujarat, India. It finds that construction work is hazardous and small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) dominate the industry in Gujarat. The document reviews literature on factors affecting safety performance and identifies barriers to effective health and safety management in Gujarat's construction SMEs. These include a lack of safety training and awareness among workers, inadequate safety policies and monitoring, and failure to integrate health and safety training. The document concludes more focus on safety is needed from the industry and recommends owners take a more active role in safety management.
The document provides an overview of safety and health regulations in Vietnam, including:
- An outline of key safety/health regulations such as the Labour Code and relevant decrees, circulars, and standards.
- Rights and obligations of employers and workers regarding safety and health. Responsibilities of project owners, PMUs, consultants, and contractors are also outlined.
- General issues on safety management systems, safety education, protective equipment, walkways, signage, employment requirements, and signals.
Case Study on Health and Safety Knowledge and Compliance on Construction SiteIRJET Journal
This document presents the findings of a case study on health and safety knowledge and compliance on construction sites in Gwalior, India. A questionnaire and interviews were used to assess health and safety knowledge, compliance levels, and their impact on project performance among technical workers and construction laborers. The study found that technical workers had high levels of health and safety knowledge but moderate compliance, resulting in high project performance. Construction laborers had moderate knowledge but low compliance, resulting in moderate project performance. The study concluded that both worker groups need high levels of knowledge and compliance with health and safety programs to maximize positive impact on project performance.
The Building area is growing very fast and indispensable to Development involving of Building. Workers Operate in dangerous Environmental and accidents are a common incidence at Building sites. The fundamental Objective of the learn about has been investigate the Safety of worker at constructing sites, and arose out of the need to have a safer working environment. Safety and what have an effect on it have been examined and the most effective preventive and mitigation measure, which can be adopted, that are like minded with the practices and applied sciences handy regarded at. The Methodology adopted involves, an big Literature review, Collection of records by use of Questionnaires, on spot web site test plus oral interviews at Building site. The finding of study are, that the stakeholders are not nicely educated in security planning and administration but they have a main function in providing and keeping a protection at constructing sites, the protective gear and first aid furnished is now not sufficient, and attention plus attitude closer to safety at all level in poor. A protection Assessment tool for building sites has been developed, Conclusion and Recommendation made, which include integrating safety into standard expert coaching and site management, plus introduction of a fine safety. S. Lavanyadevi | Dr. K. Vidhya "Safety Assessment in Construction Projects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30967.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30967/safety-assessment-in-construction-projects/s-lavanyadevi
According to the document:
1. An estimated 120 million occupational accidents occur annually worldwide, resulting in 210,000 fatalities. Every day over 500 workers die from work-related accidents.
2. Accident prevention has traditionally relied on investigating past accidents and near misses to identify causes and mitigate risks. Analysis of individual accidents aims to determine direct causes and contributing factors.
3. There are various theories on the causes of accidents, including the domino theory which identifies a sequence of factors leading to injury. Multiple causation theory recognizes that accidents rarely have a single cause.
Efficient Safety Culture as Sustainable Development in Construction IndustryIJERA Editor
The paper focuses on precaution necessary to prevent avoidable accidents in the construction industries, important water development, building and roads construction in Nigeria. Moreover, appreciate the need for a safe working environment but also precaution necessary for hitch-free operation.
Occupational safety and health management in Afghanistan.ikhtiargul
This document discusses occupational health and safety (OHS) management in Afghanistan's construction industry. It finds that OHS regulations are not commonly adopted and safety knowledge is poor. There is no safety training required and no OHS subjects taught in engineering programs. After 2002, construction increased rapidly but there were no OHS standards. Projects followed different standards, with US projects having the strictest regulations and private projects having little safety oversight. Recommendations include requiring safety training and courses, developing national OHS regulations, and mandating safety compliance in all construction contracts.
STUDY ON ENHANCEMENT OF HUMAN SAFETY PROTECTION FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYIAEME Publication
Objectives:To show that effective implementation of safety protection factors will lead to zeroaccident project. To prove that there must be noticeable enhancement of safetyrequired in the construction industry. Methods/Analysis:Understanding the problems associated with the existing safety performancein the construction industry. Identifying the organization which implementingeffective safety performance in the site and taken it as case study. Extracting the personnelsafety factors from the above case studies where the maximum potentialpossibilities of accidents happen. Progressed with the questionnaire survey onextracted factors. Analysis of the data and extracting results. Findings: From the analysis of 40responses to questionnaire it shows thathuman safety protection factors is implementing in every constructionorganization but not in at the most effectiveway so that accidents are taking place in construction industry. So there isgreat need to enhance safety protection factors in construction industry. Applications: Regular use of humansafety protection factors is must for any organization that leads to betterenhancement on the safety in site. Projective knowledge on safety to engineersleads to zero accident as per the following case study which is most usefulfactor for an organization for safety performance of the project. Recommendationsmentioned in paper is applicable to any construction organization those areinfluencing with safety problems.
Characteristic data analysis of occupational accident in heavy engineering in...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes occupational accident data from a heavy engineering industry from 2012-2013. It categorizes accidents by shift, age, employment type, injury location, nature of injury, and accident type. Statistical analysis finds the accident rate was highest in the first shift, among workers aged 20-29, and for contractor employees. Most injuries occurred to fingers and were cuts. Unsafe acts like operating without permission contributed to accidents. The goal is to understand accident causes to implement preventative measures and reduce future incidents.
The document discusses various aspects of industrial safety including:
1. The development of the safety movement in India and objectives of industrial safety such as preventing accidents and injuries.
2. Key elements of safety planning like hazard identification, developing safety procedures, and emergency response.
3. The importance of formulating a clear safety policy and budget to support safety programs and training.
4. The roles and qualifications required of safety professionals to lead safety efforts in an organization.
A Review on Application of Ergonomic Principles for Work related Injuries in ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the application of ergonomic principles to address work-related injuries in construction projects. It discusses how construction is physically demanding and hazardous, leading to various injuries. The objectives are to study ergonomic aspects among construction workers, suggest safety improvements, improve work efficiency, and minimize waste. A literature review covers previous research identifying ergonomic risk factors and efforts to increase productivity and health. The methodology discusses identifying key factors affecting construction project ergonomics through a questionnaire survey of workers.
ASSESEMENT ON FACTORS DECLINING LABOUR PRODUCTIVTY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Objective: Identifying the factors which are affecting the labour productivityand leading to its decline. Defining the major causingfactors which minimize 80% of maximum damage done to decline the labourproductivity. Methodology: Survey isconducted and data collected through questionnaire followed by reliabilitytest, ranking and Pareto analysis, Pareto analysis is done to indicate thefactors which can minimize the damage about 80%. Findings: Results reveals that Cronbach coefficient value 0.7-0.8which proves that collected data is consistent, factors lack of skilled labourwith RII value 0.92, improper planning with RII value 0.83 and malfunctioningof equipment with RII value 0.78 are major that would affect the labourproductivity and Pareto analysis shows that factors from efficiency related,management related and technical related are main in declining labour productivityin Indian scenario construction projects. Novelty/Improvement:Decline inlabour productivity is concern for resource management which is critical in executionof construction projects. Efficiency and technical related factors proves to becritical in declining the productivity on job site.
Managing health and safety in the workplace HRUsman Rashid
The document discusses managing health and safety in the workplace. It identifies several risks to businesses like fires, accidents, stress, and injuries. It emphasizes the importance of identifying and mitigating these risks to protect employees and comply with laws. Businesses can reduce risks through measures like thorough risk assessments, adequate training, provision of protective equipment, first aid policies, and procedures for ladder safety. Overall, the document stresses that properly managing health and safety is crucial for businesses.
This document discusses industrial accidents, causes, and preventions. It notes that industrial accidents are unplanned events that result in employee injury for more than 48 hours. Accidents are usually caused by a combination of unsafe conditions like defective equipment, and unsafe acts by employees like carelessness. Preventative measures include use of safety devices, safety training, and signage. The document also discusses industrial health, noting its importance in reducing absenteeism and improving efficiency. Statutory provisions in the Factories Act 1948 aim to maintain worker health and safety conditions.
Application of Domino Theory to Justify and Prevent Accident Occurance in Con...IOSR Journals
Abstract: since the construction activities involve most complex processes and the most intensive
administrative atmosphere as well, the accident events come raised in different situations and due to various
causations. Most of the construction accidents originate from human errors and operation sources such as
equipments and facilities in work processes. Most accidents lead to the loss of life, injuries and loss of
properties. The other possible results due to the errors, unsafe acts, and unsafe conditions can be categorized in
Near miss events (no result of injuries), and incidents (likelihood of injuries or loss of property). The role of a
tool by which the causations and the processes can be highlighted is vital to save the projects not to be trapped.
In order to recognize the reasons or the factors contributing to accidents, several theories have been developed
by researchers. Domino theory as a structural map has been one of the most understandable and widely
acceptable theories among the accident theories. The authorities employ it to control the factors causing
undesirable events and to prevent the errors before being made. The aims of this paper are firstly, to describe
the shortcomings of construction processes contributing hazardous situations. secondly, highlighting, the ways
to apply Domino theory, and thirdly, to define how to establish a remedy model to prevent accidents in
construction projects based on domino theory in simple statements.
Keywords: Application of Domino theory, Construction accidents, Remedy model of Domino theory
The occupational accidents are not standardized to rating the risk factors for timely execution of infrastructures. Particularly, developing countries do not have guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each infrastructures construction projects are not projected and published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety engineers along with the workers need to aware to every construction project is not yet started. Project owner, consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety act which must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the Health, Safety and Environment risks. Safety engineering and prosperous Nepal are two side of same coin. By ignoring safety engineering to achieve prospers Nepal and happy Nepali is baseless dream .There would be lot of chances to inviting the risk factors which can lose much more.
Industrial Accident, Safety and HealthMainak Ghosh
This document is a team case presentation on industrial accidents, safety, and health submitted by three students from St. Xavier's College in Kolkata, India. It contains information on industrial accident statistics in India, the causes of accidents, types of accidents, and the importance of industrial safety and health. It discusses India's legal provisions around safety under the Factories Act of 1948 and outlines an effective safety management approach with elements like safety policy, training, committees, and accident investigation. The presentation aims to promote awareness of occupational safety and health issues in India.
The modern trend is to develop IC
Engine of increased power capacity. One of
the design criteria is the endeavor to reduce
the structures weight and thus to reduce fuel
consumption. This has been made possible
by improved engine design. In the internal
combustion engine there are many
reciprocating parts which are responsible for
giving the motion to the engine. The piston
is “Heart” of the engine and its working
condition is the worst one of the key parts of
engine in the working environment. So it is
very important for design and structural
analysis of the piston.
A Silencer is a part of the exhaust system of an automobile that plays a vital role. It needs to
have modes that are located away from the frequencies that the engine operates at, whether the engine be
idling or running at the maximum amount of revolutions per second. The purpose of the design project
performed was to determine which modes are very high and may affect the automobile adversely while in
operation. Research was performed prior to the test to determine which frequencies to look for modes at.
It was determined to conduct the experiment so data from 20 Hz to 20 KHz could be collected. The force
was generated by running the engine at different speed. Acceleration is measured by using FFT analyzer
by selecting the points on the Silencer were chosen, after looking at the data and determined to be under
damped. Therefore, our design study suggests increasing the mass, increase the damping, or providing a
negative stiffness to make the silencer more damped.
The purpose of this report is also to the study the harmful effects of noise caused by it on Engine.
In India, the transportation sector is growing rapidly and number of vehicles on Indian roads is increasing
at very fast rate. This has lead to overcrowded roads and noise pollution. Engine vibration is one of the
major source of noise in vehicles. So, it is necessary to study noise generated by four stroke petrol engine.
The study of noise generated by four stroke petrol engine is carried out with or without mufflers to check
the effectiveness of the muffler
This paper is focused towards extraction of important words from conversations, and then these
words are utilized to recover a small number of relevant documents, which can be given to users as per
their needs. In any case, even a short audio fragment contains of large number of words, which are
conceivably identified with a few topics and also, using automatic speech recognition (ASR) framework
reduces errors in the output. It is difficult to provide the data needs of the conversation members
appropriately. A calculation to remove decisive words from the yield of an ASR framework (or a manual
transcript for testing) to support the potentially differing qualities of subjects and decrease ASR
commotion is proposed. At that point, a technique is used to make many implicit queries from the selected
keywords. These queries will in return produce list of relevant documents. The scores demonstrate that our
proposition is modified over past systems that consider just word re-occurrence or topic closeness, and
speaks to an appropriate answer for a report recommender framework to be utilized as a part of
discussions.
The main goal of this paper to produce new low power solutions for very large scale
integration(VLSI).The main focus of this research on the power consumption, which is showing an
ever-increasing growth with scaling down of the technologies. The full adder is the most important
component of any digital system applications. To limit the power dissipation, this full adder is
designed with adiabatic technique PFAL and it compare with partial adiabatic technique ECRL.
These analysis have done on TANNER simulator V 7 technology. The power is reduced up to 70-
80% as compared to other methods.
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
RK7(5) is a numerical method was used to minimize the local truncation error using selection step size algorithm.
Time multiplexing CNN simulator was modied using RK7(5) to improve the performance of the simulator and the
quality of the output image for edge detection. The results showed better performance than those in the literature.
With the technology today, detection of pedestrian was introduced to decrease the accidents in the roads. It was implemented on the traffic lights and cars. In this paper, integration of face detection and pedestrian takes place on the device called Raspberry Pi. OpenCV was used for the detections and programmed in Python. The webcam was used to capture images in real-time. The image was processed at the microprocessor. When pedestrians were detected, the microprocessor played the recorded voice and outputs it to the connecting speaker to notify those pedestrians or the pedestrian to wait before crossing until such time. The microprocessor sends a signal to the Gizduino to process the time of the red lights on state. The microcontroller was programmed with the traffic signals. When it receives a signal from the microprocessor, it added an extra seconds to the red lights on state. Afterwards when it returned, it changed back to its original on state. The success rate was 80% this shows the two detection was integrated in the system successfully worked.
Abstract: The processing power of computing devices has increased with number of available cores. This paper presents an approach
towards clustering of categorical data on multi-core platform. K-modes algorithm is used for clustering of categorical data which
uses simple dissimilarity measure for distance computation. The multi-core approach aims to achieve speedup in processing. Open
Multi Processing (OpenMP) is used to achieve parallelism in k-modes algorithm. OpenMP is a shared memory API that uses
thread approach using the fork-join model. The dataset used for experiment is Congressional Voting Dataset collected from UCI
repository. The dataset contains votes of members in categorical format provided in CSV format. The experiment is performed for
increased number of clusters and increasing size of dataset.
effects on kefir properties and antioxidant activity during 4 weeks cold (4 °C) storage. Carob
flours differed in composition, mucilage yield, antioxidant activity and phenolic components analyzed by
HPLC. Bacterial count increased during the first week of kefir storage with carob supplementation
stimulating bacterial growth similar to inulin. Bacterial viability and titratable acidity of carob
supplemented kefir increased, whereas pH decreased during storage. The antioxidant activity of kefirs
generally increased during storage attaining maximum level at 14 days with the supplemented kefirs
exhibiting higher activity compared to the control plain kefir.
A digital watermarking scheme based on integer wavelet transform and histogram techniques is
proposed in this paper. Lifting scheme based integer wavelet transform is used to provide ease of
transformation of compressed data and to increase the data embedding capacity. Also histogram technique
which is one of the reversible data hiding is used to embed the secret data into original image and retrieve the
original data back after extraction. The AES encryption is used to encrypt the embedded image to provide
authentication. This algorithm is developed using verilog code and implemented on FPGA Artix 7 board in
order to increase throughput, reduce area and power consumption.
This document provides an overview and comparison of the H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC video coding standards. It summarizes the key features and techniques of each, such as HEVC achieving around 40% higher data compression compared to H.264/AVC through improvements to prediction, transform coding, and entropy encoding. Experimental results testing various video sequences show HEVC provides significantly better compression efficiency. The document also reviews the technical details and implementations of both standards.
dents. Typically there is need for access to computational power, network connectivity and specialized
software.The classical solution for this problem is to delegate physical hardware for all of these needs. This is
unpractical and results in an inefficient use of hardware, electricity and administrative resources.
A self-service virtualization system could benefit these institutions by making computing resources more easily
available to its students and researchers, and by improving the utilization of hardware resources. In this project we
identify the requirements for such a system, by installing and con- figuring a prototype private cloud solution for
students at the college.
Medical informatics growth can be observed now days. Advancement in different medical fields
discovers the various critical diseases and provides the guidelines for their cure. This has been possible
only because of well heeled medical databases as well as automation of data analysis process. Towards
this analysis process lots of learning and intelligence is required, the data mining techniques provides the
basis for that and various data mining techniques are available like Decision tree Induction, Rule Based
Classification or mining, Support vector machine, Stochastic classification, Logistic regression, Naïve
bayes, Artificial Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms. This paper provides the basic of
data mining with their effective techniques availability in medical sciences & reveals the efforts done on
medical databases using data mining techniques for human disease diagnosis.
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation
and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans, in
hazardous or manufacturing processes, or simply just resemble humans. Many of today's robots are
inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a parallel molecular dynamics simulation algorithm for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using GPU computing. The algorithm divides the CNT system into computational blocks that can be processed independently and in parallel on the GPU. Experimental results showed the GPU-based algorithm achieved over 10 times speedup compared to a serial CPU implementation, demonstrating the effectiveness of the parallel approach for simulating large CNT systems. Keywords included CNTs, molecular dynamics simulation, CUDA, parallel computing, and performance improvements.
As many of the industries use induction motors. So, controlling of induction motor plays a very vital role. So,
our project concentrates on controlling the speed of induction motor using Android phone remotely by the help of the
Bluetooth technology. We use Android application which uses Bluetooth to connect to the Bluetooth modem of
control circuit which is connected to the motor. Bluetooth modem is interfaced with microcontroller. The Bluetooth
slave modem receives the command from the mobile phone. The Bluetooth modem sends the signal to the
Microcontroller. The Microcontroller decodes the signal and sends to the relays. Then, respective relay operates to
change the speed of Induction motor from 0% to 100%.
We are not only controlling the speed of the Induction motor, using feedback network we can also detect the
over temperature, high voltage, low voltage, MCB tripping on account of any faults. And we are also adding an extra
application which is very important in industries. That is, monitoring of phase lines. Because these types of
uncertainties like over temperature, high voltage, low voltage etc are likely to happen in Industries. So, this project
will be very helpful in industries, house hold, shopping malls etc.
In this modern age of competition, manufacturing sector is no exemption. With increasing
customer demands the precision and accuracy required in the manufacturing of component is very high. In
order to have mass production and high productivity of any component the availability of an SPM
(Special Purpose Machine) is a must. The hose-clamp finds various applications in moderate pressure
devices like the automotive pipes, LPG pipes etc. This paper deals with bringing in simple but effective
machine to roll the hose clamp into its circular form and to enhance the quality and quantity of
production.
Keywords — SPM, Hose-Clamp, Productivity.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
This project is proposed to integrate the Fuel cell emulator with a boost converter and load the DC motor
and the performance analysis is done. Fuel cell as a renewable energy source is considered to be one of the most
promising sources of electrical power. The characteristics of fuel cell is such that the DC power extracted from it is
at low voltage level, this project proposes a prototype of a new power electronics based fuel cell emulator. After
proposing a fuel cell emulator, it is integrated with a boost converter and DC motor is loaded. After the successful
working of the boost converter, it can be directly connected with the actual Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) to satisfy the
DC motor load which is integrated with fuel cell emulator and boost converter.
IRJET- A Study on Labour Safety in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on labor safety in the construction industry. It discusses how construction is one of the most hazardous industries and employs many skilled and unskilled laborers. While safety laws exist, accidents continue to occur frequently on construction sites due to lack of enforcement and management commitment to safety. The study involved distributing questionnaires to construction workers in Coimbatore, India to examine total work hours, shifts, worker demographics, accident rates and types of injuries on small and large construction sites. The results found that most accidents were due to lack of training, unsafe equipment/machinery, and not using protective equipment. Falls and injuries were the most common types of accidents.
chapter 7 Health and Safety in Construction Industry lecture 8.pptssuserb4074f
The document discusses health and safety in the construction industry. It notes that construction is associated with a high number of accidents and diseases despite being labor-intensive. The top causes of construction site accidents are falls, being struck by objects, overexertion from lifting, machinery, electricity, transport, and fires/explosions. The document recommends education, skills training, engineering controls, protective equipment, and enforcement of regulations to prevent accidents in the industry.
Amelioration of safety management in infrastructure projectsIJERA Editor
Accidents are a major public health concern, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries
worldwide each year specifically, the relationships between drivers' characteristics and road accidents are not
fully understood. Many factors are involved in the accident occurrence at construction site. Some important
elements that create a significant portion of accidents include: safety management error, poor training programs,
human element, act of god, outdated procedure and no clear monitoring policy. Although some of these items
are inevitable, but the occurrence of the largest part can be prevented. Therefore, for ameliorating the safety in a
project each of these items should be analyzed and a practical approach introduced. In general, near miss,
incident and accident are three dependent levels that mainly lead to injury. Risk and hazard are allocated in first
level which means near miss, therefore, no on-time identification of hazard and risk causes to create incident
and preventing accident in incident stage is unavoidable.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed risk management practices in the logistics and construction industries regarding human safety. The study found that worker training was the most critical factor for improving safety based on a survey of employees. Ensuring safety compliance and adequate communication about safety procedures were also important. The study recommends that companies provide regular safety training and incentives, maintain accident records, and compensate workers for injuries to improve safety culture. Overall, the research indicates a relationship between worker safety initiatives like training and better safety management practices in these high-risk industries.
Implementation of construction safety in reinforced concrete constructions ex...eSAT Journals
Abstract In order to achieve the purpose of this research, a special questionnaire were designed to fulfill the task of this research, exemplified the subject of safety where what is supposed to be present in the workplace and means of prevention that contribute to raising the safety and industrial security degree rate to the highest level, based on the regulations and safety standards followed in Saudi Arabia, compared to what is the case they have both in field sites or within constructions, the questionnaire has been distributed in some construction projects distributed in different places located in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and has been narrowed in the building and construction sector category, then study what came in its provisions, for the purpose of the process of analyzing, and to study the causes of accidents, in order to achieve the aim of this research. Keywords – Safety, Constructions and Safety, Minimizing Accident, Construction Management
IRJET- Study & Analysis of Subcontracting Practices in Infrastructure ProjectIRJET Journal
This document discusses subcontracting practices in infrastructure projects. It analyzes how qualitative and quantitative data has been used to assess construction risks. The document finds that as much as 80% of construction work is undertaken by small subcontractors in India. While subcontracting provides flexibility, it has also been linked to lower productivity. Project managers must effectively manage subcontractors to enhance project performance and reduce risks, while avoiding the pitfalls of excessive subcontracting. The document reviews literature on determining labor outputs and identifying delay factors in large projects to improve construction management.
A Review of Health Risk on Construction SiteIRJET Journal
This document reviews health risks faced by workers on construction sites in India. It discusses several common health issues:
- Respiratory diseases like asthma and silicosis due to inhaling dust and hazardous substances.
- Skin diseases from physical, biological, and chemical hazards. The most common is exposure to chemical substances.
- Musculoskeletal disorders like back pain from performing difficult physical labor.
- Noise-induced hearing loss and stress from working in dangerous conditions, long hours, and being responsible for others' safety.
The paper suggests preventative measures like training, protective equipment, medical checkups, and noise assessments to reduce these risks and protect worker health.
IRJET- Factors that Influence Safety Performance & Strategies for Promoti...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that influence safety performance and strategies to promote safety culture in power plants. It analyzes safety data from a combined cycle power plant from 2012-2017. The number of contract employees, near miss reports, safety activities, and man hours worked directly impacted safety performance. Near miss reporting helped identify issues and prevent accidents. Promoting safety awareness through training and activities improved the organization's safety culture and performance over time. The lowest injury and lost time rates in 2016-2017 showed the effectiveness of new safety programs and mechanisms implemented at the plant.
This document discusses the need for health and safety measures at construction sites. It notes that construction is prone to many hazards due to materials, tools, machinery, and handling techniques used. Accidents can be reduced through proper safety practices. There are several reasons for implementing safety measures, including cost savings from reducing accidents, increased productivity from a safer workforce, moral reasons to minimize human suffering from accidents, and legal compliance with occupational health and safety laws. Maintaining safety is important to protect workers and create a healthy working environment.
IRJET- Risk Management in the Construction Project: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on risk management in construction projects. It begins with defining risk and discussing the various risks that can arise in construction projects, including design, physical, logistical, legal, environmental, construction, management, cultural, financial, and political risks.
It then reviews the key steps in risk management: risk identification, qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control. For risk identification, it discusses techniques like brainstorming, Delphi technique, interviews, checklists, and learning from past experience. For risk assessment, it outlines qualitative methods like probability/impact assessment and risk rating matrices, as well as quantitative methods like sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, decision trees,
The management of health and safety of construction sites in accraAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the management of health and safety on construction sites in Accra, Ghana. It identifies the major types of injuries on sites as falls, being struck by falling/moving objects, and collapses. Questionnaires found contractors often underprice health and safety measures in bids. As a result, adequate safety implementation is not achieved, negatively impacting project time delivery due to accidents. The research concludes contractors must properly cost health and safety to avoid effects on schedules. It recommends establishing safety inspectors, prioritizing health and safety in estimates, and further study on associated costs.
The occupational accidents are not standardized. Particularly, developing countries do not have
guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of
proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each project are not projected and
published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety
engineers along with the workers need to aware to every project is not yet started. Project owner,
consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety Act which
must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the risk.
The effect methods of control common hazards (assignment 2)zaidi_bad
This document discusses common hazards in the construction industry and effective methods to control them. It identifies several physical hazards like falls, machinery, excavation work, and health hazards like chemicals, physical factors, and biological agents. Poor working conditions from these hazards can negatively impact worker health, safety, and productivity. They also increase costs for workers through injuries and employers through lost work and compensation. The document recommends implementing occupational safety and health programs and regulations to identify hazards, reduce risks, prevent accidents, and promote worker well-being. This can improve safety, morale and save lives and money for all parties.
Health and Safety in the Construction Industry in Catanduanes, PhilippinesDr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is gaining grounds in the field of construction. The program of the current administration “Build, Build, Build” have taken the construction industry to full blast. Construction, both private and public are evident on every corners of the island. Occupational Safety and Health in construction is often neglected and disregarded. Construction is the one of the most dangerous sectors in health and safety. The government, thru the Department of Labor and Employment had already address the problem by providing safety and health training to the personnel of the construction firm as well as the industry as a whole. But the effort has been far from satisfactory, as construction accident continue to dominate the entire industry. The study aims to awareness of construction safety in Catanduanes. The study focuses on the awareness of workers in construction industry in Catanduanes on Occupational Safety and Health. From the series of interviews and interaction with the workers on site, and upon evaluation of their responses, the researcher finally come up with the conclusion that, the construction workers are aware of the safety and health in constructions but they do not adhere and follow it. Workers admittedly that the reason they are complaisant about following safety and health practices are discomfort, beliefs, and bad habits. The following recommendation were sought based on the results of the interview; 1. Workers must attend or be trained with safety and health. A training that would enable them to understand the safety and health issues and concerns, 2. Workers must be taught with correct attitude towards safety in workplace, 3. They must taught of right things contrary to their old beliefs, 4. Workers must developed good habit and positive outlook in terms of their safety and well-being.
Health and Safety Framework Using Analytic Hierarchy Process For Construction...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing a health and safety framework for construction projects using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It begins with an introduction to construction safety issues in India and the need for improved health and safety standards. The objectives of the study are then outlined as identifying major safety risk factors, assessing these factors, developing a risk assessment framework, and proposing a hierarchical safety management model using AHP. The research methodology of a literature review, surveys, and statistical analysis is described. Key factors impacting construction worker safety in India are identified. Finally, the development of an AHP framework is discussed as a multi-criteria decision making technique to highlight major risks and propose a safety management model.
The Impact of Skilled and Unskilled Labour in Construction Industry in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document examines the impact of skilled and unskilled labor in the Indian construction industry. It discusses how skilled labor, such as carpenters and electricians, contributes to greater productivity, lower error rates, and cost savings due to their specialized expertise. Unskilled labor plays an important role but tends to be less efficient and requires more supervision. The document presents two case studies, one where a project was completed successfully using skilled labor, and another where a project failed due to the use of unskilled laborers lacking proper training and experience. Overall, the study finds that skilled labor leads to higher quality work and project success, while improper use of unskilled labor can compromise safety and quality.
Construction industry is one of the largest and most important industries in Nepal. Construction safety in
the industry still suffers from ignorance and lack of supervision and accident rate on construction projects
is very high. The objective of this study is to identify the awareness lunched in the construction industries
that relate to safety, problems related ergonomic health and safety, and the status of safety engineering
management as perceived by construction and consultancies to help reduction of accidents. A survey
was conducted by using a numbers of questionnaires which was distributed to 38 respondents. Analysis
of the responses found the most important factors that included: “Awareness programs are lunching in
construction industries about health, safety and environment “Weather Construction firms are managing
problems related ergonomic health and safety in construction sites? How well is the management of safety
engineering in construction projects by every firm of Nepal?
Formulation of M.L.R Model for Correlating the Factors Responsible for Indust...IJERA Editor
Industrial accidents proves to be more costly and thus efforts are made to lower them and enhance safety.Safety Management system is a proactive and systematic approach for identification, evaluation, mitigation, prevention and control of hazards that could occur as a result of failures in process, procedures, or equipment. Increasing industrial accidents, loss of life & property, public scrutiny, statutory requirements, aging facilities and intense industrial processes, all contribute to a growing need for Safety Management Program to ensure safety and risk management. The proposed paper work envisages to minimize industrial accidents by identifying the various factors responsible for industrial accidents and developing the approximate model to correlate the causes of accidents with the severity and the man days lost
Safety and health risk assessment at oman building construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to [IJET V2I4P4] Authors: Miss. Smita .A. Bhole (19)
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
This document summarizes a study that determined the liberation size of gold ore from the Iperindo-Ilesha deposit in Nigeria and assessed its amenability to froth flotation. Samples of the ore were collected and subjected to sieve analysis to determine particle size fractions. Chemical analysis found that the actual and economic liberation sizes were 45μm and 250μm, respectively. Froth flotation experiments at 45μm particle size and varying collector dosages achieved a maximum gold recovery of 78.93% at 0.3 mol/dm3 collector dosage, with concentrate grade of 115 ppm Au. These parameters will be used for further processing to extract gold from this deposit.
This document presents a proposal for an IOT-based intelligent baby care system with a web application for remote baby monitoring. The system uses sensors to automatically swing a cradle when a baby cries, sound alarms if the baby cries for too long or the mattress is wet, and sends alerts to a web page for parents to monitor the baby's status from anywhere via internet connection. The proposed system aims to help working parents manage childcare remotely using sensors, a Raspberry Pi, web camera, and cloud server to detect the baby's activities and notify parents through a web application on their phone.
This document discusses various sources of water pollution and new techniques being developed for water purification. It begins by outlining how water pollution occurs from industrial wastes like mining and manufacturing, agricultural runoff containing pesticides, and domestic waste. It then examines some specific pollutants in more depth from these sources. New techniques under research for water purification are also mentioned, with the goal of developing more affordable methods. The document aims to analyze the impact of pollutants on water and introduce promising new purification techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on using big data methodologies with IoT and its applications. It discusses how big data analytics is being used across various fields like engineering, data management, and more. It also discusses how IoT enables the collection of massive amounts of data from sensors and devices. Machine learning techniques are used to analyze this big data from IoT and enable communication between devices. The document provides examples of domains where big data and IoT are being applied, such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and others. It analyzes the similarities and differences in how big data techniques are used across these IoT domains.
The document describes a proposed smart library automation and monitoring system using RFID technology. The system uses RFID tags attached to books and student ID cards. An RFID scanner reads the tags to automate processes like tracking student entry and exit, book check-in/check-out, and inventory management. This allows transactions to occur without manual intervention. The system also includes an Android app for students to search books and check availability. The goals are to streamline library operations, prevent unauthorized access, and help locate misplaced books. Raspberry Pi hardware and a MySQL database are part of the proposed implementation.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes applying principles of Vedic mathematics to optimize the design of multipliers, squarers, and cubers. It begins by providing background on multipliers and their importance in electronic systems. It then reviews related work applying Vedic mathematics to multiplier design. The document outlines the methodology for performing multiplication, squaring, and cubing according to Vedic mathematics principles. It presents simulation and synthesis results comparing the proposed Vedic designs to traditional array-based designs, finding improvements in speed, power, and area. The document concludes that Vedic mathematics provides an effective approach for optimizing the design of these fundamental arithmetic components.
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
fields, for example, computational etymology, Information Retrieval (IR) and data mining. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) methods were utilized to extricate learning from the textual text that is
composed by people. Text mining peruses an unstructured form of data to give important
information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
are an awesome wellspring of correspondence as the vast majority of the general population in this
day and age utilize these destinations in their everyday lives to keep associated with each other. It
turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
this kind of indistinct data; it is elusive out the genuine data arrange. As needs be, we are directing
an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
This document summarizes a research paper on the thermal performance of air conditioners using nanofluids compared to base fluids. Key points:
- Nanofluids, which are liquids containing nanoparticles, can improve heat transfer in heat pipes and cooling systems due to their higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids.
- The document reviews how factors like nanofluid type, nanoparticle size and concentration affect thermal efficiency and heat transfer limits. It also examines using nanofluids to enhance heat exchange in transmission fluids.
- An experimental setup is described to study heat transfer and friction factors of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a horizontal tube under constant heat flux. Temperature, pressure and flow rate are measured
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
More from IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
[IJET V2I4P4] Authors: Miss. Smita .A. Bhole
1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 24
Safety Problems and Injuries on Construction Site: A Review
Miss. Smita .A. Bhole
(Civil Department ,SSGB, COET ,Bhusawal)
1. Introduction
Management and planning is one way to avoid unplanned
events. Since accidents are unplanned events, an effective safety
management can help avoid job injuries. Safety management
must be through, and it must be applicable to all aspects of the
job, from the estimating phase of the project until the last
worker has left the premise at the completion of the project. All
parties to a construction project must be included in some way
in the safety program every party is responsible. The
construction industry continues to be one of the most physically
demanding and dangerous industries in the India. The
Construction activities in developing countries, such as
Pakistan, China and India, are more labour intensive that in the
developed areas of the globe, involving 2.5-10 times as many
workers per activity [1]. Typically workers tend to be unskilled
and migrate in a group, with or without their families,
throughout the country in search of employment. In fact, they
are usually divided into various factions. Communication
problems related to difference in language, relation and culture
tend to inhibit safety on the work site.
Construction safety in India is still in its early years because
safety laws are not strictly enforced. The contractors ignore
basic safety rules and regulations. Although, to improve
working conditions, the government has enacted specific
legislation like the Minimum Wages Act, the Workmen’s
Compensation Act of 1923 (modified in 1962), and the Contract
Labour(Regulation and abolition) Act of 1970, very little of
these are put into practice. National Building Code of India
2005 provides guidelines for regulating construction activities
across the country NBC [2]. Even then, workers’ safety in the
Indian construction industry is frequently pushed to the bottom
stage of priorities by builders, contractors, and engineers. In
developing countries, safety rules usually do not exist, if exist;
regulatory authorities are unable to implement such rules
effectively. Therefore, effective safety knowledge among
construction professionals can reduce accidents that directly or
indirectly reduce project cost. Especially in developing countries
like India, efforts should be made to raise the level ofawareness
among the workers and the employers about the importance of
health and safety-related issues. Therefore, objectivebehind this
paper was to create awareness among construction workers
about the safety problems and injuries in theconstruction
industry. The safety knowledge available on the subject has
been categorized and discussed in subsequent sections
2. Safety problems on construction site
In general there are several items which influence the safety
performance. Accidents are the direct results of unsafe activities
and conditions, both of which can be controlled by management
[4].There are three main root causes of accidents: failure to
identify an unsafe condition that exists before or after the start
of an activity, carry on a work in unsafe condition, and decide to
perform regardless unsafe site conditions. [5] Construction
accidents happen due to unsafe acts and conditions.[6]
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
The construction industry involves risky and unhealthy operations which result in many human tragedies, to lose
enthusiasm of workers, disrupt construction, delay progress, and adversely affect cost, productivity, and reputation. The
complex nature of construction and hazards it have occupational health and safety in construction work should design table and
continue throughout the construction phases until the safety and health of every end users is ensured. Safety is a major concern
for construction companies, as it is a source of substantial direct and indirect costs. In some countries, the rate of total workplace
injuries from construction activities can be as high as at least 50%. This is undoubtedly a serious matter warranting urgent
attention. This paper reviewed that the safety problems at construction site with fetal injuries caused by it with help of different
graphical data of agencies .It gives detailed information regarding about the injuries type and physical loss of human from this.
This study also revealed that the importance of safety in construction should pay more attention as the injuries loss the human
life and also delay in completion of project
Keywords - Safety, Hazards Injuries
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 25
According to accidents are caused due to poor safety awareness,
lack of training, lack of organizational commitment, poor
technical supervision, uncontrolled operation, unwillingness to
input resources for safety, shortage of skilled labour, unsafe
equipment, lack of first aid facilities, lack of safety regulations,
lack of personal protective equipment, lack of innovative
technology, and poor information system.[7]
Unsafe conditions (missing guardrails, defective tools,
hazardous conditions, excessive noise, and lack of sufficient
light) and unsafe behaviors (smoking at workplace, improper
use of equipment, work without safety appliances, not to use
protective equipment, and being in an unsafe place) are the
immediate or the primary causes of accidents [7] Unsafe
conditions and unsafe behaviors are the responsibility of
management as these are developed due to the failure of
management to anticipate issues like training, maintenance,
instruction, and not having safe systems at workplace
The accident causation theories are tools for accident
prevention programs. Several theories like Domino theory,
Multiple Causation theory, and Human Factor theory explain
the occurrence of accidents.[4] The Domino theory stated that
an accident results from sequence of five dominoes (factors)
standing on an edge in a line close to one another, when the first
domino falls it strikes second which in turn knocks down third
and so on. Removal of any one of first four will break the
sequence and avoid the accident. Multi Causation theory stated
that the contributing causes together in a random fashion result
an accident. The Human Factors theory attributes accidents to a
series of events caused by human error [5].
Management is responsible for the creation of the working
environment, into which workers fit and interact. Proper site
management reduce hazards and accidents [8]. Many accidents
can be prevented if appropriate information is available at right
time and place. [7].
3.Causes of accidents
Different causes of accident related to different numbers of the
injuries to person the following table no 1 shows the fatal
injuries, major injuries with different causes at construction site
this table shows result of statistic of great Britain employees
injuries in year 2013-2014 [9] the graphical representation of
table is in figure no 1. This data shows major accident is
happened by handling and lifting of object as it fall the object
from height and it follow the slip ,trips . The injuries by accident
having different types by seriousness of injuries
Table no . 3.1 Reported injuries to employees in Great Britain by kind of
accident, severity of injury and main industry classification, 2013/14p
Causes of accident
Fatal
injuries in
Constructio
n
Major or
Specified
injuries in
Constructio
n
Over-7-day
injuries in
Construction
Contact with moving
machinery
3 92 190
Struck by moving, including
flying/falling, object
2 250 364
Struck by moving vehicle 3 55 53
Strike against something
fixed or stationary
1 49 77
Injured while handling,
lifting or carrying
- 170 992
Slips, trips or falls on same
level
- 520 681
Falls from a height 11 581 373
Trapped by something
collapsing/overturning
1 19 24
Exposure to, or contact with,
a harmful substance
- 9 37
Exposure to fire - 5 13
Exposure to an explosion - 3 1
Contact with electricity or
electrical discharge
1 6 19
Injured by an animal - 2 7
Acts of violence - 10 12
Other kind of accident 6 129 450
Total 28 1 900 3 293
Fig.no 3.1 . Reported injuries to employees in Great Britain by kind of accident,
severity of injury and main industry classification, 2013/14p
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Fatal injuries in
Construction (F)
Major or
Specified injuries
in Construction
(F)
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 26
Table no 3.2 Factors Needed to Prevent Root Causes of Construction Accidents
Root cause Factors needed to prevent root cause
Lack of proper
training
Have expertise in task; have expertise in
training requirements; able to interview; test;
or observe employee; have access to prior
training records
Deficient
enforcement of
safety
Able to monitor work on frequent basis; know
safety requirements for task; able to enforce
safety
Lack of safety
equipment
Know what safety equipment is required for
task; able to provide and enforce use of
equipment; know inspection and maintenance
history of equipment being used
Unsafe methods or
sequencing
Know standard methods and sequencing for
task; able to observe actual methods and
sequencing; able to control methods or
sequencing
Unsafe site
conditions
Know proper site conditions; able to observe
actual site conditions; able to control site
conditions
Not using provided
safety equipment
Able to observe employee constantly; able to
influence behavior through evaluations; and so
on
Poor attitude
toward safety
Interact with worker frequently; able to
influence attitude through evaluations; and so
forth
Isolated freak
accident
Cannot predict or prevent unless employee’s
emotional or physical condition contributed
and this condition was obvious to other
3.2 Classification of Accident on construction site
1. Falls from high heights or scaffolding [10,12]
Construction workers are often required to work at very
high heights, on scaffolding and ladders, in windows and on
roofs. A fall is categorized when a person is injured after
falling or jumping — from a ladder, scaffold, building, roof,
or other elevated place or working area — landing, with
impact, on the ground or surface below According to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, these accidents account for 34
percent of all on-the-job deaths of construction workers.
Causes
Unprotected roof edges, roof and floor openings,
structural steel and leading edges, etc.
Improper scaffold construction
Unsafe portable ladders
A safe system of work for scaffold dismantling was not
provided
The tubular scaffold was not horizontally and securely
erected on the inclined floor
The worker overstretched his body from the working
platform resulting in the imbalance of the tubular scaffold
The steel plate underneath the tubular scaffold failed to
balance and secure the scaffold
The overall structure of the boatswain’s chair was unsafe
The whole structure was not inspected by a competent
examiner before use
The fall arrestor and independent lifeline were not
properly installed, thus failing to prevent the worker from
falling
Injuries type
skull fracture , Intra-thoracic injury, Fracture of the long bones,
Pelvic fracture, vertebral fracture, Fracture in lower limb , elbow
fracture
Statics :- 28 %
Preventive measure actions
Falls from less than 3 meters in height (particularly ladders
and scaffolding),
codes and standards in all construction sites Emphasis on
the importance of health and safety training for staff, both
generally and for specific sites Ensuring the different
people with duties under the Health and Safety in
Employment Act 1992 are aware of their duties and what
they need to do to fulfill those obligations Ensuring
people working within a contracting environment are
adequately
protected Awareness of an increased risk of fatality when
working over 3 meters in
height Awareness about testing the structural integrity of
permanent and
temporary structures Awareness of correct use and
maintenance of safety equipment designed to prevent falls
When erecting a mobile tubular scaffold on an inclined
floor, suitable mats should be used to keep the scaffold in a
level position
2. Slips and falls[11,14]
From stray tools and materials to uneven ground or holes,
there are many hazards on a construction site that could lead
to a dangerous slip, trip, or fall.
Causes
spills of liquid or solid material
wind-driven rain or snow through doorways
change from wet to dry surface
dusty and sandy surfaces
the incline of a ramp low light levels
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 27
use of unsuitable footwear , with wet, muddy, greasy
or oily soles
Wet or greasy floors, Loose flooring, carpeting or mats
Uneven walking surfaces
Missing or uneven floor tiles and bricks
Damaged or irregular steps; no handrails
Electrical cords or cables
Ramps and gang planks without skid-resistant surfaces
Metal surfaces – dock plates, construction plates
Injuries type
Musculoskeletal injuries, cuts, bruises, fractures and
dislocations of bones but more serious injuries can
also occur
Preventive measure actions
Create Good Housekeeping Practices
Reduce Wet or Slippery Surfaces
Avoid Creating Obstacles in Aisles and Walkways
Create and Maintain Proper Lighting
Wear Proper Shoes
Control Individual Behavior
Statics: - 15 %
3. Electrocutions[11,15,16]
Due to the fact that construction sites are a work in
progress, there is often exposed wiring, power lines, and
unfinished electrical systems around. Coming in contact
with these could lead to electrocution or shock.
Electrocution when Using Hand Tool
Electrocution when Carrying Out Electrical Works
Causes
The workplace was damp and with water pools
The electric saw was not properly earthed
The power socket was not fitted with any residual
current device (commonly known as earth leakage
circuit breaker)
There was leakage current from the electric saw
The power supply had not been disconnected before the
works were carried out
The insulations of some of the wires had been damaged
Injuries type
Shock ,Burns, Falls due to contact with electricity,
Electrocution (death)
Statics :- Nearly 9% of all deaths result from electrocutions
Preventive measure actions
Provide Personal Protective Equipment
To Inspect Tools and Cords
Make sure you are trained in electrical safety for the
work you will be doing
Ensure machinery and power tools are properly
grounded or double insulated
Check all extension and power cords for wear and tear
before use Disconnect the plug on any power tool or
machinery before inspecting or repairing
Keep at least 10 feet from live overhead power lines.
Keep metal objects away from live electrical
circuits/parts.
4. Struck by object[10,11,19]
Struck-by injuries are produced by forcible contact or
impact between the injured person and an object or
piece of equipment. Having said that, it is important to
point out that in construction, struck-by hazards can
resemble caught–in or –between hazards.
Struck-by flying object
Struck-by falling object
Struck-by swinging object
Stuck-by rolling object
Causes
The catastrophic failure of equipment on the oil rig
Objects falling off the rig’s superstructure, the tops of tanks,
building roofs, scaffolding, aerial lifts, cranes and forklifts
can strike employees working nearby
tripping pipe in and out, the derrickman or the floor hands
Semi-tractor trailers, crew trucks, service vehicles, end
loaders, excavators and forklifts can pose
Injuries type
Statics :- Nearly 8% of all deaths result from Struck by
object
Preventive measure actions
Inspecting equipment connections, checking pressure
gauges, using proper lubrication, and replacing
defective chain and wire rope.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
use appropriate toe boards, identifying and
barricading the areas below work zones, and requiring
PPE
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 28
Train new employees in the operation of the drill rig
and where to safely stand when
Protect employees by barricading the swing radius of
cranes and excavators.
Display signage on cranes that identifies swing hazard
areas.
Protect employees on the ground by instructing
equipment operators to be aware of employees
working around the equipment.
Workers on the ground should stay alert and be aware
of equipment moving nearby.
5. Falling debris, materials or objects[10,11,19]
On projects with multiple levels, it is common for
falling tools, building materials, or beams to strike
workers below.
A metal bar falling from height
Bricks falling from height
Metal pipes falling during lifting operation
Formwork panels being knocked over
Toppling over of precast concrete building unit
Causes
The metal bar was liable to fall as it was placed at
the window edge on an upper floor
The falling of the metal bar might be inadvertently
caused by someone at work
No secure fenders/bracings had been installed at the
external wall of the building near the podium
The concrete bricks were neither properly stacked nor
securely tied
The platform of the hoist was not installed with any
enclosures to prevent loose materials from falling during
lifting
The frame of the hoist was unfenced
The metal pipes were not properly tied before lifting
The materials were lifted past an area where workers
were working
The lifting operation was carried out despite insufficient
communication between the crane operator and signaler
The vertically placed panels lacked sufficient support
and proper storage to prevent them from toppling over by
accident
Injuries type
Lacerations Bruises Broken bones Neck and back injuries
Concussions Traumatic brain injury Paralysis Permanent
disabilities
Preventive measure actions
Use a suspended working platform instead of a
boatswain’s chair
Inspect, examine and test the suspended working
platform before use
Use the safety harness and independent lifeline properly
Materials are properly stacked and securely tied
The platform is enclosed
The frame of the hoist is securely fenced
The crane operator should take a safe lifting route with
the assistance of a signaller
Adopt a standard set of hand signals or use other
effective means of communication, such as walkie-
talkies, for lifting operation
Use secured guy ropes or supporting frames to fix the
precast building unit in position
Wearing protective gear, such as helmets, goggles and
hard hats, at all times while on the job
Staying clear of areas with posted warning signs
Staying away from barricaded hazard areas
Not walking under ladders or scaffolds
Using the right equipment for job or tasks at hand
Not stacking materials or objects too high
Securing tools and equipment when doing overhead
work
Not exceeding the lifting capacity of a crane, lift or
hoist
Statics :- Nearly 8.6% of all deaths result from Falling
debris, materials or objects
6. Getting caught in-between objects or materials1[10,11,17]
Construction sites are filled with heavy machinery,
tools, and materials. Often, workers find themselves
stuck in between immovable objects, machinery, or
fallen debris.
Trapped During Lift Maintenance
Caught between a vehicle and another object,
Pinched between equipment and the rig’s
substructure, and
Crushed between a load of pipe that fell off a
trailer and forklift.
Causes
The stopping switch in the machine room as well as the
emergency stop switch and the maintenance switch on
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 29
top of the lift car were not activated before carrying out
the maintenance work
No warning sign was posted to warn other people not to
use the lift
work involving moving equipment
inadequate training or preparation
completing a task under physical or mental pressure
being absent-minded
working with unreliable machinery
Injuries type
wounds, contusions, and scratches broken bones different
kinds of injuries involving internal organs amputations
Preventive measure actions
Ensuring all safety measures are in place after any
equipment or machinery has been overhauled.
Avoiding misbehavior while at work.
The wheels of machines or equipment should be
wedged properly to prevent movement.
Concentrating on the task at hand and the people
around the work area.
Avoid working with equipment or machines braced
with jacks.
Switching off equipment and machines before checking
and fixing them.
Being attentive to individuals carrying materials that
obstruct their view of other employees or where they
are going.
Maintaining a safe distance from the equipment to
ensure the operator can see the employee when
machines or equipment are fastened or unfastened.
Being extra cautious while working with machines or
equipment with gears, cables, straps, pulleys, or drive
shafts.
Escape route should be defined to avoid getting
sandwiched between two objects.
Statics :- Nearly 4 % of all deaths result from Getting
caught in-between objects or materials
7. Fires and explosions[11,18]
Because of unfinished piping, leaking gases, and
incomplete electrical systems, fires and explosions are a
common occurrence on construction sites.
Causes
The use of flammable liquids
Welding or abrasive cutting techniques used in
places not specially prepared for such works
Liquid gases used with an open flame;
Flammable and combustible materials (e.g.
petroleum, timber and packaging).
Gas leaks;
Chemical leaks;
Electric sparks/malfunction;
Welding;
Static electricity;
Combustible dust;
Lack of training/negligence;
Injuries type
Burns, Death, Disfigurement, Lung damage, and
Smoke inhalation.
Preventive measure actions
Develop a fire protection program
Provide access to firefighting equipment at all times,
and regularly inspect firefighting equipment
Provide a water supply of sufficient volume, duration,
and pressure to operate
firefighting equipment
Where underground water mains are to be provided,
they must be installed and available for use as soon as
practicable during the construction process, and if a
building includes a sprinkler system, it must be
installed as soon as possible
There must be at least one fire extinguisher on every
floor and enough fire extinguishers present that
workers do not have to go more than 100 feet to
retrieve one when needed (but sometime a hose may
substitute)
Fire walls and exit stairways shall be given
construction priority over other jobs
Fire alarm systems are required
Statics :- Nearly % of all deaths result from Fires and
explosions
8. Overexertion
Hours of hard labor, often in extremely hot or humid
conditions, can cause workers to overexert themselves and
even fall victim to heat stroke.
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 30
Overexertion can contribute to serious construction
accidents. The condition can lead to dehydration,
exhaustion and reduced mental clarity. Simple mistakes
can lead to devastating accidents that can quickly end the
lives of one or more individuals. Overexertion is a major
cause of construction accidents, and is possibly involved in
far more accidents than has been reported. Recognizing
and handling overexertion when it occurs is extremely
important to avoiding serious accidents. Some of the signs
of overexertion include fatigue, dizziness, significant
sweating, chest pain, weakness, sore muscles, tightening of
muscles, a burning sensation, nausea and excessive thirst.
Overexertion is the No. 1 cause of non-fatal injuries
according to a study carried out by The Center for
Construction Research and Training overexertion creates
stress on the joints and muscles in the body. Other ways
overexertion injuries happen is because of repeated
bending at Take the time to position your body correctly
before you lift or move anything. It only takes a few
seconds to position yourself correctly in order to prevent
an overexertion injury form occurring.
Bend at the knees when lifting. These will reduce the
strain that is put on you back when lifting heavy objects.
the waist and poor posture. These strains happen and
can result in stretched or torn muscles. Construction
workers are very susceptible to this type of overexertion,
especially when they work outside on days that are hot
and humid. Overexertion can be avoided, by taking
breaks, staying hydrated, and using proper lifting and
other techniques to reduce body stress.
Causes
Reaching over the worker’s head;
Working in small spaces;
Reaching and leaning to pick up objects;
Shoveling dirt, rocks, or other materials; and
Bending over to grasp objects.
Overexertion occurs when the load, whether lifted,
carried, pushed, pulled or otherwise handled, exceeds
the limits of the human joint system doing the work
Injuries type
Fatigue, Dizziness, Significant sweating, Irregular
heartbeat, Chest pain, Weakness, Painful/sore muscles
Sudden tightening of muscles ,Burning sensations,
Nausea, Twitching, Loss of mobility, Tenderness
Excessive thirst
Preventive measure actions
Walk in a straight line and if possible avoid twisting
your legs or torso to the side. Keep all parts of your body
facing the same direction at all times.
Have a plan before you lift. Know exactly where you
are going and the route you are planning to take. Make
sure there are no tripping hazards on your way and that
the area you area heading to is clean.
Keeping the object as close to your body as possible
will help to greatly reduce the stress on your muscles.
When reaching for something try to stand as close as
possible. This will reduce the injuries that could occur
such as stretching a tendon to far.
If your company uses large shelves try to avoid
pushing products all the way to the back. The closer it
is to the front of the shelf the less you will have to
strain to remove it when needed.
If you feel the object is to heavy to lift alone you
should immediately ask for help.
Mobile lifts are a great way to get product on high
shelves. They will help prevent you from lifting over
your head which can be extremely dangerous.
You can reduce the need to bend by storing boxes on
elevated platforms.
Staticcs :- Nearly 25 % of all deaths result from
Overexertion
9. Machinery accidents
Construction workers use a lot of heavy machinery in
their work. From cranes and bulldozers to jackhammers
and nail guns, an error or accident with these tools can
be very dangerous. Making a single mistake while
operating construction machinery can result in a very
serious injury or even death. Some of the worst
construction accidents are caused by heavy machinery
malfunctions. The most catastrophic construction
accidents involving machinery often result in life-
changing injuries such as amputations, traumatic brain
injuries and even death. Surviving family members
who’ve lost a loved one due to a machinery accident at
a construction site may be able file a wrongful death
lawsuit against whoever was responsible for making
sure this type of accident does not occur.
8. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 31
Causes
accidents and injuries caused by faulty or unsafe
work equipment –
falls from height due to defective or unsuitable
ladders, working platforms or scaffolding
injuries caused by sharp edges or broken parts on
work equipment
injuries sustained whilst using work equipment
without proper protection –
work accidents and injuries caused by lack of
proper training to use work equipment
injuries caused by the unsafe use of work
equipment
workplace injuries caused as a result of unsuitable
work equipment
Injuries type
amputations, traumatic brain injuries, hand and bone fracture
Preventive measure actions
provide the correct type of work equipment which is
suitable and safe for the job
properly maintain and safety inspect work equipment
provide proper training and information to any
employee using equipment at work
ensure that the work equipment is fitted with suitable
safety features (for example emergency stop controls,
guards, warning signs etc)
provide suitable protective equipment for employees
using work equipment - such as safety footwear,
safety goggles, ear protectors, safety helmets,
protective gloves etc
Employers have a duty to take adequate steps to
prevent injuries when using work equipment. Risks
from work equipment can be reduced in a number of
ways:
Risk assessments: before any work equipment or
machinery is used or installed a risk assessment must
be carried out to identify the hazards and risk of injury
that may arise when using the work equipment and to
identify ways in which the hazards and risk may be
eliminated or reduced.
Remove the hazard: the best method is to arrange the
system of work so that dangerous or hazardous
equipment does not need to be used. If this is not
possible other methods of reducing risks must be
considered.
Safety design and controls: it is important that all
work equipment has proper safety controls built-in to
the design.
Well designed work equipment should:
Guards on work equipment and machinery: where
hazards from equipment cannot be avoided employers
should ensure that equipment has proper guards to
prevent access to moving or dangerous parts.
Regular maintenance and inspection of work
equipment: is important to ensure that the work
equipment is free from faults or damaged and working
correctly and safely.
A safe work environment: the work place in which
work equipment is used must be safe and suitable for
the use of the equipment. There should be sufficient
room to the use the equipment safely and adequate
lighting. Floors should be free from any trip hazard
which could cause a person to fall whilst using work
equipment.
Safe working practice: any work equipment must be
used within a safe system of work and in accordance
with manufacturers instructions and
recommendations. Staff must be properly supervised
to ensure that safety instructions and procedures are
followed. Safety procedures for work equipment will
depend upon the nature of the work and the equipment
used but could include:
ensuring that staff do not wear loose clothing or
jewellery which may become caught in a machine
banning the consumption of alcohol and drugs by
staff operating machinery
ensuring that only properly trained workers use
work equipment
warning workers against tampering with any
machine guards or other safety device
ensuring that workers maintain a clean and tidy
workplace around machinery
instructing staff to report any faults or defects in
work equipment
10.Trench collapses
Trenches are often a necessity on construction sites. If a
trench collapses while a worker is inside, it could cause
them to be hit with tools, machinery, or materials or bury
them in the surrounding dirt.
9. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 32
Causes
Moving machinery near the edge of a job site excavation
can cause a collapse of a wall within the excavation.
A rainstorm or flooding from a broken water main could
increase the risk for injury.
Improper shoring or bracing can cause catastrophic injury
to workers.
contact or sever underground utility lines.
Flooding;
Improper shoring;
Equipment defects;
Machinery resting dangerously close to the trench;
Inadequate safety equipment; and
Poor digging.
Injuries type
Broken wrists, Broken ankles, Spinal injuries, Hip and
knee problems, Nerve damage Traumatic brain injuries,
Neck injuries, Cartilage tears, Broken pelvis, Broken
back, Rotator cuff tears
Preventive measure actions
work is planned so it can be done safely, including
determining appropriate engulfment protection and
site security requirements •
a safe work method statement (SWMS) is
developed for high risk work that involves mobile
plant or if the trench depth is 1.5m or more •
an emergency response plan (ERP) is developed to
deal with potential incidents (eg worker rescue,
ground slip or flood). When undertaking trenching
work, ensure: •
a competent person, experienced in trenching
works, supervises and monitors the work
workers are instructed on the ERP and SWMS (and
it is followed)
workers never work ahead of the protection or
remove it prematurely if protection is being
progressively installed
materials, spoil and plant are kept away from the
edge of the trench
workers not involved with the work and the public
can’t access the trench and works area
Workers must be protected while undertaking any
work where they are required to enter a trench and
there is a risk of engulfment. When appropriately
used, the following methods can provide the
required protection:
batter the walls to a safe angle.
bench the walls to form one or a series of steps. •
shore up the walls to support the sides.
work inside trench shields.. A safe method to enter
and exit the trench or shield must also be provided
(eg a sufficiently long, secured ladder and landing
platform)
4. Injuries on construction site
There are several injuries which happen at construction site
with major and specified one . the table no 3 gives injuries
number of employee in year 2013-2014 RIDDOR -
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences
Regulations 2013 of Health and safety in construction in
Great Britain, 2014 [17] . The figure no 3 shows number of
injures person in Great Britain in construction
Table no. 3 kinds of major/specified injuries in construction
Figure 3 Number and rate of major/specified injuries
to employee in construction (RIDDOR)
Types of Medical Conditions Caused by
Construction Injuries
a. Amputations in Construction Accidents
10. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 33
About 5 percent of those accidents occur on construction sites.
Accidents victims who suffer the amputation of one or more
limbs face a lifetime of challenges, both physical and
psychological Traumatic amputations (the accidental severing
of some or all of a part of a limb) in on-the-job accidents are
frequently amputation complications including: Chronic
neuroma (pain and/or tenderness in the amputation area),Poor
wound cover and healing, Infection of the wound and
surrounding tissues, Stiffness related to injury or rehab issues,
Sympathetic dystrophy syndrome caused by Non-secured
scaffolding, inadequate machinery guards, improper repairs,
improper equipment training, falls, falling objects unsafe
work conditions. In each of these cases, the combustible
combination of heavy machinery and user error can quickly
lead to a catastrophic construction site amputation,. Many
construction workers who lose a limb will be unable to return
to their jobs and might have to settle for lower-paid work.
b. Burns
Unfortunately, many construction workers are burned on the
job each year. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 920 workers sustained heat burns on construction
sites in 2009While burns are sometimes minor and can be
treated with simple home remedies, construction workers or
bystanders suffer from severe burns that are life threatening,
and even fatal. When burn accidents happen at construction
sites, it’s important to investigate whether proper safety
procedures were in place at the time of the incident or whether
someone else’s negligence contributed to the injuries. Burn
injuries caused bye lectrical accidents (electrical shock and
electrocution),toxic exposures and explosions .Work zones are
brimming with potential hazards,( including gas lines, open
flames, heavy machinery, overheating equipment, pipes
),chemicals that can cause serious burns to construction
workers. ,cement or hot water,
c. Eye Injuries, Vision Loss and Construction
Accidents
The eye is a sensitive part of the body and is prone to great
damage from even a relatively minor irritant. When you are
working at a New York City construction site, many different
physical and chemical hazards exist that can cause damage to
your eyes or permanent vision loss, changing your life
forever.
Cause of Eye Injuries
According to the Centers for Disease Control, contact with
equipment or an object 70 percent and while exposure to
harmful chemicals or fumes caused 26 percent of eye injuries
Scrap, waste and debris were responsible for 34 percent of
work-related eye injuries, Chemicals or chemical products
were responsible for 14 percent, Persons, plants, animals and
minerals were responsible for 9 percent, Welding torches
were responsible for 6 percent.
d. Fracture Injuries and Construction Accidents
Construction accidents frequently cause broken bones and
multiple-fracture injuries. Labor statistics show that 10,380
construction workers in the United States sustained fractures
from on-the-job accidents in 2009. That's down from the
13,470 construction employees who suffered broken bones the
previous year.
Cause of Fracture Injuries - Falls are a leading cause of
skeletal fractures ,machinery accidents, machinery accidents,
falling objects, machinery accidents, explosions,
malfunctioning power tools Sometimes fracture injuries occur
on construction sites even when all precautions are in place.
About Fractures on Construction Sites
Fractures occur when excessive force is applied to a bone,
causing it to break. The location and severity of the broken
bone dictates how long it will take to heal. While construction
injuries can harm the knees of anyone on a construction site,
individuals in certain trades are more prone to knee injuries.
Carpet layers, for instance, are at special risk,. Other
construction workers with a high risk of knee injuries and
ankle injuries include masons, plumbers, carpenters, framers,
roofers, insulators and tile setters. Anyone who performs tasks
that involve frequent stopping, kneeling or squatting is at
special risk for knee injuries
e. Paralysis and Construction Accidents
That’s not necessarily a surprise – nearly all types of new or
renovated structures require the use of hefty materials, large
machinery, power tools, electricity and chemicals during the
construction process. A single misstep, fall or mechanical failure
could cause life-altering on-the-job injuries. Paralysis is one of
them.
11. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 34
Paralysis refers to the loss or impairment of the ability to move a
body part as a result of damage to its nerve supply. those
individuals became paralyzed due to a spinal cord injury that
occurred in the workplace. But other times, construction
workers suffer on-the-job injuries and become paralyzed
because someone acted negligently. In those cases, injured
workers may have the right to file claims against the responsible
party to help compensate for their physical, emotional and
monetary losses.
Sometimes, the paralysis is temporary and impacts only a small
part of the body (or permanent) paralysis, which impacts entire
regions of the body. Then there’s the psychological pain caused
by paralysis.
f. Shoulder Injuries and Construction Accidents
Shoulders are some of the hardest working joints in the body,
and construction workers rely on them every day to get the job
done. When a shoulder injury happens on the jobsite, it can
result in a long rehabilitation process or can even mean the end
of a career.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, accidents that
damage the shoulders are among the most common of
workplace injuries. In the most recent statistics, almost 87,000
workers suffered shoulder injuries on the job in 2009. Shoulders
can be injured at construction site from either a traumatic blow
or from constant overuse. In some circumstances, you could be
entitled to damages if you suffered a shoulder injury while
working at a construction site.
g. Spinal Cord Injuries and Construction Accidents
It’s no secret that construction work on site is physically
demanding. Thousands of able-bodied men and women head to
busy construction sites every day, doing dangerous jobs that
often require bending, lifting, climbing, operating heavy
equipment and excavating. Sadly, some of them leave with
spinal cord injuries.
Workplace accidents – particularly those involving construction
workers – are among the leading causes of spinal cord injuries
today A spinal cord injury is serious and can cause permanent
paralysis, quadriplegia / tetraplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia and
other life-threatening complications. The spinal cord is a bundle
of nerves stemming from the brain and extending throughout the
body’s vertebral column. The spinal cord controls motor and
sensory functions and is responsible for transmitting nerve
impulses to and from the brain. Damage to the spinal cord
interrupts these vital signals, causing temporary or permanent
problems below the level of the injury.
h. Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injuries and traumatic head injuries occur when
a sudden blow causes damage, such as a concussion, to the
brain. TBIs may arise in the workplace from violent trauma to
the head or when it is struck by a foreign object that pierces the
brain tissue. Common causes of TBIs on construction sites
include falls, hitting a stationary or moving object, vehicle and
machinery accidents, scaffolding collapses, crane and forklift
accidents, explosions, toxic exposure, nail gun accidents and
trench, roof or wall collapses, among others.
For many people, recovery from a traumatic brain injury is a
never-ending journey. The brain is the organ responsible for
sending out all of the body’s signals for thinking, sensation,
language and emotion. When those signals are interrupted due to
a traumatic brain injury, any number of complications can arise;
some are a direct result of the injury and others arise
secondarily. These include:
Brain swelling; Seizures; Strokes ;Blood clots ;Cranial nerve
injuries; Paralysis; Skull fractures ;Cerebrospinal fluid leaks;
Ventricular enlargement; Multiple organ failure ;Infections;
Hypermetabolism; Muscle atrophy; Speech problems; Short-
term or long-term memory loss; Behavioral problems;
Personality changes; Cognitive deficits (thinking, reasoning,
problem-solving abilities);Sensory problems (particularly with
vision and hand-eye coordination);Chronic pain; Increased risk
for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
5. Conclusion
Construction work is dangerous without know safety problems
and fatal of injuries caused by it. Generally, the production of
construction products is a risky, complex and lengthy process.
Cost, time, quality and safety are important characteristic of
every project. Adherence to safety requirements has led to
increased exposure of workmen and the general public to risky
situation at construction sites resulting in a high chance of
occurrence of accidents. Accidents resulted direct physical
12. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 4, July – Aug 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 35
injury to persons or damage to property, but also short and long
term effects to the company.
The aim of this review to know safety problems, causes
of accidents and injuries on construction site The cause of
accidents in the construction industry like workers’ negligence,
failure of workers to obey work procedures, work at high
elevation, operating equipment without safety devices, poor site
management, harsh work operation, low knowledge and skill
level of workers, attitude about safety. All organizations and
individuals involved in construction projects should be actively
concerned with the safety of the workers performing the actual
construction on-site. Establishing realistic, shared expectations
about the safety role that each entity can play will reduce the
current uncertainty within the design and construction
community, allowing entities to better focus on the roles they
can realistically assume. Ultimately, shared expectations will
help prevent some accidents from occurring and improve the
overall level of safety on construction sites.
References :
1. E. Koehn, and D.C. Regmi,(1991)Labor cost calculations in
international construction, AACETrance., Proc., 35th Annu.
Meeting Am.Assoc. of Cost Engrs, Seattle, wash,. 3]
2. SP 7:(2005), National Building Code of India , Second
Revision, Bureau Of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002.
13. [13]
3. Holt, A. J. (2005) Principles of Construction Safety, 2nd
edition, Cornwall: MPG Books Ltd. Blackwell Publishing,.
4. Abdelhamid T.S. and Everett, J.G. (2000. )Identifying root
causes of construction accidents, Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, vol. 126 (1) , pp. 52-60.
5. Ali, A.S.,Kamaruzzaman S.N.andSingG.C., (2010),A study
on causes of accident and prevention in Malaysian
construction industry, The Journal of Design Built, vol.3,
pp. 95-104.[20]
6. Tam, C.M.,Zeng S.X. and Deng,Z.M(2004),Identifying
Elements of Poor Construction Safety Management in
China,Safety Science,
7. J. Stokdyk, (1994),No falling back,Building, Vol. 03, pp. 38-
39. [22].
8. Anumba, C. and Bishop G., (1997) Importance of safety
considerations in site layout and organization, Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, vol. 24(2) ,
pp. 229-236,
9. http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causinj/kinds-of-
accident.htm
10. Worker Safety Series, “OSHA Pocket Guide”
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,2005
11. Peterson M. “The ABCs of construction site safety” Oregon
OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section
publication,.20-57
12. OSHA Training Institute“ Construction Focus Four: Fall
Hazards Instructor Guide” OSHA Directorate of Training
and Education, 2011, PP 1-15,
13.Safe Work Australia “Falling Objects fact Sheet“
Government Of Australia, 2012 ,1-3
14. Safe Work Australia “Slips And Trips At The Workplace
Fact Sheet “ Government Of Australia, February 2012 ,
1-8
15.OSHA Training Institute “Construction Focus Four:
Electrocution Hazards, Instructor Guide” OSHA,
Directorate of Training and Education , 2011,PP 1-27
16.Electrical Hazards ,Health safety manual, Infrastructure
Health & Safety Association. Chapter 26, 1-16
17.OSHA Training Institute “Construction Focus Four:
Caught‐In or Between Hazards, Instructor Guide” OSHA,s,
Directorate of Training and Education , 2011,PP 1-18
18. Health and Safety Executive , “Fire safety in construction”
HSE Books ,Second edition ,2010 Appendix III,69-76
19.OSHA Training Institute “Construction Focus Four: Struck
‐By Hazards Hazards, Instructor Guide” OSHA,
Directorate of Training and Education , 2011,PP 1-20
20.Neal, A. and Griffin M. A. “Safety Climate and Safety at
Work In the Psychology of Workplace Safety” . ‘I. J. B. M.
R.’ 2004. , PP 15–34
21. "Guidance note: General duty of care in Western
Australian workplaces 2005" Government of Western
Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2014.