This document discusses integrating occupational health and safety (OHS) courses into built environment curriculums. It notes that construction accidents are a major problem globally and in Nigeria. The study assessed awareness of OHS among construction students and the impact of OHS training. The study developed an OHS curriculum framework and found students had little OHS awareness while educators saw benefits of OHS knowledge for students' safety and employability. However, educators and students disagreed on adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses. It recommends effective OHS integration into curriculums with sufficient facilities and training to improve safety culture.
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
The construction industry involves risky and unhealthy operations which result in many human tragedies, to lose
enthusiasm of workers, disrupt construction, delay progress, and adversely affect cost, productivity, and reputation. The
complex nature of construction and hazards it have occupational health and safety in construction work should design table and
continue throughout the construction phases until the safety and health of every end users is ensured. Safety is a major concern
for construction companies, as it is a source of substantial direct and indirect costs. In some countries, the rate of total workplace
injuries from construction activities can be as high as at least 50%. This is undoubtedly a serious matter warranting urgent
attention. This paper reviewed that the safety problems at construction site with fetal injuries caused by it with help of different
graphical data of agencies .It gives detailed information regarding about the injuries type and physical loss of human from this.
This study also revealed that the importance of safety in construction should pay more attention as the injuries loss the human
life and also delay in completion of project
Safety management Issues in construction industry of BangladeshTanjin Tamanna urmi
Despite of being a developing country Bangladesh has investment in construction industry which includes commercial, residential and multipurpose building projects etc. Workplace safety is a significant global issue, and in particular, the construction industry is over represented in workplace injury and death statistics
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
The construction industry involves risky and unhealthy operations which result in many human tragedies, to lose
enthusiasm of workers, disrupt construction, delay progress, and adversely affect cost, productivity, and reputation. The
complex nature of construction and hazards it have occupational health and safety in construction work should design table and
continue throughout the construction phases until the safety and health of every end users is ensured. Safety is a major concern
for construction companies, as it is a source of substantial direct and indirect costs. In some countries, the rate of total workplace
injuries from construction activities can be as high as at least 50%. This is undoubtedly a serious matter warranting urgent
attention. This paper reviewed that the safety problems at construction site with fetal injuries caused by it with help of different
graphical data of agencies .It gives detailed information regarding about the injuries type and physical loss of human from this.
This study also revealed that the importance of safety in construction should pay more attention as the injuries loss the human
life and also delay in completion of project
Safety management Issues in construction industry of BangladeshTanjin Tamanna urmi
Despite of being a developing country Bangladesh has investment in construction industry which includes commercial, residential and multipurpose building projects etc. Workplace safety is a significant global issue, and in particular, the construction industry is over represented in workplace injury and death statistics
International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering (IJCITE) Research Paper
VOLUME -1, ISSUE -1, MARCH- APRIL, 2014
PAPER ID: 2014/M-A/IJCITE/V1-E1-24
The need for TVE is increasing as a result of so many factors: technological advancement,
globalization process, knowledge economy, changes in modes of production in the work place, growing
economic openness and competitiveness. TVE is very vital to the sustenance of technological development of
every nation in the present 21st century. For Nigeria to become developed greater emphasis must be placed on
technology education in order to improve on its quality for sustainable national development. This paper
discussed extensively on quality assuranceon TVE for sustainable national development in the 21st century. The
paper highlights on the concept of TVE and discusses on the status of TVE in Nigeria. Issues on sustainable
development and rationale for enhancing the quality of TVE in Nigeria in the 21st century were explained.
Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made amongst which are that: Government should introduce
sustainable financing scheme for TVE and increase the percentage of total expenditure on education to TVE and
also grant financial aids to trainees who are interested in pursuing TVE programs at whatever level and also
the involvement of major Nigerian stakeholders in the provision of workshop tools, equipment and other
infrastructural facilities for TVE graduates skills acquisition for sustainable national development.
Improving Construction Health & Safety in developing countries(Ghana)michel fosu
The practice of Health and Safety continues to be a major challenge plaguing the construction industries of most developing countries. In Ghana, approximately 60 out of the total 900 occupational accidents recorded by the labour Department over the last decade has been fatal and consequently attributed to a poor Health and Safety practice observed on most construction sites.
Full Access to publication on : https://www.grin.com/document/455205
2. https://g.co/kgs/KW3BS4
The aim of the study was to critically investigate the constraints and barriers faced in implementing an effective health and safety practice within the Ghanaian construction industry and also provide suitable recommendations on improving the practice.
A postgraduate research document (2018)
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Labor productivity of Vietnamese economy in general and Vietnamese
construction industry in particular is low in comparison with other countries. There
are many reason causing this low productivity in Vietnam. Boosting labor productivity
is becoming an urgency and is attracting much attention from both domestic and
foreign researchers. This paper focuses on a series of factors affecting labour
productivity on construction sites in Vietnam. The research aims to evaluate and rate
the extent of impact of each factor on labour productivity in Vietnam. The Relative
Importance Index (RII) is used to measure the impact of these factors on labor
productivity of construction workers on site in Vietnam based on the results of a
survey collected all the necessary data. Totally, 43 factors are identified and classified
into eight groups affecting the labor productivity of construction workers on sites in
Vietnam while ten most influential factors have been determined that will provide the
basis for the construction firms to provide effective solutions to achieve and increase
the productivity of construction workers. By referring to the outcomes of this study,
Vietnamese construction contractors will be able to come up with workable solutions
which will contribute towards a better performance of construction workers. On that
basis, the productivity of construction firms and national economy will be improved
correspondingly.
This presentation from 1More Headphones gives us a look at the history of the headphone, from its beginnings in 1919 to the stylistic and comfortable models that convenience our lives today.
International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering (IJCITE) Research Paper
VOLUME -1, ISSUE -1, MARCH- APRIL, 2014
PAPER ID: 2014/M-A/IJCITE/V1-E1-24
The need for TVE is increasing as a result of so many factors: technological advancement,
globalization process, knowledge economy, changes in modes of production in the work place, growing
economic openness and competitiveness. TVE is very vital to the sustenance of technological development of
every nation in the present 21st century. For Nigeria to become developed greater emphasis must be placed on
technology education in order to improve on its quality for sustainable national development. This paper
discussed extensively on quality assuranceon TVE for sustainable national development in the 21st century. The
paper highlights on the concept of TVE and discusses on the status of TVE in Nigeria. Issues on sustainable
development and rationale for enhancing the quality of TVE in Nigeria in the 21st century were explained.
Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made amongst which are that: Government should introduce
sustainable financing scheme for TVE and increase the percentage of total expenditure on education to TVE and
also grant financial aids to trainees who are interested in pursuing TVE programs at whatever level and also
the involvement of major Nigerian stakeholders in the provision of workshop tools, equipment and other
infrastructural facilities for TVE graduates skills acquisition for sustainable national development.
Improving Construction Health & Safety in developing countries(Ghana)michel fosu
The practice of Health and Safety continues to be a major challenge plaguing the construction industries of most developing countries. In Ghana, approximately 60 out of the total 900 occupational accidents recorded by the labour Department over the last decade has been fatal and consequently attributed to a poor Health and Safety practice observed on most construction sites.
Full Access to publication on : https://www.grin.com/document/455205
2. https://g.co/kgs/KW3BS4
The aim of the study was to critically investigate the constraints and barriers faced in implementing an effective health and safety practice within the Ghanaian construction industry and also provide suitable recommendations on improving the practice.
A postgraduate research document (2018)
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Labor productivity of Vietnamese economy in general and Vietnamese
construction industry in particular is low in comparison with other countries. There
are many reason causing this low productivity in Vietnam. Boosting labor productivity
is becoming an urgency and is attracting much attention from both domestic and
foreign researchers. This paper focuses on a series of factors affecting labour
productivity on construction sites in Vietnam. The research aims to evaluate and rate
the extent of impact of each factor on labour productivity in Vietnam. The Relative
Importance Index (RII) is used to measure the impact of these factors on labor
productivity of construction workers on site in Vietnam based on the results of a
survey collected all the necessary data. Totally, 43 factors are identified and classified
into eight groups affecting the labor productivity of construction workers on sites in
Vietnam while ten most influential factors have been determined that will provide the
basis for the construction firms to provide effective solutions to achieve and increase
the productivity of construction workers. By referring to the outcomes of this study,
Vietnamese construction contractors will be able to come up with workable solutions
which will contribute towards a better performance of construction workers. On that
basis, the productivity of construction firms and national economy will be improved
correspondingly.
This presentation from 1More Headphones gives us a look at the history of the headphone, from its beginnings in 1919 to the stylistic and comfortable models that convenience our lives today.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Efficient Safety Culture as Sustainable Development in Construction IndustryIJERA Editor
The paper focuses on precaution necessary to prevent avoidable accidents in the construction industries, important water development, building and roads construction in Nigeria. Moreover, appreciate the need for a safe working environment but also precaution necessary for hitch-free operation.
Health and Safety in the Construction Industry in Catanduanes, PhilippinesDr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is gaining grounds in the field of construction. The program of the current administration “Build, Build, Build” have taken the construction industry to full blast. Construction, both private and public are evident on every corners of the island. Occupational Safety and Health in construction is often neglected and disregarded. Construction is the one of the most dangerous sectors in health and safety. The government, thru the Department of Labor and Employment had already address the problem by providing safety and health training to the personnel of the construction firm as well as the industry as a whole. But the effort has been far from satisfactory, as construction accident continue to dominate the entire industry. The study aims to awareness of construction safety in Catanduanes. The study focuses on the awareness of workers in construction industry in Catanduanes on Occupational Safety and Health. From the series of interviews and interaction with the workers on site, and upon evaluation of their responses, the researcher finally come up with the conclusion that, the construction workers are aware of the safety and health in constructions but they do not adhere and follow it. Workers admittedly that the reason they are complaisant about following safety and health practices are discomfort, beliefs, and bad habits. The following recommendation were sought based on the results of the interview; 1. Workers must attend or be trained with safety and health. A training that would enable them to understand the safety and health issues and concerns, 2. Workers must be taught with correct attitude towards safety in workplace, 3. They must taught of right things contrary to their old beliefs, 4. Workers must developed good habit and positive outlook in terms of their safety and well-being.
The occupational accidents are not standardized to rating the risk factors for timely execution of infrastructures. Particularly, developing countries do not have guided information on their accidents due to safety, health and environment which are lack of proper systems. The number of accidents occurring in each infrastructures construction projects are not projected and published in Nepal. Training, awarding for the workers is not done or not effective. Safety engineers along with the workers need to aware to every construction project is not yet started. Project owner, consultant and contractors must be responsible along with the construction safety act which must be promulgated as soon as possible to response the Health, Safety and Environment risks. Safety engineering and prosperous Nepal are two side of same coin. By ignoring safety engineering to achieve prospers Nepal and happy Nepali is baseless dream .There would be lot of chances to inviting the risk factors which can lose much more.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Workers towards Accident Prevention in a ...ijtsrd
Accidents and injuries are increasing and growing health problems in construction work places, especially in the developing countries, and they often lead to death and disability. This study focuses to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of workers towards accident and injury prevention and control, at Haddock Engineering and Construction Company in Madobi Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 120 subjects were interviewed with the use of questionnaires. The mean age of the subjects was 30.73±8.4. About 50.8 of the workers interviewed had less than 5 years working experience while 15 had above 10 years working experience. When questioned about knowledge of accident and injury prevention measures, 55.8 of the workers was aware of the prevention measures while 44.2 were not aware. Also 44.2 of the workers used personal protective devices while 55.8 did not use personal protective devices. Face masks was the most common personal protective device worn by 45.8 of the workers. Other devices worn include hand gloves, goggles and helmets. About 55.8 of the workers reported having experienced minor injuries at work place while 19.2 reported severe injuries. Seminars and workshops to educate workers on accident and injury prevention measures and the use of Physical Protective Equipment PPE are advocated. Amadi Chinasa | Christopher C. A. Okereke | Sani S. Aliyu | Nasir A. Umar "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Workers towards Accident Prevention in a Selected Construction Company, Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55125.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/55125/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-of-workers-towards-accident-prevention-in-a-selected-construction-company-kano-state-nigeria/amadi-chinasa
uction safety has been achieved, the industry still continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety. The construction safety of any organization consists of employee’s attitudes towards and perceptions of, health and safety
behaviour. Construction workers attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules
and procedures. A measure of safety could be used to identify those areas of safety that need more attention and improvement.
The aim of the study was to identify factors in the safety management that any lead project success. these factors influence
construction safety. In this project questionnaire is framed to find safety in major organisations. data is collected on the basis
of questionnaire. Employees of various construction firm are interviewed. Collected data is analysed statistically. this analysis
is show the safety environment among organisation. it also gives suggestion to improve safety at construction site.
The Building area is growing very fast and indispensable to Development involving of Building. Workers Operate in dangerous Environmental and accidents are a common incidence at Building sites. The fundamental Objective of the learn about has been investigate the Safety of worker at constructing sites, and arose out of the need to have a safer working environment. Safety and what have an effect on it have been examined and the most effective preventive and mitigation measure, which can be adopted, that are like minded with the practices and applied sciences handy regarded at. The Methodology adopted involves, an big Literature review, Collection of records by use of Questionnaires, on spot web site test plus oral interviews at Building site. The finding of study are, that the stakeholders are not nicely educated in security planning and administration but they have a main function in providing and keeping a protection at constructing sites, the protective gear and first aid furnished is now not sufficient, and attention plus attitude closer to safety at all level in poor. A protection Assessment tool for building sites has been developed, Conclusion and Recommendation made, which include integrating safety into standard expert coaching and site management, plus introduction of a fine safety. S. Lavanyadevi | Dr. K. Vidhya "Safety Assessment in Construction Projects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30967.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30967/safety-assessment-in-construction-projects/s-lavanyadevi
Amelioration of safety management in infrastructure projectsIJERA Editor
Accidents are a major public health concern, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries
worldwide each year specifically, the relationships between drivers' characteristics and road accidents are not
fully understood. Many factors are involved in the accident occurrence at construction site. Some important
elements that create a significant portion of accidents include: safety management error, poor training programs,
human element, act of god, outdated procedure and no clear monitoring policy. Although some of these items
are inevitable, but the occurrence of the largest part can be prevented. Therefore, for ameliorating the safety in a
project each of these items should be analyzed and a practical approach introduced. In general, near miss,
incident and accident are three dependent levels that mainly lead to injury. Risk and hazard are allocated in first
level which means near miss, therefore, no on-time identification of hazard and risk causes to create incident
and preventing accident in incident stage is unavoidable.
Final Report- Betterment of EHS Conditions- Daniyal
afolabi391-1
1. SAFETY CULTURED INDUSTRY THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS) COURSES IN THE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT CURRICULUM
Adedeji O. Afolabi1
, Patience F. Tunji-Olayeni1
, Lekan M. Amusan1
, Ignatius O.
Omuh1
, Rapheal A. Ojelabi1
, Opeyemi O. Oyeyipo2
1
Covenant University (NIGERIA)
2
Bells University of Technology (NIGERIA)
Abstract
Globally, around 5,500 workers die daily from accidents or diseases at work with one-quarter of
construction workers more probable than other workers. The rate of accidents leading to fatalities on
Nigeria’s construction sites is becoming worrisome. Human factor such as workers’ non-compliance,
low commitment from top management, negligence, human failures have largely been blamed. Safety
is not simply common sense, therefore, construction workers and students need to be trained in order
to have a sustainable construction industry. The aim of this study is to assess a safety cultured
industry through the integration of occupational health and safety (OHS) courses in the Built
environment curriculum. An in depth literature review of OHS training materials and using a cross-
sectional research design through questionnaire survey and interview sessions with educationists and
construction students in the built environment were utilized. A purposive sampling method was
adopted for the study. Two sets of questionnaires were developed for the study. Out of the 55 copies
of research questionnaire distributed for Educationist, 38 were completed and returned representing a
69% response rate while 100 copies of research questionnaire were distributed to final year
construction students with 85 returned representing an 85% response rate. Returned questionnaires
were analyzed using SPSS v21.0. The study developed a framework for the integration of
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) courses, the instructional design, and facilities in the Built
environment curriculum. The result revealed that construction students had little awareness about
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) courses with the main awareness in use of personal protective
equipment (PPE). From the study, educationists revealed that construction students’ knowledge in
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) courses will foster a healthy and safe construction environment
and also increase employability after graduation. Using a t-test tool, the study revealed that there is no
agreement between educationists and construction students on the adequacy of teaching facilities for
OHS courses. The study recommended that adequate and effective occupational health and safety
(OHS) courses be integrated in the Built environment courses with sufficient facilities and trained
personnel to guarantee its success and purpose.
Keywords: Built Environment, Construction, Curriculum, Health and Safety, Sustainable.
1 INTRODUCTION
The micro and macro contributions of the construction industry makes it essential that any challenge
confronting it pertains to us all. Challenges such as cost overrun, time overrun, disputes,
abandonment, building collapse, accidents etc. have been reported by various researchers. One of the
challenges which it has found hard to overcome is its bad safety record. Although, there have been
difficulties obtaining accident records on Nigerian construction sites [1, 2]. This is due to contractors’
belief that it is bad for business and the lack of safety culture. Also, [3] attributed the low morale
towards safety to lack of legislation and regulatory authority on occupational health and safety.
Unknown to most contractors, construction safety increases competitiveness and profitability [4, 5].
With the Safety, Health and Welfare Bill of 2012 yet to receive executive assent, the rate of death and
injuries cannot be shoved aside as there have been reported cases of building construction collapse
on construction workers in the Nigerian dailies [6, 7]. Available figures from [8] revealed that the
construction industry averaged a 40.8 percent accident rate per 1000 construction workers in 2013.
The same construction industry that has provided succor of employment, livelihood etc. has become
death traps for some construction workers. The rapid development of the Nigerian construction
industry has resulted in its vast use of machineries and construction of high rise buildings [3, 4, 9].
Proceedings of INTED2016 Conference
7th-9th March 2016, Valencia, Spain
ISBN: 978-84-608-5617-7
5811
2. Thereby, increasing the risk on the average Nigerian construction worker. Globally, [10] reported that
many construction workers are killed every year. Statistics from [11] revealed that 1 out of 300
construction workers has the chance of been killed at work.
Another consequence of accidents largely reported is the high economic implications on the individual,
employer and society [1, 10]. Many factors have been attributed to causing accidents on construction
site, but the human factor has been overly emphasized as a major concern to the industry. In a study
by [9] 75 percent of contractors have never heard of the Workers’ Act 1974, with only 5 percent
familiar with its provision of legal requirements for safety in the Nigeria construction industry. [2, 10]
opined that it is possible for the construction industry to improve in its health and safety track record
although challenging. Sustainability in the construction industry needs to be tackled with an effective
occupational safety and health system. One way this can be achieved is through effective education
and training in occupational health and safety (OHS), [12] explained that it should be designed in such
a way as to measurably enhance attitudes, skills and knowledge. The individual must attain the level
of adequate safety culture which culminates into the organization. According to [13] accidents can only
be predicted when construction and project managers are fully prepared and equipped for it. The
argument of this study is that preparing construction graduates without adequate knowledge and
training on occupational health and safety is creating top management and professionals that are not
safety culture committed. Therefore, the study aims to assess a safety cultured industry through the
integration of occupational safety and health (OSH) training in the Built environment curriculum. It is
against this background that the following objectives would guide the study;
• To examine the level of awareness of construction students to occupational health and safety
(OHS).
• To assess the impact of training construction students on occupational health and safety
courses.
• To identify the components of the occupational health and safety courses for construction
students.
1.1 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no agreement between educationists and construction students on the adequacy of
teaching facilities for OHS courses.
H1: There is agreement between educationists and construction students on the adequacy of teaching
facilities for OHS courses.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Accident on Nigerian Construction Sites
According to [9] accidents are events which are unplanned and unexpected caused by someone’s
mistakes which could have been prevented. Fig. 1 showed the human failures in health and safety that
can result in accidents on construction sites. It is evident that most accidents can be attributed to the
two (2) main components of human failures; errors and violations [14].
A cross section of occupational fatalities in the construction sector showed that for developed
countries, such as the United States had over 22% [15], across the European Union had 30% [16],
United Kingdom had 32% [10]. The accident rate situation highlighted in developing countries is worse
[17]. Several factors have been attributed to this phenomenon. [18] observed that priorities are not
given to safety consideration on construction projects in developing countries. [9] noted that
stakeholders in Nigeria do not attach much seriousness to the issue. Even at that, most accidents and
injuries are often times not reported. [13] noted that on many sites, no training programs on safety for
the staff and workers exist. A situation where construction employees are required to learn from their
own mistake or experience. This makes it hard to obtain reliable data of construction related
accidents. Although, [3] reported that in Nigeria there are 2 accidents and 5 injuries per 100 workers.
Most fatalities in construction related accidents that become known are those aired via media on
collapse of ongoing building construction works and this is on the increase. In summary, [19]
estimated that around 5,500 workers die daily from work related accidents or diseases with
construction workers three to four times more likely than other workers to die from accidents at work.
5812
3. Figure 1: Types of Human failure [14]
The construction industry is continuously evolving and the risks becoming ever challenging. [13] noted
that accidents occur as a result of the unique nature of the industry. And therefore, the unique nature
must be used to address the unbecoming image of the industry as the resultant effect of accidents are
tremendous. Effects such as damage to plant equipment and the loss of productive work time [13],
work disruptions, loss of trained manpower and reduce the work rate [9, 20], loss of corporate image
[1]. Several studies have linked cost of accident and construction works. [21] observed that the cost of
accidents accounts for 8.5% of the total tender price in the Chinese construction industry. While [22]
stated that the total cost of accidents ranges between 7.9% and 15% of the total costs of non-
residential new construction. But the cost of life lost on construction sites through construction related
accidents cannot be quantified. These issues have enforced the need for a constructive safety culture
in the Nigerian construction industry.
2.2 Occupational Health and Safety Curriculum Development
Occupational health and safety has been defined by the [24] as: “The prevention and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being, the prevention of ill-health among
workers caused by their working conditions, The protection of workers from factors adverse to their
health in their employment, and the placing and maintaining workers in occupational environments
adapted to their individual and psychological conditions.” According to [25] the lack of awareness of
contractors on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management systems in construction
contributes to the accident at construction site. Amongst factors to improve occupational safety and
health, [12] identified educating educators and students on occupational safety and health through
effective education and training.
Violation
s
Human
factor
Human
failure
Error
Skill
based
errors
Mistakes
Routine
Situational
Exceptional
Skill based errors
Lapses of memory
Rule based
mistakes
Knowledge
based mistakes
5813
4. Figure 2. Suggested Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) curriculum (Adapted from [26, 27])
According to [12] improving occupational safety and health (OSH) in the construction industry is a slow
but achievable process. Safety should be considered paramount, hence, the need to integrate
occupational health and safety courses into the built environment curriculum. Fig. 2 showed a
suggested list of occupational health and safety curriculum that can be integrated into the built
environment curriculum. The curriculum covers course outlines from the International Labour
Organization (ILO), Health and Safety Executive and Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). In engaging construction students in occupational health and safety course it is essential that
certain resources are provided. There is need for adequate space and facilities which encourages
small group exercises or hands-on training using equipment as part of classroom and activity-based
learning. The space must be set up in a way that encourages interaction between the trainer and the
students and facilitates easy discussion and brainstorming sessions among students as shown in Fig.
3. Equipment and Technology should also be used in communicating OHS training across to the
students such as Smart boards, OHS videos, web based materials etc. in order to enhance learning.
In the classroom and activity based learning, [28] suggested that the course should be administered
using course design as specified in Fig. 4. The idea of this type of OHS program is that safety should
begin early not only in adulthood. And therefore, construction students can thereby bring about the
need transformation that is needed in terms of safety on construction sites.
Figure 3. Room Setups that Encourage Participation and Improve Learning [28]
5814
5. Figure 4. Instructional designs for OHS courses [28]
2.3 The Built Environment
According to [29] the built environment is the heart of any economy. The crucial role of this industry
makes it important that the education given to its future professional is not taken with levity. [30]
emphasized that institutions of higher learning are critical. [31] stated that the primary purpose of built
environment education is the preparation of people for a vocation in the built environment. [32] stated
that these institutions around the world have recognized that they have a unique responsibility towards
the goal of achieving sustainability. Therefore, there must be a conscious effort to link construction
students with the construction industry. [33] suggested that a proactive action must be taken to
overcome the safety issue in construction sector which this study posits. In a situation when the need
for health and safety is paramount as this study has shown, the issues of safety should not be left to
be garnered during the experiential years of the occupation alone. [31] suggested that if the built
environment education cannot contribute increased efficiency in the way the industry is run, then it has
failed in its purpose. [32] opined that fostering a healthy, just and environmentally sustainable society
will require a large shift in thinking, values and action - a change in mindset. The impact in studying
and researching in the built environment should be oriented towards the problems confronting society,
and this largely depends on the awareness, knowledge, skills and values construction students
acquired during their requisite period of study in the university [31, 32].
3 METHODOLOGY
The study been an exploratory study was conducted using a cross-sectional research design, where
samples were drawn from the population of study. This study was carried out through questionnaire
survey and interview sessions with educationists in the built environment. The study area were two (2)
tertiary institutions; Public institution and Private Institution located in Lagos and Ogun State. The
targeted population comprised of construction students and educationists in the Built environment in
the selected institutions. A purposive sampling method was adopted for the study. The purposive
sampling technique was used because the study is specific to a group of people and the construction
characteristics relevant to the study such as academics and final year students in the Department of
Architecture, Building, Quantity Surveying and Civil Engineering. Two sets of questionnaires were
developed for the study. Out of the 55 copies of research questionnaire distributed for Educationist, 38
were completed and returned representing a 69% response rate while 100 copies of research
questionnaire were distributed to final year construction students with 85 returned representing an
85% response rate.
4 RESULTS
The result and discussion as obtained from the distributed questionnaires are presented under the
following headings;
4.1 Background Information
The background information of the respondents (academics and final year undergraduate students)
revealed that among educationists, the professions highlighted include Architects had the highest
5815
6. participation in the study with 14 (36.8%), which was followed by 12 (31.6%) Builders, 8 (21.1%) Civil
Engineers and 4 (10.5%) Quantity Surveyors. A survey of the highest academic qualification attained
by the academics revealed that they fall into two main categories of 25 (65.8%) of the academics
having MSc/MBA/MPM degree and 13 (34.2%) have PhD degrees. The working experience of the
educationists in the field of academics showed that 17 (44.7%) had 6-10 years working experience,
while 13 (34.2%) of the academics had 11 – 15 years working experience, 6 (15.8%) had 0 – 5 years
working experience and 2 (5.3%) had over 15 years working experience.
A cross section through the background information of the final years construction students engaged
in the study showed that Building/Building Technology students had the highest participation in the
study with 30 (35.3%), while 23 (27.1%) were students of Architecture, 18 (21.2%) were Quantity
Surveying students and 14 (16.4%) were Civil engineering students. The gender distributed showed
that 67 (78.8%) were male and 18 (21.2%) were female students.
4.2 Level of awareness in occupational health and safety (OHS)
Investigation was carried out to examine the level of awareness of construction students in
occupational health and safety (OHS). The occupational health and safety parameters used were
generated from the suggested modules for the occupational health and safety (OHS) curriculum. The
result as shown in Table 1 revealed that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) had an overall mean
score (OMS) of 2.92 and ranked 1
st
, Identifying and Controlling Hazards had OMS of 2.60 and ranked
2
nd
, Health and Safety Plan had OMS of 2.59 and ranked 3
rd
.
Table 1. Level of awareness in occupational health and safety (OHS).
Occupational health and
safety (OHS)
Architecture
Building/Building
Technology
Quantity
Surveying
Civil
Engineering
Overall
Mean
Score
Overall
Rank
Mean Score
Introduction to OSHA 1.78 1.99 1.68 1.66 1.94 16
th
Identifying and Controlling
Hazards
2.40 3.65 1.98 3.11 2.60 2
nd
Injury and Illness Prevention 2.12 3.56 2.45 2.81 2.53 5
th
Accident Prevention /
Accident Investigation
2.41 3.55 2.03 2.89 2.53 5
th
Hazard Materials Handling,
Storage, Use and Disposal
1.85 2.24 1.50 2.10 1.99 15
th
Hazard and Risk
Assessment
2.12 2.62 2.06 2.64 2.38 11
th
Health and Safety Plan 2.28 3.60 2.16 3.28 2.59 3
rd
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
2.65 3.84 2.55 3.51 2.92 1
st
Fire Protection and
Prevention
2.28 3.28 2.11 2.90 2.48 8
th
Emergency and Incidence
Response
1.92 3.32 1.92 3.05 2.50 7
th
Welfare Provision on
construction sites
2.21 3.59 1.98 2.89 2.54 4
th
Management commitment
and Employee Involvement
2.01 2.61 1.72 2.61 2.37 12
th
Site Induction 1.99 3.10 2.20 2.75 2.42 9
th
Conducting Safety meetings 2.18 3.07 2.52 2.44 2.41 10
th
Introduction to Workers’
Compensation and Return to
Work
1.59 2.29 1.71 2.38 2.20 14
th
Stress Management 1.87 2.53 1.43 2.57 2.35 13
th
Legal Rights and
Responsibilities
1.35 1.85 1.02 1.82 1.41 17
th
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7. 4.3 Impact of training construction students on occupational health and
safety courses
This section assesses the impact of training construction students on occupational health and safety
courses. Academics’ response on the identified impact of OHS trainings on construction students is
shown in Table 2. The table revealed that fostering a healthy and safe construction environment had a
mean score (MS) of 4.30 and ranked 1
st
, Improve employability ranked 2
nd
with a MS of 4.22,
Increased competencies in Health and Safety and Ability to teach others on Health and Safety both
ranked 3
rd
with MS of 3.97.
Table 2. Impact of training construction students on OHS courses.
Impact Mean Score Ranking Index
Foster a healthy and safe construction environment 4.30 1
st
Improve employability 4.22 2
nd
Increased competencies in Health and Safety 3.97 3
rd
Ability to teach others on Health and Safety 3.97 3
rd
Increased ability to investigate and report accidents 3.63 5
th
Ability to identify hazards at worksite 3.61 6
th
Sustainability of the construction industry 3.54 7
th
Ensures that the individual is not injured at work 3.53 8
th
Develops a health and Safety culture 3.48 9
th
Higher productivity on job 3.44 10
th
Engenders quick response to emergencies 3.20 11
th
Increased ability to mitigate risks 3.18 12
th
Increase in safety practices on Construction sites 3.12 13
th
Increase the knowledge of construction occupation 3.01 14
th
Improve supervision on construction sites 2.99 15
th
Increased Innovation and creativity 2.98 16
th
Boost self-sufficiency and self-reliance 2.95 17
th
Increased understanding on legal rights about Health and Safety 2.91 18
th
Reduced financial costs of accidents and injuries 2.86 19
th
Reduce the frequency of accidents on construction sites 2.86 19
th
4.4 Research Hypothesis
The study attempted to evaluate the adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses between the two
groups under study (educationists and construction students). Using t-test at p ≤ 0.05 the hypothesis
that there is no agreement between educationists and construction students on the adequacy of
teaching facilities for OHS courses was tested. Teaching facilities such as space, equipment and
facilities, OHS tutors, OHS curriculum etc. were grouped together to form the basis of the comparison.
Table 3 showed the agreement between educationists and construction students on the adequacy of
teaching facilities for OHS courses. The rule for the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis is that
when p > 0.05, the hypothesis is accepted, but when p ≤ 0.05, the hypothesis is rejected. The result
showed that the p-value (0.16) was greater than the critical p value (0.05); therefore, accept the
hypothesis. The implication is that educationists and construction students differ on the adequacy of
teaching facilities for OHS courses.
Table 3. Adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses.
Variable N Mean t-value Df p-value Decision
Teaching facilities 123 56.736 2.228 120 0.16 Accept H0
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8. 5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
The study developed a framework of equipment and facilities from room setup, instructional designs,
teaching aids, tutors including an OHS curriculum needed to implement OHS courses in the built
environment curriculum. The study revealed that there is little awareness of construction students to
occupational health and safety (OHS). With the level of awareness mainly in Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) by construction students. The exposure to PPE may be due to the compulsory
industrial training (IT) programmes or Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) engaged in their
2
nd
and 4
th
year in their various institutions. The findings imply that construction students are largely
unaware of the core issues of health and safety. [14] stated that lack of awareness in health and
safety by supervisors is one of the leading cause of accidents on work site. Presently, for construction
graduates to be abreast of HSE matters, they have to engage in different adult training of continuous
professional development (CPD) on OSH trainings. [9] noted that there is a general lack of awareness
on the importance and legal requirements for safety in the construction industry in Nigeria. [34] stated
that this level of awareness can be raised by effective safety trainings. Educationists identified that
training construction students on occupational health and safety courses will foster a healthy and safe
construction environment and improve employability of the construction students. As the study has
emphasized, the rate of accident on construction sites is becoming worrisome, therefore, alternative
avenues to reduce this trend must be explored. [35, 36] emphasized the importance of safety training,
stating that safety training improves the safety performance in the construction industry. Effective
training of construction students can be one of the best ways in improving site safety performance, as
[37] reported that there is a relationship between the safety climate on site and personal
characteristics of the employees. Education level and safety knowledge possessed by the individual
are critical of these personal characteristics. Also, in this global and dynamic environment, the new set
of graduates need to be equipped with new set of skills to make them adaptable to the numerous
challenges facing the industry. [31] stated that the built environment education should be aimed at
solving the challenges confronting the society. The study revealed that there is no agreement between
educationists and construction students on the adequacy of teaching facilities for OHS courses. This
difference can be attributed to the little knowledge possessed by construction students in OHS topics
and therefore implies that the teaching facilities on OHS courses are inadequate. The built
environment curriculum needs to be overhauled to entertain issues that can be relevant for a
sustainable construction industry.
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The Nigerian construction industry has come a long way. To achieve a sustainable industry, general
issues regarding the alarming rate of accident and injuries must be carefully tackled. The study
assessed a safety cultured industry through the integration of occupational health and safety (OHS)
courses in the Built environment curriculum. The study posited that since culture can be learned,
therefore, safety culture can be learned but quite early while still in the tertiary institution. The study
identified teaching equipment and facilities such as the instructional design, the room setup to
engender discussion, gadgets, teaching aids and an OHS curriculum inform of a module outline for
construction students. It was observed that there is little awareness on OHS amongst construction
students with their main awareness being Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Academics observed
that training construction students on OHS courses while still in their undergraduate programmes
would foster a health and safe construction environment and improve employability of the construction
students. The study also revealed that there is need for provision of teaching facilities for OHS
courses. The study recommended that adequate and effective occupational health and safety (OHS)
courses be integrated in the Built environment courses with sufficient facilities and trained personnel to
guarantee its success and purpose. The subject of safety should be a national project through the
National University Curriculum (NUC), whereby funding and curriculum adjustment would be carried
out. Similarly, it is essential that academics in the built environment are exposed to OHS trainings in
order to be able to effectively transfer adequate knowledge of OHS to construction students. This can
be achieved through seminars and workshops organized between the tertiary institutions and OSHA
training bodies in order to increase the level of awareness.
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