This study aimed to correlate knee height with body height and develop regression equations to estimate body height from knee height measurements in subjects from North India. The study measured the body height and knee height of 1000 healthy subjects aged 18 and older. Knee height was found to be positively correlated with body height. Regression analyses were used to generate equations to estimate body height based on knee height, with separate equations for males and females that also included age as a predictor variable. The equations were intended to provide a more accurate estimation of body height that is less affected by age-related changes.
Assessing the Relationship between Body Composition and Spinal Curvatures in ...peertechzpublication
This study investigated the relationship between body composition and spinal curvatures in young adults. Body composition analysis was performed on 67 participants to determine ratios of total fat, body fat, visceral fat, and total muscle. Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and lumbar regions were also measured. The results showed a significant positive correlation between total fat ratio and lumbar lordosis, as well as between visceral fat ratio and lumbar lordosis. Thoracic kyphosis was positively correlated with total fat ratio and visceral fat ratio. Total muscle ratio showed a negative correlation with lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. The study suggests that increased fat ratios and decreased muscle ratios can shift spinal alignment in a way that may negatively impact
This study evaluated gait parameters of normal healthy individuals using an electro-goniometer to measure knee flexion angle during walking. Five subjects walked at slow, normal, and fast speeds over a 17m distance. Results showed that cadence remained consistent across speeds but step length and knee angle increased with speed. Knee angle ranged from 65 degrees during slow walking to 69 degrees during fast walking. Step and stride lengths were longer when walking with footwear compared to without. The electro-goniometer and gait analysis provide a method to diagnose gait abnormalities and inform prosthetic design.
This study examined the correlation between body height and cranial measurements in 800 medical students (400 male, 400 female) aged 17-25 years in North India. Cranial length and breadth were measured and found to be significantly larger in males than females. A positive correlation was found between height and cranial dimensions in both sexes. Regression equations were derived that could estimate height from cranial length or breadth measurements. Precision estimates for height and cranial dimension measurements showed a high degree of accuracy. The results indicate cranial dimensions could help estimate height, which has importance for anthropology and forensic sciences.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effectiveness of retro walking (backward walking) in patients with chronic osteoarthritis of the knee. 30 patients with grade 3 knee osteoarthritis underwent 10 minutes of retro walking per day on an inclined treadmill for 10 days. Outcome measures assessed before and after the intervention included pain, stiffness, physical function via the WOMAC index, knee extension lag, dynamic balance, and parameters of forward walking. The results showed statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures following the retro walking intervention. The study concluded that retro walking is an effective approach for reducing symptoms and improving physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
This study investigated the morphological and functional aspects of the hand in relation to age, gender, and sports participation. The researchers measured hand dimensions and grip strength in 546 children aged 9-18 years who were grouped as little (9-11 years), youth (12-14 years), and junior (15-18 years). The children were further divided into sporting and non-sporting groups. The results showed statistically significant differences in several hand measurements and grip strength between the sporting and non-sporting groups, with differences seen in both males and females of different age groups. The findings suggest sports participation is associated with morphological and functional differences in the hand.
This document summarizes 10 research studies on gait and balance as assessed through plantar pressure and center of pressure measurements. Several key findings are: 1) Certain center of pressure measures can predict chronic ankle instability but with low accuracy; 2) Center of pressure velocity can classify elderly fallers versus non-fallers with high accuracy; 3) Gait velocity affects orthotic prescription, as rearfoot pronation differs between walking and running; 4) Rocker-bottom shoes increase postural sway in response to perturbations compared to normal shoes; 5) Specific plantar pressure patterns are associated with lower leg injuries in runners; 6) Center of pressure data can indicate rearfoot motion but not precisely; 7) Plantar pressure can be reliably
Assessing the Relationship between Body Composition and Spinal Curvatures in ...peertechzpublication
This study investigated the relationship between body composition and spinal curvatures in young adults. Body composition analysis was performed on 67 participants to determine ratios of total fat, body fat, visceral fat, and total muscle. Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and lumbar regions were also measured. The results showed a significant positive correlation between total fat ratio and lumbar lordosis, as well as between visceral fat ratio and lumbar lordosis. Thoracic kyphosis was positively correlated with total fat ratio and visceral fat ratio. Total muscle ratio showed a negative correlation with lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. The study suggests that increased fat ratios and decreased muscle ratios can shift spinal alignment in a way that may negatively impact
This study evaluated gait parameters of normal healthy individuals using an electro-goniometer to measure knee flexion angle during walking. Five subjects walked at slow, normal, and fast speeds over a 17m distance. Results showed that cadence remained consistent across speeds but step length and knee angle increased with speed. Knee angle ranged from 65 degrees during slow walking to 69 degrees during fast walking. Step and stride lengths were longer when walking with footwear compared to without. The electro-goniometer and gait analysis provide a method to diagnose gait abnormalities and inform prosthetic design.
This study examined the correlation between body height and cranial measurements in 800 medical students (400 male, 400 female) aged 17-25 years in North India. Cranial length and breadth were measured and found to be significantly larger in males than females. A positive correlation was found between height and cranial dimensions in both sexes. Regression equations were derived that could estimate height from cranial length or breadth measurements. Precision estimates for height and cranial dimension measurements showed a high degree of accuracy. The results indicate cranial dimensions could help estimate height, which has importance for anthropology and forensic sciences.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effectiveness of retro walking (backward walking) in patients with chronic osteoarthritis of the knee. 30 patients with grade 3 knee osteoarthritis underwent 10 minutes of retro walking per day on an inclined treadmill for 10 days. Outcome measures assessed before and after the intervention included pain, stiffness, physical function via the WOMAC index, knee extension lag, dynamic balance, and parameters of forward walking. The results showed statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures following the retro walking intervention. The study concluded that retro walking is an effective approach for reducing symptoms and improving physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
This study investigated the morphological and functional aspects of the hand in relation to age, gender, and sports participation. The researchers measured hand dimensions and grip strength in 546 children aged 9-18 years who were grouped as little (9-11 years), youth (12-14 years), and junior (15-18 years). The children were further divided into sporting and non-sporting groups. The results showed statistically significant differences in several hand measurements and grip strength between the sporting and non-sporting groups, with differences seen in both males and females of different age groups. The findings suggest sports participation is associated with morphological and functional differences in the hand.
This document summarizes 10 research studies on gait and balance as assessed through plantar pressure and center of pressure measurements. Several key findings are: 1) Certain center of pressure measures can predict chronic ankle instability but with low accuracy; 2) Center of pressure velocity can classify elderly fallers versus non-fallers with high accuracy; 3) Gait velocity affects orthotic prescription, as rearfoot pronation differs between walking and running; 4) Rocker-bottom shoes increase postural sway in response to perturbations compared to normal shoes; 5) Specific plantar pressure patterns are associated with lower leg injuries in runners; 6) Center of pressure data can indicate rearfoot motion but not precisely; 7) Plantar pressure can be reliably
Relationship of two vertical jumping tests to sprint and change of direction ...Isaiah McFarland
This study examined the relationship between vertical jump performance and speed/agility tests in male and female collegiate soccer players. 36 NCAA Division II soccer players (20 males and 16 females) performed countermovement jumps, squat jumps, 10m and 30m sprint tests, and change of direction speed tests. Moderate to strong correlations were found between vertical jump heights and sprint/agility performance for both males and females. The results suggest power production, as measured by vertical jumps, is related to linear speed and change of direction ability in collegiate soccer players.
This document discusses recognizing and preventing artefacts, or non-natural features, in gait analysis data. It emphasizes that artefacts are important to identify to avoid incorrect interpretations and improve measurement techniques. Sources of artefacts include marker misplacement, soft tissue movement, and force plate or system errors. Repeatable studies show measurement variability thresholds for acceptable, reasonable, and concerning levels of error. Video can help identify artefacts by revealing inconsistencies between data and visual observations. Artefacts may affect multiple graphs and data should be carefully checked for quality before use. Vigilance, staff training, and competency in both biomechanics and clinical skills are needed to minimize artefacts.
Lower limb alignment in young female athletes is associated with knee joint m...peertechzpublication
Background: Increased rotational forces and knee valgus forces puts strain on the anterior cruciate
ligament, frequently ruptured in female athletes. Increased internal hip rotation and increased knee valgus
alignment, possible risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament rupture, are more common in women than
men.
This document outlines the principles and process of impairment-focused gait analysis interpretation. It discusses key terminology like impairment, feature, and supplementary data. The process involves four steps: orientation to the patient, walking pattern and data; marking features on graphs; grouping features and data into potential impairments; and reporting findings and interpretations. The goal is to identify impairments likely affecting the gait pattern by recognizing features in the data and relating them to other exam information.
1 what is clnical gait analysis (cga ifa 2015)Richard Baker
This document discusses clinical gait analysis and its role in evaluating patients and informing treatment. It proposes two models for clinical gait analysis: integration, where gait analysis and clinical decision making are combined; and separation, where gait analysis identifies impairments but clinical decisions are made separately. The key aspects of clinical gait analysis are determining the impairments causing a patient's walking pattern through objective measurement and interpretation. While analysis identifies impairments, clinical decision making considers additional factors and decides on management. The document emphasizes that gait analysis reports should clearly link conclusions to underlying data and evidence to inform clinicians' treatment decisions.
The study aimed to analyze the effects of a 10-week minimalist running transition program on recreational runners. Eleven runners participated in the program, which included barefoot exercises, plyometrics, and a gradual increase in running mileage with minimalist shoes over 10 weeks. The results showed significant improvements in ankle dorsiflexion and great toe extension range of motion. A trend was observed of participants adopting a less rearfoot strike pattern. The transition program helped runners adopt minimalist footwear without injuries.
1) The study investigated how humans control their arm movements to maintain balance while walking on a narrow beam, in order to inform control algorithms for humanoid robots.
2) The results showed that subjects who had higher correlation between left and right arm movements performed better on the balance beam task.
3) When arm joints were constrained, performance improved, possibly by simplifying control and reducing interaction torques between segments. Coordination between arms also increased with constraints.
The relationship among isometric grip strength recovery and anthropometric pa...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Grip strength has a specific role in ergonomics especially for hand tool using. In ergonomics a hand tool must be designed such a way that provide a better fit for the user, hence it reduces the risk of potential injuries associated with the use of hand tool. Grip strength decreases in repetitive hand activities, and that it will recover after an adequate rest period. This paper presents the relationship between isometric grip strength and recovery in addition to the influence of potential anthropometric factors on grip strength. 20 male and 20 female subject’s age range from 20 to 51 years were selected in order to evaluate dominant hand grip strengths. Factors assessed for potential association with grip strength were; demographics such as age and gender; body constructs such as height and weight; upper extremity such as the linear dimensions of elbow to wrist length, hand length and hand breadth. Linear regression analysis was performed in order to identify influencing factors independently associated with grip strength. Pearson product correlation was performed to identify the nature of relationship between isometric grip strength and anthropometric parameters. Through descriptive statistics based on greatest mean grip strength, optimal handle position has been found in position-3 (3.5 cm) for male and position-2 (3.0 cm) for female. Mean grip strength of male has been found greater than female. Grip strengths of male and female in dominant hands are found to decrease with aging, and are significantly different between male and female. Z-test indicates that there are no significant differences on the rate of recovery at each point in time between groups. Linear regression analysis indicates that weight and hand breadth in male; age and weight in female have a significant effect on grip strength.
Keywords: Grip strength, Grip Analyzer, Correlation, Z-test, Regression and ANOVA.
This study examined the relationship between cycling economy, measured as oxygen consumption (VO2), and simultaneous measurements of 3D kinematics and electromyography in trained cyclists. A multiple regression analysis showed that peak knee extension velocity and mean activity of the rectus femoris muscle were significant predictors of VO2 during steady state cycling. This was the first study to relate cycling economy to 3D kinematic and electromyography measurements, providing insight into optimizing biomechanical parameters to improve cycling performance.
Study of Knee Kinematics during Walking and Running in Middle Aged MalesYogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the knee kinematics of 12 healthy middle-aged males (45-60 years old) during walking and running using 3D motion capture. The results showed that running produced significantly higher maximum knee flexion, varus rotation, and internal rotation compared to walking. While anterior-posterior tibial translation did not differ significantly between walking and running, the repetitive motion during running may increase risk of knee injury over time. The increased varus and internal rotation observed during running are associated with higher medial compartment knee loading, which can contribute to conditions like iliotibial band friction syndrome. This study provides information on altered knee kinematics during walking and running in middle-aged males.
This document discusses the importance of data quality assurance in gait analysis. It emphasizes that gait analysis requires both scientific understanding and practical skills. Staff must receive training in measurement techniques, and centers should implement quality assurance measures like repeatability studies to evaluate measurement error. Vigilance is also important to check for errors in the data during and after analysis. Ensuring accurate, consistent data collection performed by competent practitioners is vital for gait analysis to provide useful clinical information.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Presentation t the variability in swing kinematics and carry in a longitudin...James Parker
This study explored the relationship between peak speeds of the pelvis, thorax, lead upper arm, and carry distance over multiple sessions in elite male golfers. Hierarchical multilevel modeling found that 32.5% of carry distance variation was within sessions, 38% was between sessions, and 28.5% was between golfers. Peak lead arm speed predicted carry distance within sessions, partially supporting previous research. However, relationships between thorax speed and performance found previously were not replicated in this longitudinal study design.
1) The study investigated the relationship between trunk and lower limb muscle activation and serving velocity in male NCAA Division I tennis players.
2) The results demonstrated strong correlations between peak serving velocity and peak muscle activation in the rectus abdominis, multifidus, and rectus femoris muscles.
3) A regression model found that 88.5% of the variance in serving velocity was accounted for by lower limb and trunk muscle activation, with rectus abdominis being the most predictive.
1) The document examines the impact of back pain on kyphotic and lordotic indices by measuring the spinal curvature of 56 subjects between ages 30-40 either with or without back pain.
2) Statistical analysis found a significant difference in the mean kyphotic and lordotic indices between the control and experimental groups, indicating that back pain increases spinal curvature.
3) The results suggest that ensuring workplace safety to reduce back pain can help maintain a normal spinal structure.
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF STANDARD AND NEWLY DESIGNED VERTICAL JUMPING TESTS ...Ramani Kalidasan
The document analyzes vertical jumping tests among undergraduate physical education trainees. It describes standard vertical jump tests and presents a newly designed "bottom raise vertical jump test". The study aims to compare these two tests. 30 male trainees performed both tests and their results found no significant differences or relationship between the tests, though the new test yielded a higher mean score. The study concluded the new test may provide an alternative to standard tests but more research is needed with a larger sample size.
This document summarizes several studies on human resource management (HRM) and employee performance in the banking sector in India. It discusses the main challenges faced by banks, including adapting to changing economic conditions and regulations. Several literature reviews are also summarized that examine topics like HRM best practices, leadership styles, job descriptions, quality of worklife, and organizational effectiveness in banks. Case studies are presented on innovative HRM practices at State Bank of India, including performance appraisal, training programs, and organization development initiatives.
This document provides a literature review on work stress of employees. It discusses how stress has been defined and the sources and types of stress. It reviews signs and symptoms of stress and strategies for coping with stress such as undertaking a stress audit, using scientific inputs, and spreading messages about stress management. The literature review section summarizes 12 previous research studies on topics like occupational stress among different professions, the relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress, and the impact of supportive leadership in moderating job stress and performance. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of managing stress and having a positive attitude and lifestyle to deal with distress and improve organizational well-being.
The document discusses video streaming and content sharing between Android mobile devices and PCs using a peer-to-peer approach without servers. It presents an application that allows live video captured on a mobile device to be streamed and viewed on a nearby PC in real-time over WiFi. Content like images and text can also be shared between devices. The application has uses for social sharing, cooperative work, and assisting elderly/impaired users. It analyzes related works on mobile video streaming and discusses the system design.
This document discusses failure analysis of bearing cups in drive shaft assemblies. It aims to find a cost-effective solution to eliminate bearing cup cracking during assembly of universal joints. Various heat treatment processes are considered and carbonitriding is identified as the optimal process. It reduces bearing cup failure and manufacturing costs compared to other options like case hardening. A systematic methodology is applied, including understanding the current problem, analysis using wear testing and FEA, and implementing and confirming the effects of carbonitriding as a corrective measure.
Relationship of two vertical jumping tests to sprint and change of direction ...Isaiah McFarland
This study examined the relationship between vertical jump performance and speed/agility tests in male and female collegiate soccer players. 36 NCAA Division II soccer players (20 males and 16 females) performed countermovement jumps, squat jumps, 10m and 30m sprint tests, and change of direction speed tests. Moderate to strong correlations were found between vertical jump heights and sprint/agility performance for both males and females. The results suggest power production, as measured by vertical jumps, is related to linear speed and change of direction ability in collegiate soccer players.
This document discusses recognizing and preventing artefacts, or non-natural features, in gait analysis data. It emphasizes that artefacts are important to identify to avoid incorrect interpretations and improve measurement techniques. Sources of artefacts include marker misplacement, soft tissue movement, and force plate or system errors. Repeatable studies show measurement variability thresholds for acceptable, reasonable, and concerning levels of error. Video can help identify artefacts by revealing inconsistencies between data and visual observations. Artefacts may affect multiple graphs and data should be carefully checked for quality before use. Vigilance, staff training, and competency in both biomechanics and clinical skills are needed to minimize artefacts.
Lower limb alignment in young female athletes is associated with knee joint m...peertechzpublication
Background: Increased rotational forces and knee valgus forces puts strain on the anterior cruciate
ligament, frequently ruptured in female athletes. Increased internal hip rotation and increased knee valgus
alignment, possible risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament rupture, are more common in women than
men.
This document outlines the principles and process of impairment-focused gait analysis interpretation. It discusses key terminology like impairment, feature, and supplementary data. The process involves four steps: orientation to the patient, walking pattern and data; marking features on graphs; grouping features and data into potential impairments; and reporting findings and interpretations. The goal is to identify impairments likely affecting the gait pattern by recognizing features in the data and relating them to other exam information.
1 what is clnical gait analysis (cga ifa 2015)Richard Baker
This document discusses clinical gait analysis and its role in evaluating patients and informing treatment. It proposes two models for clinical gait analysis: integration, where gait analysis and clinical decision making are combined; and separation, where gait analysis identifies impairments but clinical decisions are made separately. The key aspects of clinical gait analysis are determining the impairments causing a patient's walking pattern through objective measurement and interpretation. While analysis identifies impairments, clinical decision making considers additional factors and decides on management. The document emphasizes that gait analysis reports should clearly link conclusions to underlying data and evidence to inform clinicians' treatment decisions.
The study aimed to analyze the effects of a 10-week minimalist running transition program on recreational runners. Eleven runners participated in the program, which included barefoot exercises, plyometrics, and a gradual increase in running mileage with minimalist shoes over 10 weeks. The results showed significant improvements in ankle dorsiflexion and great toe extension range of motion. A trend was observed of participants adopting a less rearfoot strike pattern. The transition program helped runners adopt minimalist footwear without injuries.
1) The study investigated how humans control their arm movements to maintain balance while walking on a narrow beam, in order to inform control algorithms for humanoid robots.
2) The results showed that subjects who had higher correlation between left and right arm movements performed better on the balance beam task.
3) When arm joints were constrained, performance improved, possibly by simplifying control and reducing interaction torques between segments. Coordination between arms also increased with constraints.
The relationship among isometric grip strength recovery and anthropometric pa...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Grip strength has a specific role in ergonomics especially for hand tool using. In ergonomics a hand tool must be designed such a way that provide a better fit for the user, hence it reduces the risk of potential injuries associated with the use of hand tool. Grip strength decreases in repetitive hand activities, and that it will recover after an adequate rest period. This paper presents the relationship between isometric grip strength and recovery in addition to the influence of potential anthropometric factors on grip strength. 20 male and 20 female subject’s age range from 20 to 51 years were selected in order to evaluate dominant hand grip strengths. Factors assessed for potential association with grip strength were; demographics such as age and gender; body constructs such as height and weight; upper extremity such as the linear dimensions of elbow to wrist length, hand length and hand breadth. Linear regression analysis was performed in order to identify influencing factors independently associated with grip strength. Pearson product correlation was performed to identify the nature of relationship between isometric grip strength and anthropometric parameters. Through descriptive statistics based on greatest mean grip strength, optimal handle position has been found in position-3 (3.5 cm) for male and position-2 (3.0 cm) for female. Mean grip strength of male has been found greater than female. Grip strengths of male and female in dominant hands are found to decrease with aging, and are significantly different between male and female. Z-test indicates that there are no significant differences on the rate of recovery at each point in time between groups. Linear regression analysis indicates that weight and hand breadth in male; age and weight in female have a significant effect on grip strength.
Keywords: Grip strength, Grip Analyzer, Correlation, Z-test, Regression and ANOVA.
This study examined the relationship between cycling economy, measured as oxygen consumption (VO2), and simultaneous measurements of 3D kinematics and electromyography in trained cyclists. A multiple regression analysis showed that peak knee extension velocity and mean activity of the rectus femoris muscle were significant predictors of VO2 during steady state cycling. This was the first study to relate cycling economy to 3D kinematic and electromyography measurements, providing insight into optimizing biomechanical parameters to improve cycling performance.
Study of Knee Kinematics during Walking and Running in Middle Aged MalesYogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the knee kinematics of 12 healthy middle-aged males (45-60 years old) during walking and running using 3D motion capture. The results showed that running produced significantly higher maximum knee flexion, varus rotation, and internal rotation compared to walking. While anterior-posterior tibial translation did not differ significantly between walking and running, the repetitive motion during running may increase risk of knee injury over time. The increased varus and internal rotation observed during running are associated with higher medial compartment knee loading, which can contribute to conditions like iliotibial band friction syndrome. This study provides information on altered knee kinematics during walking and running in middle-aged males.
This document discusses the importance of data quality assurance in gait analysis. It emphasizes that gait analysis requires both scientific understanding and practical skills. Staff must receive training in measurement techniques, and centers should implement quality assurance measures like repeatability studies to evaluate measurement error. Vigilance is also important to check for errors in the data during and after analysis. Ensuring accurate, consistent data collection performed by competent practitioners is vital for gait analysis to provide useful clinical information.
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Presentation t the variability in swing kinematics and carry in a longitudin...James Parker
This study explored the relationship between peak speeds of the pelvis, thorax, lead upper arm, and carry distance over multiple sessions in elite male golfers. Hierarchical multilevel modeling found that 32.5% of carry distance variation was within sessions, 38% was between sessions, and 28.5% was between golfers. Peak lead arm speed predicted carry distance within sessions, partially supporting previous research. However, relationships between thorax speed and performance found previously were not replicated in this longitudinal study design.
1) The study investigated the relationship between trunk and lower limb muscle activation and serving velocity in male NCAA Division I tennis players.
2) The results demonstrated strong correlations between peak serving velocity and peak muscle activation in the rectus abdominis, multifidus, and rectus femoris muscles.
3) A regression model found that 88.5% of the variance in serving velocity was accounted for by lower limb and trunk muscle activation, with rectus abdominis being the most predictive.
1) The document examines the impact of back pain on kyphotic and lordotic indices by measuring the spinal curvature of 56 subjects between ages 30-40 either with or without back pain.
2) Statistical analysis found a significant difference in the mean kyphotic and lordotic indices between the control and experimental groups, indicating that back pain increases spinal curvature.
3) The results suggest that ensuring workplace safety to reduce back pain can help maintain a normal spinal structure.
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF STANDARD AND NEWLY DESIGNED VERTICAL JUMPING TESTS ...Ramani Kalidasan
The document analyzes vertical jumping tests among undergraduate physical education trainees. It describes standard vertical jump tests and presents a newly designed "bottom raise vertical jump test". The study aims to compare these two tests. 30 male trainees performed both tests and their results found no significant differences or relationship between the tests, though the new test yielded a higher mean score. The study concluded the new test may provide an alternative to standard tests but more research is needed with a larger sample size.
This document summarizes several studies on human resource management (HRM) and employee performance in the banking sector in India. It discusses the main challenges faced by banks, including adapting to changing economic conditions and regulations. Several literature reviews are also summarized that examine topics like HRM best practices, leadership styles, job descriptions, quality of worklife, and organizational effectiveness in banks. Case studies are presented on innovative HRM practices at State Bank of India, including performance appraisal, training programs, and organization development initiatives.
This document provides a literature review on work stress of employees. It discusses how stress has been defined and the sources and types of stress. It reviews signs and symptoms of stress and strategies for coping with stress such as undertaking a stress audit, using scientific inputs, and spreading messages about stress management. The literature review section summarizes 12 previous research studies on topics like occupational stress among different professions, the relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress, and the impact of supportive leadership in moderating job stress and performance. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of managing stress and having a positive attitude and lifestyle to deal with distress and improve organizational well-being.
The document discusses video streaming and content sharing between Android mobile devices and PCs using a peer-to-peer approach without servers. It presents an application that allows live video captured on a mobile device to be streamed and viewed on a nearby PC in real-time over WiFi. Content like images and text can also be shared between devices. The application has uses for social sharing, cooperative work, and assisting elderly/impaired users. It analyzes related works on mobile video streaming and discusses the system design.
This document discusses failure analysis of bearing cups in drive shaft assemblies. It aims to find a cost-effective solution to eliminate bearing cup cracking during assembly of universal joints. Various heat treatment processes are considered and carbonitriding is identified as the optimal process. It reduces bearing cup failure and manufacturing costs compared to other options like case hardening. A systematic methodology is applied, including understanding the current problem, analysis using wear testing and FEA, and implementing and confirming the effects of carbonitriding as a corrective measure.
This document describes the design and manufacturing of an autonomous cart capable of following a user. The cart uses a Microsoft Kinect sensor to recognize and track users through voice and gesture recognition. An Arduino microcontroller controls the cart's motors to follow the user while avoiding obstacles. Two prototypes were created, with the second using stronger aluminum wheels, an acrylic base, and improved Kinect mounting. The cart aims to autonomously follow a single identified user based on their commands, maintaining distance and navigating obstacles. The document evaluates the cart's stress resistance and ability to meet the objectives of autonomous user following.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of weld angles on butt weld joint strength. Specimens were made with V-groove weld geometries at included angles of 450, 500, 550, and 600 degrees. Tensile and fatigue tests were conducted on the specimens. The results showed that tensile strength and fatigue life increased with increasing included angle, with 600 degrees performing best. Tensile strength increased up to 76.64% and fatigue life up to 46.15% for the 600 degree angle compared to 450 degrees. Ultrasonic and magnetic testing found no defects in the welds. Therefore, the 600 degree angle provided better strength performance than the 450 degree commonly used.
The document discusses using Bayesian inference and Dempster-Shafer theory to establish trust relationships and achieve security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes combining direct observation using Bayesian inference with indirect observation using Dempster-Shafer theory to calculate trust values for nodes. The approach is tested in simulations using the AODV routing protocol, showing improved packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end-to-end delay compared to existing systems.
This document summarizes a research paper on using k-means clustering to analyze big data. It begins with an introduction to big data and its characteristics. It then discusses related work on big data storage, mining, and analytics. The HACE theorem for defining big data is presented. The k-means clustering algorithm is explained as an efficient method for partitioning big data into groups. The proposed system uses k-means clustering followed by data mining and classification modules. Experimental results on two datasets show that the recursive k-means approach finds clusters closer to the actual number than the iterative approach. In conclusion, clustering is effective for handling big data attributes like heterogeneity and complexity, and k-means distribution helps distribute data into appropriate clusters.
Role of Living and Surface Anatomy in Current Trends of Medical EducationIJARIIE JOURNAL
This document discusses current trends in teaching living and surface anatomy in medical education. It notes that allocated time for anatomy teaching has decreased in medical schools in recent decades. Living and surface anatomy help students develop clinical skills. New teaching methods like body painting, peer physical examination, medical imaging and virtual anatomy software have been implemented to teach living and surface anatomy due to reduced time and advances in technology. The document reviews the history of teaching living anatomy and compares different teaching methods, emphasizing that living and surface anatomy should be an integral part of medical curricula taught through various innovative strategies.
This document describes a proposed system for an automatic energy meter reading system using an ARM7 microcontroller and GSM technology. The system would automatically send meter readings and load information daily to the electricity provider via SMS. It would also allow the provider to remotely control load disconnection if payment is not made. This would make the meter reading process more efficient and accurate compared to manual readings, while also preventing electricity theft.
This document describes the design of a test bench to test the performance of a gearbox. The test bench will allow testing of shift performance, leakage, noise, and shift force in driving and dragging conditions. The test bench design includes a fixture to hold the gearbox, a clamping arrangement, a gear shifting mechanism, and an oil dispensing, extraction and filtration unit. The main components are designed, including motors, shafts, couplings, bearings, timing belts, and the gearbox fixture. The fixture design includes resting blocks, pads and plates to support the gearbox at an angle. A pneumatic clamping cylinder is selected to fix the gearbox. A pneumatic tandem cylinder is used for the gear shifting mechanism
This document discusses the study of nonlinear behavior in vibrating systems. It begins with an abstract that defines vibration and explains why nonlinear models are needed to accurately describe real structures. The document then focuses on optimizing the vibration behavior of an absorber system with two degrees of freedom, a shock absorber, and nonlinear stiffness, subjected to harmonic loads. Both deterministic and stochastic cases are considered to find optimal response envelopes for nonlinear displacements, phases, and forces. Different types of nonlinear vibration isolators are also described, including ultra-low frequency isolators, Euler column isolators, and Gospodnetic-Frisch-Fay beam isolators.
Carbon fiber is an important material used to make lightweight and strong composite materials. It has high strength and stiffness but is also very lightweight. Carbon fiber composites are used in applications like aerospace structures, wind turbines, sports equipment, and transportation. The manufacturing process of carbon fiber involves spinning a precursor material like polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch into fibers, then stabilizing and carbonizing the fibers at high temperatures to form carbon crystals within tightly bonded atomic structures. The carbon fibers are also treated and coated to improve adhesion with matrix resins and handleability. The resulting carbon fiber composites have advantages like high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility.
This document describes the establishment of a fibroblast cell line from frozen embryos of Arbor Acre broiler chickens. Key findings include:
1) Fibroblast cells were successfully isolated from fresh and frozen embryos and exhibited typical fibroblast morphology.
2) Cell viability was over 80% after thawing frozen embryos and fibroblasts showed a population doubling time of around 42 hours.
3) Karyotyping showed the cells had a normal diploid chromosome number of 78 for chickens and a high percentage of cells were diploid.
4) Transfection of cells with a fluorescent protein vector showed protein expression and formation of fluorescent colonies over time, indicating the cells could be genetically modified.
This document discusses processing private K-nearest neighbor (KNN) queries over untrusted cloud data. It proposes a framework that uses privacy homomorphism to securely process queries while preserving the privacy of both the data owner and the client submitting queries. The framework divides query processing into node traversal and distance computation steps. It encrypts the data index and uses the cloud to decrypt distances during computation, while preventing any party from accessing the actual query or result distances. The framework allows private querying without revealing sensitive information to the cloud or data owner.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of lubrication conditions on surface roughness during facing operations. The study tested different lubrication conditions (dry, semi-dry, wet) using different cutting fluids on three materials (mild steel, aluminum, cast iron) at various cutting speeds. The results showed that lubrication conditions during facing impact the roughness of machined metal surfaces, with optimal cutting fluids providing economic and environmental benefits through improved machining performance.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and traditional Indian approaches to environmental issues. It provides an overview of environmental biotechnology techniques used to treat waste and pollution. It also discusses views from ancient Indian scriptures that emphasize harmony between humans and nature. The document advocates applying insights from Indian philosophy's holistic view of the world to help address modern environmental problems through a balanced approach considering both traditional knowledge and new technologies.
This document proposes an improved steganography approach using color-guided channels in digital images. It begins with an introduction to steganography and discusses how it can be used to hide secret data or messages within cover objects like images, video, or audio files. The proposed method embeds data into a color image's RGB channels. It first converts the secret message to a binary bit stream and compresses it using run length encoding. The data is then embedded directly into the LSBs of some channels and indirectly into other channels by encoding counts. This approach aims to improve the visual quality of the stego image and have higher embedding capacity compared to existing methods.
This document analyzes India's import demand for petroleum during a period of liberalization from 1981 to 2006. It estimates import demand functions using cointegration and error correction modeling approaches. The empirical results suggest there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between petroleum imports, import prices, income, wholesale prices, import duties, and foreign exchange reserves. The study aims to determine if liberalization policies in India impacted the country's petroleum import demand function.
This document summarizes a numerical study of microchannels with internal fins for cooling electronic equipment. Three types of microchannels were studied: square channels with conventional and cross fins, and rectangular channels with conventional fins. Constant heat flux boundary conditions and laminar flow were assumed. Results for average local Nusselt number distribution along the channel length were obtained as a function of fin height ratio. An optimum fin height ratio that maximized heat transfer was found for each microchannel type. Grid independence testing was performed to select the appropriate mesh for the numerical simulations.
This study examined the correlation between body height and cranial measurements in 800 medical students (400 male, 400 female) aged 17-25 years in North India. Cranial length and breadth were measured and found to be significantly larger in males than females. A positive correlation was found between height and cranial dimensions in both sexes. Regression equations were derived that could estimate height from cranial length or breadth measurements. Precision estimates for height and cranial dimension measurements showed a high degree of accuracy. The results indicate cranial dimensions could help estimate height, which has importance for anthropology and forensic sciences.
This study aimed to determine the correlation between stature and cranial measurements in a population from North India. Cranial length, breadth, and height were measured on 800 medical students aged 17-25 years. Regression analyses found significant positive correlations between stature and both cranial length and breadth for both males and females. Regression equations were generated that could estimate stature based on cranial measurements, which the authors concluded could be useful for forensic and anthropological applications when only skull remains are available. Measurement reliability was high, with technical error of less than 0.5 cm. The study provides population-specific equations for estimating height from cranial dimensions in North Indians.
1. Engineering anthropometry is the scientific measurement and collection of data about human physical characteristics and the application of this data to design systems, equipment, products, environments, and facilities. It aims to improve the human fit in workplaces.
2. Anthropometric data includes linear measurements of the body as well as girths, arcs, and skin folds. Sources of variability in measurements include age, gender, ethnicity, occupation, and secular trends towards increasing body sizes with improved living conditions.
3. Anthropometric data is used in ergonomics to design workplaces and equipment that can accommodate the physical dimensions of at least 90% of potential users, typically based on the 5th to 95th percentiles of
Anthropometry involves measuring the human body to assess things like body composition, edema, and limb symmetry. Key anthropometric measurements include length, circumference, width, and skinfold thickness using tools like a tape measure, calipers, and stadiometer. Examples provided include leg length discrepancy tests, Schober's test, and taking girth measurements of various body parts like waist, calf, and ankle. Anthropometric measurements can help clinicians evaluate impairments and monitor rehabilitation progress.
Sara MaidaaHLTH 511 Research Methods Liberty University.docxanhlodge
Sara Maidaa
HLTH 511
Research Methods
Liberty University
Methods
Sample:
A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 20 primary school children, aged 4 to 15 years old.
Equipment:
Flexible inextensible tape: Task Force Hand Tools 25-foot tape measure.
Pediatric Height/Weight Scale
Measurements:
Weight and height were measured.
Written consent for physical examination was obtained from the parents.
All measurements were performed by trained research assistants, and under standard protocols.
Weight and height were measured twice to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively, with children being barefoot and lightly dressed, and standing straight and immobile on the scale.
BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m²).
Statistical Procedures:
Mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum will be calculated for the sample. Data will be examined for outliers.
Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine the magnitude and significance of the relationship between food marketing and obesity in school children.
Hypotheses Being Tested:
Null Hypothesis: ρ (rho) =0 There is no significant relationship between food marketing and childhood obesity.
Alternative Hypothesis: ρ (rho) ≠0 There is a significant relationship between food marketing and childhood obesity.
Hypotheses tested at the 0.05 level of significance.
If a significant relationship between food marketing and childhood obesity is established then regression analysis was used to derive an equation to predict food marketing from obesity.
The Suitability of Arm Span as a Substitute Measurement for Height
HLTH 501
David M. Barton
Abstract
Many anthropometric equations rely on individual height. Accurate height is not obtainable when various skeletal abnormalities exist. Arm span is proposed as a possible substitute for height.
Thirteen subjects’ arm span and height were measured.
The Pearson R for arm span and height was 0.96 (p<0.05). Regression analysis was used to build and equation predicting height from arm span (Height = 0.8655 x Arm Span + 9.3368).
Results of this study show that arm span and height are strongly correlated and arm span can be used as a reliable predictor of height.
Introduction
In many medical, physiological, and human performance measurements the height of human subjects is used as a predictive and/or classification variable. Equations predicting Body Mass Index, pulmonary function, caloric expenditure, and body fat percentage are just a few of the many equations using height as a predictive variable.1
However, spinal curvature conditions such as kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphoscoliosis make it difficult to determine the correct height of the individual and thereby necessitating the need to identify a substitute anthropometric measurement.2
The need for an anthropometric measurement to serve as a substitute for height has long been recogn.
This study was to determine the mean stature, mean knee height and the correlation between stature and knee height among adults of the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. It was also aimed to find a regression equation to predict stature from knee height in adults of the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. A total of 400 people (216 males and 184 females) between the ages of 18 and 50 participated in this anthropometric study. These participants were randomly selected from the eight local government areas of Akwa Ibom state which make up the Annang ethnic group. Verbal consent was obtained from each individual. Stature and knee height were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Pearson’s coefficients of correlation and regression equations were calculated using Minitab statistical package for stature and knee height. The mean and standard deviation for stature in this study was 165.29±9.98 and 160.36±9.09 for male and female respectively and that for knee height was 53.600±3.343 and 51.441±3.493 for male and female respectively. The knee height showed a significant linear correlation(r) with stature. (r=0.576 and r=0.400, (p<0.05) for males and females respectively. The following equations were derived to predict the stature (S). In males S= 73.1 + 1.72 knee height (cm), in females S= 107 + 1.04 knee height (cm). ). The results from this study showed that the male had significantly higher figures in all parameters than their female counterpart, thus indicating the existence of sexual dimorphism in these parameters among the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. The result from this study is comparable to studies done in other ethnic groups and may be relevant in further anthropometric or forensic studies as it concerns the Annang ethnic group.
New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and heigth for ass...Alejandra Licea
This document presents new standards for assessing nutritional status in adults and elderly populations based on anthropometric measurements from two large national health surveys. The study establishes percentiles for weight, skinfold thickness, and muscle area by height, sex, frame size (determined by elbow breadth), and age group (25-54 years and 55-74 years). These new standards can be used to identify those at risk of obesity or undernutrition compared to peers of the same height, sex, frame size, and age. The standards are meant to provide a more accurate evaluation of nutritional status that accounts for individual variability in body size.
This study aimed to develop a visual assessment tool to evaluate movement quality during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and determine if poor movement quality predicts injury risk. Researchers had three physical therapists evaluate video recordings of 100 subjects performing the anterior reach of the SEBT. The therapists assessed trunk, pelvis, and knee movement on a scoring system and classified subjects as "at risk" or "not at risk" based on reach distances. Interrater reliability for movement scoring was poor to moderate except for the knee, which was moderate. While movement scores did not predict reach distances, subjects deemed "at risk" tended to have fewer movement faults. Knee assessment showed moderately strong specificity and poor sensitivity for detecting risk. Thus
The document summarizes a dissertation proposal to develop and validate an artificial intelligence algorithm to determine cervical vertebral staging using lateral cephalograms. The study aims to derive an AI algorithm using data from 420 manually traced lateral cephalograms, and then test the algorithm on a separate sample of 210 lateral cephalograms. A literature review found support for using cervical vertebrae analysis as a valid indicator of skeletal maturity compared to hand-wrist analysis, with the advantage of reducing radiation exposure. The algorithm will be tested to evaluate if it can accurately determine cervical vertebral stages in new, unlabeled lateral cephalograms.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Analysis of Metric Sexing Determination of Dry Hip Bones in Eastern Nepalese ...BRNSS Publication Hub
Skeletal characteristics differ among individuals. Each population, therefore, possesses specific standards to optimize their identification accuracy. As certain features (e.g., bones of human body and enamel of
tooth and skeletal) remain intact after death, these provide the precious tools for sexing of individuals
in either the field of medicine or related to prehistoric osteological collections. As the sex hormones
influence different reproductive function, the size-related sexual variations exist in nature remarkably.
In contrast, the hip bone is an ideal bone to use for sex determination. In spite of their critical use, the
findings for the determination of metric sexing with utilization of hip bones in Nepalese people still
remain unknown. We, therefore, collected human hip bones and carried out the study to determination
of metric sexing. Interestingly, our findings have made the present study of interest from anatomical,
anthropological, and forensic points of views.
This study analyzed metric sex determination of dry hip bones from people in eastern Nepal. 61 dry adult human hip bones of known sex (30 male, 31 female) were measured for several parameters. Morphological features like the greater sciatic notch and obturator foramen were used to determine sex. Metric parameters like maximum pelvic height, maximum pelvic width, and lengths between anatomical landmarks were also measured. Results showed no significant differences between right and left sides for most metrics in males, but females showed a difference in maximum pelvic width. Comparisons between males and females found several metrics, including maximum pelvic height and width, to be significantly different between sexes, allowing accurate sex determination. The study provides metric standards for sex
This study analyzed metric sexing determination using dry hip bones from people in eastern Nepal. 61 dry adult human hip bones of known sex (30 male, 31 female) were measured for 10 parameters related to bone size and shape. Results found significant differences between males and females for maximum pelvic height, maximum pelvic width, and distances between anatomical landmarks. For example, maximum pelvic height was on average 1 cm greater in males. Side differences were negligible for males but females had significantly greater maximum pelvic width on the left side. The study concludes metric analysis of hip bones can accurately determine sex in eastern Nepalese populations.
This study investigated age and gender differences in three mandibular parameters (gonial angle, ramus height, and bigonial width) using digital panoramic radiographs of 209 dentate Jordanian subjects. The study found that gonial angles and bigonial widths increased with age while ramus height first increased from ages 11-29 and then decreased with age. Males generally had higher parameter values than females. Statistically significant differences were seen between various age groups for the three parameters. The study supported that mandibular morphology is influenced by both biomechanical forces and biochemical alterations with aging.
This study investigated age and gender differences in three mandibular parameters (gonial angle, ramus height, and bigonial width) using digital panoramic radiographs of 209 dentate Jordanian subjects. The results showed that males had slightly higher measurements than females for all three parameters. Gonial angle and bigonial width increased with age while ramus height first increased from ages 11-29 and then decreased with increasing age. Statistically significant differences were found between several age groups for each parameter, suggesting the mandible undergoes remodeling changes with aging.
Relationship between Selected Anthropometric Measurement and Volleyball Playe...Sports Journal
The present study was undertaken to find out the significant relationship of selected anthropometric variables with the volleyball playing performance. 25 university level male volleyball players from Guru Ghasidas Univertsity, Bilaspur were selected as a subject for the present study with age range between 18 to 22 years. The following anthropometric variables i.e. Height, Weight, Arm length and Leg length variables were selected for the testing the hypothesis. The playing performance was analyzed by three experts through subjective observation. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation test was employed for the present study and the level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical test was computed by using standard statistical package SPSS 16. Analysis of the results indicated that Height and Leg length from the anthropometric variables were shown the significant relationship with the volleyball playing performance.
Portal vein diameter in a tertiary care centre in North-East Indiaiosrjce
This study measured the portal vein diameter in 108 healthy individuals in Northeast India using ultrasound. The mean portal vein diameter was 8.83±2.12 mm overall, 9.17±2.33 mm in males and 8.55±1.90 mm in females. Diameter increased with weight and BMI in all adults and females but did not correlate with any body parameters in males. Diameter also increased from ages 15-60 years but decreased after 60. The study provides reference values for portal vein diameter in this population that can help identify abnormal diameters indicating disease.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in India through a community-based cross-sectional study of 5,000 subjects across five regions of India. The overall prevalence of knee OA was found to be 28.7%, with higher rates in females, older individuals, those with higher BMI, sedentary lifestyles, and those who used western toilets. Risk factors associated with knee OA included age, gender, BMI, physical activity level, occupation, and lifestyle. The results were consistent with prior studies showing knee OA is common and prevalence increases with age, especially in females over 45 years old.
This document provides an overview of anthropometric assessments. It defines anthropometry as the measurement of human physical dimensions and composition. It discusses various anthropometric measurements including height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin folds that are used to assess growth in children and body composition in adults. It also describes how indices like weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index are derived from these measurements and used to classify nutritional status. Quality control measures for anthropometric surveys are also outlined to ensure accurate data collection.
This document summarizes the design and standardization of a scissor jack to avoid failures in the field. It presents the objectives of modifying the current jack design to improve reliability and reduce costs. It also describes developing a mathematical model for scissor jack design using inputs like vehicle weight and ground clearance. The design process involves modeling the jack in CATIA and developing equations in MATLAB to size components like the power screw, links, and nuts based on applied loads and stresses. Testing procedures are outlined to validate the jack's performance under different load conditions.
This document reviews techniques for emotion recognition from facial expressions. It begins by outlining the general steps of emotion recognition systems as face detection, feature extraction, and classification. Popular techniques discussed include principal component analysis (PCA), local binary patterns (LBP), active appearance models, and Haar classifiers. PCA and LBP were found to provide higher recognition rates. The paper also reviews the Facial Action Coding System and compares the performance of different techniques based on recognition rate. In conclusion, PCA is identified as having the highest recognition rate and performance for emotion recognition.
- The document describes a proposed zigbee-based electronic menu ordering system using an ARM7 microcontroller.
- The system has two sections - a handheld customer section and a main section. The customer section allows selecting menu items via touchscreen and sends the order wirelessly to the main section using zigbee.
- The main section receives orders from multiple customer sections via zigbee, displays orders on an LCD, and sends the data to a PC for billing purposes. The goal is to develop a low-cost wireless ordering system for small restaurants.
1) This document discusses several research papers related to continuous data acquisition algorithms for smart grids using cloud-based technologies and smart meters.
2) It summarizes papers on cloud-based smart metering systems that use standardized communication between smart meters and servers stored in the cloud to optimize energy consumption. Another paper proposes a data collection algorithm that uses energy maps and clustering to reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
3) A third paper discusses utilities using satellites to remotely collect meter data in real-time for accuracy. A final paper presents an algorithm for smart building power consumption scheduling that uses smart meters and dynamic pricing to incentivize shifting usage to low-cost time periods.
1. The document summarizes T.S. Eliot's 1934 work "After Strange Gods" in which he advocates for cultural and religious homogeneity. He argues societies with multiple cultures will become "adulterate" and that a shared religious background is necessary.
2. Eliot discusses his views on tradition, arguing it should not be associated with fixed dogmas but should evolve over time. However, he is criticized for holding anti-Semitic views and an attitude of cultural superiority.
3. The work analyzes Eliot's commentary on various 20th century writers, assessing whether they conform to his ideas of tradition and orthodoxy. Eliot advocates a centralized control of religion, culture,
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of welding distortion in austenitic stainless steel 316 using TIG welding. Taguchi methods were used to design experiments varying welding current, speed, and groove angle at three levels each. Welding was performed and distortion was measured. ANOVA was conducted to determine the significant parameters affecting distortion. Current was found to have the greatest effect on distortion, followed by groove angle, while speed had less influence. The goal of the study was to optimize welding parameters to minimize distortion using Taguchi methods.
This document discusses various load balancing algorithms that can be applied in cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing models including infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). It then discusses the goals of load balancing in cloud computing. The main part of the document describes and provides examples of several load balancing algorithms: Round Robin, Opportunistic Load Balancing, Minimum Completion Time, and Minimum Execution Time. For each algorithm, it explains the basic approach and provides an example to illustrate how it works.
This document describes the design and standardization of a toggle jack. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose and components of a toggle jack. It then provides background on toggle jacks and their advantages over other jack designs. The main body of the document details the design process, including formulas and sample calculations for sizing the screw, nut, pins, and links based on design loads. It presents a sample design calculation for a 3kN load using medium carbon steel for the screw and phosphor bronze for the nut. Charts of results show stress values remain below allowable limits. The conclusion indicates alloy steel and phosphor bronze is a suitable material combination that keeps stresses within safe limits compared to other materials.
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KNEE HEIGHT-PROXY INDICATOR OF
BODY HEIGHT IN SUBJECTS OF NORTH
INDIA
Sumita Agarwal1
, Syed Hyder Hasan Zaidi2
, Surendra Kumar Agarwal3
1
. Research Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of Anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
2
. Professor& Head of Dept. of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College& Hospital. Bareilly, Uttar
Pradesh,India
3
. Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College& Hospital, Shahjahanpur, Uttar
Pradesh,India.
ABSTRACT
Body Height decreases with age almost entirely because of shrinkage of the vertebral column and osteoporosis;
therefore, an alternative means to study body height that were independent of age were found as “Surrogate
Methods” or “Proxy Indicators “ of body height.This study was conducted to correlate Knee Height with Body
height and to compute linear regression equations to estimate body height according to gender including age as a
predictor variable in order to reduce the inherent problem of sample specificity and enhance accuracy confidence
in the estimation.
This exploratory study was conducted on asymptomatic, healthy 1000 subjects (500 males and 500 females),
residents of Teerthanker Mahaveer University of cosmopolitan origin age over 18 years old with no diagnosed
history of knee arthropathy and spinal deformity. Their body height and knee height were measured and all the
readings were subjected to Statistical Analysis using mean± standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficients
and linear regression analyses.In present study, knee height was found to be statistically significant and positive
with body height. Regression equations for estimating body height were developed according to gender including
age as a predictor variable in order to reduce the inherent problem of sample specificity and enhance accuracy
confidence in the estimation.
Key words:-Body height1, Proxy Indicator2, Knee height3, Correlation Coefficient4, Linear Regression
Analysis5, Surrogate methods6.
INTRODUCTION
Body Height is considered one of the vital of the “Big Four” parameters within the biological profile of
identification and indeed used as an important indicator of body composition.Identification is a part and parcel of
forensic experts in all medico-legal cases as Identity is the birth right of every individual.
As in current scenario, body composition research is provoking issue with the advent of Bio-Impedance Analysis
(BIA); more emphasis is laid on comparison of body composition between subjects of different ages and
populations. Shrinkage of the vertebral column, osteoporosis and various physical anomalies such as fractures,
amputations, paralysis etc. may cause excessive loss of height in some study participants leading to biased results
in body composition studies. [1, 2, 3, 4]
Many researchers have stated that there may be certain degree of independence between age and knee height. [5]
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The loss of height which occurs in the elderly results in difficulties in applying many equations based on estimates
from adult population. The accuracy of the equation is reduced if used to estimate stature in population in which
the equation has not being derived from.[6]Therefore, there is a need to develop equations to estimate body height
in both adults and older age group for used in the research of anthropometric, forensic science as well as nutrition
and health as a need for cohort study of knee height measurements from the early adulthood through to the later
years of life to verify its age independent characteristics.
Chumlea et al[7, 8]showed that the knee height is a surrogate for height in the elderly and proposed it as an
alternative to measuring height in bedridden people , they used a Nomogram to convert knee height with a
precision of ± 6.0cms (90% confidence limits).
Knee height, recognized by the World Health Organization has being increasingly used as a recumbent
measurement to predict stature is not sensitive to age related shrinkage.
No study till now in India validated recumbent height measurements against standing height measurements among
adults or elderly individuals without any ambulatory or debilitated conditions that cause inaccuracy of the
measurements. Regression analysis is usually performed to develop simple predictive equations to predict stature
according to gender using age as predictor variable.
Therefore present study aimed to predict the Knee Height as best body height indicator and to develop a nationally
representative prediction equation for estimation of stature according to gender including age as a predictor
variable in order to reduce the inherent problem of sample specificity and enhance accuracy confidence in the
estimation.
MATERIAL & METHOD
For present study, total 1000(500 males and 500 females) asymptomatic, healthy adults age over 18 years old
with no diagnosed history of knee arthropathy and spinal deformity and a written informed consent will be taken
from the subjects. The measurements will be taken between 2 to 5 p.m. to eliminate the discrepancies due to
diurnal variations.No Objection Certificate was obtained from the college Ethical Research Committee.
Sampling Method:-Purposive sampling methodas this method is best when we are studying a particular set of
groups.
Study design: Analytical study.
Body Height (B. H.) will be measured with an anthropometer/Stadiometer and will be taken from the vertex to
the floor with the person standing barefoot in the anatomic position and with the head in Frankfurt plane in
centimeters.
Knee Height (K H) defined as the distance from the heel of the foot to the top of the patella, (most anterior
surface the femoral condyles of the thigh, medial being more anterior), with the ankle and knee each flexed to a
900 angle. The recumbent measurement of knee height will be obtained in accordance with instructions for use of
Ross knee height calipers with a modified horizontal fixed blade, recorded in centimeters.
Fig. 1 Knee Height measurement
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One blade of the sliding broad-blade caliper will be placed under the heel of the right foot. The heel rests on the
calipersblade; this will be best accomplished by resting the foot in the palm of the examiner’s hand to maintain a
90º angle at the ankle.
The other blade will be placed over the anterior surface of the right thigh, across the condyles of the femur and
just proximal to the kneecap. Pressure will be applied to completely compress tissue or to the maximum
comfortable pressure. Knee height will be recorded to the nearest 1 mm.All the readings were tabulated &
subjected to statistical analysis using mean ± standard deviation of data and computing the correlation
coefficient(-1 to +1) with excel on window professional 2007. Associations were considered statistically
significant at the<0.01 level evaluated with Z-test. Derivation of Linear regression equations was done to calculate
height from knee height of an individual. All measurements were recorded by the same person in order to avoid
interobserver bias employed.
Standardized anthropometric instruments used in all studies, yet there is lack of uniformity between methods and
the degree of measurement error associated. This is significant because high amounts of measurement error can
invalidate statistical results. Targets for anthropometric assessment have been put forward by Zerfas,[9] using a
repeat- measures protocol. In present study, intraobserver precision estimates for measures of body height, foot
lengths & Knee height measurements were evaluated from two repeated measures on 50 subjects and then mean
of two was taken. From this replicate data, three precision estimates were calculated: the technical error of
measurement (TEM), the relative technical error of measurement (rTEM), and the coefficient of reliability (R),[9]
or reliability analysis.
Technical error of measurement (TEM) is a measure of error variability that carries the same measurement units
as the variable measured. Its interpretation is that differences between replicate measurements will be within± the
value of TEM two-thirds of the time.[10] Similarly, 95% of the differences between replicate measurements are
expected to be within±/2_/TEM,[11] which is referred to as the 95% precision margin. Intra-observer TEM is
estimated from differences between replicate measurements taken by one observer, while interobserver TEM is
estimated from single measurements taken by two or more observers. From TEM, the coefficient of reliability(R)
can be determined, which ranges from 0 (not reliable) to 1 (complete reliability) although there are no
recommended values for R, Ulijaszek and Kerr (1999)[12]suggested that a cut-off of 0.95 be used (i.e. a human
measurement error of up to 5%). So a reduction in error indicates improvement in measurement technique
between observers, and greater quality control.
RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
Table 1:- Mean± Standard values of Body Height and Knee Height in both Males and Females
Table 2:- Correlation coefficient, Slope and Constant Values of Body height and Knee heightin both males and
females
MALE FEMALE
BODY HEIGHT 168.14±7.708 157.68±7.068
KNEE HEIGHT 51.6±3.21 47.7±2.26
PARAMETERS MALE FEMALE
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
(r)HEIGHT & KNEE LENGTH
0.7477** 0.5111**
REGRESSION COEFFICIENT(b) 1.792 1.797
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**Strongly Significant as p-value < 0.01
Table 3:-Linear Regression Formulae for Body Height (cms) from Knee Height
SEX VARIABLES EQUATIONS S.E.E.
(cms)
COEFFICIENT OF
DETERMINATION
( )
ADJUSTED
( )
P
Value
Males KNEE HEIGHT B.H.=75.62+1.79(KH) 0.12 0.54 0.01 <0.01
KNEE HEIGHT
WITH AGE
B.H.=80.62+1.79(KH)-
0.18(AGE)
0.45 0.6 0.20 <0.01
Females KNEE HEIGHT B.H.=71.92+1.79(KH) 0.37 0.26 0.13 <0.01
KNEE HEIGHT
WITH AGE
B.H.=72+1.79(KH)-
0.0002(AGE)
0.31 0.3 0.09 <0.01
P<0.001, strongly significant
The technical error of measurement (TEM) can be determined which is an accuracy index and measures the
standard deviation between repeated measures. The formulation of TEM depends on how many observers have
taken the measurement. If the same observers has measured on two occasions (a measure of intra-TEM) or two
observers have measured the same, then the formula for TEM is where D is the difference between the two
measurements, and N is the sample size, as shown in Table 4.
It is also possible to compute the relative TEM (%TEM), which provides an estimate of the error magnitude
relative to the size of the measurement (expressed as a percentage) and is analogous to the coefficient of variation
(see below).
From TEM, the coefficient of reliability (R) can be determined, which ranges from 0 (not reliable) to 1 (complete
reliability), where SD is the standard deviation of all measurements.
Table 4: Three precision estimates of reliability as TEM, rTEM and R for different
VALUE OF CONSTANT(a) 75.62 71.92
Parameters TEM (cm) rTEM (%) R
Body Height < 0.5 < 0.84 ˃ 0.98
Knee Height < 0.5 < 0.84 ˃ 0.98
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DISCUSSION
The measurement of Body height is either not possible or accurate in situations where patients cannot assume the
posture necessary for the accurate measurement. Knee height is the commonest used anthropometric variable used
in above circumstances as proxy indicator to standing height. Moreover it is independent of age and does not
appear to decrease over time and has an additional advantage as it could be measured also while patient is seated
or lying down.
In the present study Correlation Coefficient between body height and knee height is 0.7477 in males and 0.5111in
females, suggesting knee height statistically significant and positive with body height. Linear Regression
Formulae computed as–B.H.=75.62+1.79(KH); =0.54 in males andB.H.=71.92+1.79(KH); =0.26
B.H.=80.62+1.79(KH)-0.18(AGE) in males ; and B.H.=72+1.79(KH)-0.0002(AGE) in females;
=0.3.The inclusion of age as predictor variable into the equation between body height and knee height
improved the value of
There are many equations for estimating body height from knee height reported by many workers in various
countries but in Japan, the equations by Miyazawa[13] as
Men Y=64.02+2.12×KH-0.07×age
Women Y=77.88+1.77×KH-0.10×age and also by Chumlea[7, 8] as
Men Y=64.19+2.02×KH-0.04×age =0.67
Women Y=84.88+1.83×KH-0.24×age =0.65 are popular while estimating body height from knee height.
A negative association between height and age was observed by all authors. Concerning the decline of height,
there is one report[3] in which the decline of height with age was seen amongst individuals 45 years and over, and
the mean decline of height per year becomes larger according to age. Thus, this study suggests the Knee height to
be the best body height proxy indicator developed for estimation of body height according to gender including age
as a predictor variable with better accuracy, reproducibility and reliability.
CONCLUSION
The study suggests the Knee height to be the best body height proxy indicator developed for estimation of body
height according to gender including age as a predictor variable with better accuracy, reproducibility and
reliability.
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