This document presents a VHDL-based cycle accurate register transfer level model for evaluating the dynamic area and leakage power consumption of dynamically self-reconfigurable BiNoC (bidirectional network on chip) architectures. The design is parameterized for factors like packet size, link properties, number/depth of virtual channels, and switching technique. The architecture and characterization of BiNoC components are discussed in detail. The values are integrated into the VHDL model to build a cycle accurate performance model. The goal is to implement a parameterized register transfer level design of BiNoC architecture elements to evaluate dynamic area and leakage power consumption.
IEEE 2014 DOTNET MOBILE COMPUTING PROJECTS A qos-oriented-distributed-routing...IEEEMEMTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Modified PREQ in HWMP for Congestion Avoidance in Wireless Mesh NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a proposed technique called Modified PREQ in HWMP for Congestion Avoidance in Wireless Mesh Networks. The technique aims to determine congested paths using CCNF frames and provide rerouting to less congested paths before congestion occurs to reduce burden on congested nodes. It allows continued packet transmission on congested paths until a rerouting path is found during congestion scenarios. When a packet is transmitted on the new path, the previous path is deleted to avoid further delay. Sequence numbers are used to avoid flooding the network. The paper compares this Modified PREQ technique to other congestion avoidance techniques to improve throughput and average delay using an NS-3 simulator.
A secure qos distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networksAAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements in real time transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission
application like military use or emergency recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network
(MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits invalid reservation and race condition problem in
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide distribution of node make vulnerable to
malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure the Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Secure QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (SQOD) to
upgrade the secure Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid wireless networks. SQOD contain two
contrivances: 1.QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (QOD)-to reduce transmission delay, transmission
time. And also increase wireless network transmission throughput. 2. Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment
(EAACK)-implement a new intrusion-detection system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless
networks from attacks that have higher malicious behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result
based on the real human mobility mode. SQOD can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion detection,overhead, transmission delay.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
A QoS oriented distributed routing protocol for Hybrid Wireless Network :Firs...AAKASH S
This document presents an outline for a project on developing a QoS-oriented distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networks. It discusses existing work that suffers from overhead and scalability issues. The proposed work incorporates five algorithms to select neighbors, schedule packets, adjust segment size based on mobility, eliminate redundant traffic, and reduce redundant data to improve QoS metrics like transmission delay, throughput, and capacity while reducing overhead. It is claimed that using single-hop transmissions can improve performance by reducing overhead, link failures, and improving QoS.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
JPN1401 A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Netw...chennaijp
Get the latest IEEE ns2 projects in JP INFOTECH; we are having following category wise projects like Industrial Informatics, Vehicular Technology, Networking, WSN and Manet.
For More Details:
http://jpinfotech.org/final-year-ieee-projects/2014-ieee-projects/ns2-projects/
IEEE 2014 DOTNET MOBILE COMPUTING PROJECTS A qos-oriented-distributed-routing...IEEEMEMTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Modified PREQ in HWMP for Congestion Avoidance in Wireless Mesh NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a proposed technique called Modified PREQ in HWMP for Congestion Avoidance in Wireless Mesh Networks. The technique aims to determine congested paths using CCNF frames and provide rerouting to less congested paths before congestion occurs to reduce burden on congested nodes. It allows continued packet transmission on congested paths until a rerouting path is found during congestion scenarios. When a packet is transmitted on the new path, the previous path is deleted to avoid further delay. Sequence numbers are used to avoid flooding the network. The paper compares this Modified PREQ technique to other congestion avoidance techniques to improve throughput and average delay using an NS-3 simulator.
A secure qos distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networksAAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements in real time transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission
application like military use or emergency recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network
(MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits invalid reservation and race condition problem in
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide distribution of node make vulnerable to
malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure the Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Secure QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (SQOD) to
upgrade the secure Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid wireless networks. SQOD contain two
contrivances: 1.QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (QOD)-to reduce transmission delay, transmission
time. And also increase wireless network transmission throughput. 2. Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment
(EAACK)-implement a new intrusion-detection system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless
networks from attacks that have higher malicious behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result
based on the real human mobility mode. SQOD can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion detection,overhead, transmission delay.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
A QoS oriented distributed routing protocol for Hybrid Wireless Network :Firs...AAKASH S
This document presents an outline for a project on developing a QoS-oriented distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networks. It discusses existing work that suffers from overhead and scalability issues. The proposed work incorporates five algorithms to select neighbors, schedule packets, adjust segment size based on mobility, eliminate redundant traffic, and reduce redundant data to improve QoS metrics like transmission delay, throughput, and capacity while reducing overhead. It is claimed that using single-hop transmissions can improve performance by reducing overhead, link failures, and improving QoS.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
JPN1401 A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Netw...chennaijp
Get the latest IEEE ns2 projects in JP INFOTECH; we are having following category wise projects like Industrial Informatics, Vehicular Technology, Networking, WSN and Manet.
For More Details:
http://jpinfotech.org/final-year-ieee-projects/2014-ieee-projects/ns2-projects/
IRJET- Aggregate Signature Scheme and Secured ID for Wireless Sensor Netw...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a cross-layer resource allocation scheme over wireless relay networks to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in terms of delay. The scheme aims to maximize network throughput subject to a given delay constraint, characterized by a QoS exponent θ. Dynamic resource allocation algorithms are developed for amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay networks based on network channel state information and the QoS constraint. Simulations show the scheme efficiently supports diverse QoS requirements over wireless relay networks, and relay networks outperform direct transmissions under stringent delay constraints.
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
Hybrid networks is integrate MANETs and infrastructure wireless networks
It have proven to be a better network structure for the next generation networks
It can act Base station and Ad hoc according to the environment conditions
The widespread use of mobile devices the increasing demand for mobile multimedia streaming services
The future of real time need of high Quality of Service (QoS) support in wireless and mobile networking environments
The QoS support reduces end to end transmission delay and enhances throughput to guarantee the seamless communication between mobile devices and wireless infrastructures
Specifically, infrastructure networks improve the scalability of MANETs, while MANETs automatically establish self-organizing networks, extending the coverage of the infrastructure networks
A Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing Protocol To Improve QoS In Mobile Adhoc...IDES Editor
In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates
and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport
layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the
network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is
necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and
end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In
this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR)
protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot
weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link
quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In
order to validate load balancing and interference between the
links using the same channel, the individual link weights are
integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value
helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through
the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the
network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic
to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing
such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also
propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for
wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our
simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves
increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was
demonstrated.
A Low Control Overhead Cluster Maintenance Scheme for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks ...Narendra Singh Yadav
Clustering is an important research area for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) as it increases the capacity of network, reduces the routing overhead and makes the network more scalable in the presence of both high mobility and a large number of mobile nodes. In clustering the clusterhead manage and store recent routing information. However the frequent change of clusterhead leads to loss of routing information stored, changes the route between two nodes, affects the performance of the routing protocol and makes the cluster structure unstable. Communication overhead in terms of exchanging messages is needed to elect a new clusterhead. The goal then would be to keep the clusterhead change as least as possible to make cluster structure more stable, to prevent loss of routing information which in turn improve the performance of routing protocol based on clustering. This can be achieved by an efficient cluster maintenance scheme. In this work, a novel clustering algorithm, namely Incremental Maintenance Clustering Scheme (IMS) is proposed for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. The goals are yielding low number of clusterhead and clustermember changes, maintaining stable clusters, minimizing the number of clustering overhead. Through simulations the performance of IMS is compared with that of least cluster change (LCC) and maintenance scheme of Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) in terms of the number of clusterhead changes, number of cluster-member changes and clustering overhead by varying mobility and speed. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of IMS over LCC and
maintenance scheme of CBRP.
This document summarizes a research paper on QoS routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes a QoS routing protocol called QOSRGA that uses a genetic algorithm to find high-quality routes between nodes that meet multiple QoS constraints like bandwidth, delay, and connectivity. The protocol relies on cooperation between sub-protocols to discover multiple paths, monitor node states, and measure bandwidth. It also introduces a new metric called node connectivity index to evaluate path quality. Simulation results show that QOSRGA performs well in finding routes that meet constraints, even as node mobility increases.
IRJET- GMPLS based Multilayer Service Network ArchitectureIRJET Journal
1) GMPLS is an advanced protocol that automates provisioning of connections in multilayer networks including optical networks to improve efficiency.
2) GMPLS extends MPLS to support not just packet switching but also time-division multiplexing, fiber switching, and wavelength switching in optical networks.
3) The paper discusses applications of GMPLS technology for traffic engineering and provisioning connections to balance loads in multilayer networks including WDM optical networks.
Admission control for multihop wireless backhaul networks with qo sPfedya
This document proposes several schemes for admission control of connections with quality of service (QoS) requirements over a multihop wireless backhaul network. It first constructs tree topologies connecting wireless backhaul nodes to a wired gateway. It then admits either the best subset of connections while respecting their rate and delay requirements, or admits all connections with appropriate degradation of their QoS requirements. The key contributions are addressing both rate and delay requirements for connections, which has not been done before for wireless backhauls, and providing algorithms for admission control that deterministically guarantee delays.
The document contains 14 abstracts from IEEE 2012 papers related to networks and network security, wireless networks, mobile computing, wireless sensor networks, and knowledge and data mining. The abstracts summarize research on topics such as load balancing in content delivery networks, authentication protocols for ad-hoc networks, privacy and integrity in sensor networks, opportunistic routing in wireless networks, throughput maximization in wireless networks, and prediction of user web browsing behavior using Markov models.
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy and bandwidth constrained routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It presents an available bandwidth measurement algorithm that estimates available bandwidth more accurately by considering node capacity, link utilization, idle time synchronization, collision probability, and overhead from backoff mechanisms. It also proposes a probability-based overhearing method to reduce energy consumption from overhearing without affecting route quality. The techniques are evaluated using NS2 simulations to analyze network performance in terms of quality of service parameters.
Analysis of Link State Resource Reservation Protocol for Congestion Managemen...ijgca
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down
the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time
activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource
reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data
consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was
confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in
scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This
is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP)
which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual
behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP
connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using
selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput
response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a
previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance
of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows
fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop
effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about
0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec.
The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP
upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and
optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
A Novel Routing Strategy Towards Achieving Ultra-Low End-to-End Latency in 6G...IJCNCJournal
Compared to 5G, 6G networks will demand even more ambitious reduction in endto-end latency for packet communication. Recent attempts at breaking the barrier of end-to-end millisecond latencies have focused on re-engineering networks using a hybrid approach consisting of an optical-fiber based backbone network architecture coupled with high-speed wireless networks to connect end-devices to the backbone network. In our approach, a wide area network (WAN) is considered with a high-speed optical fiber grid network as its backbone. After messages from a source node enter the backbone network through a local wireless network, these are delivered very fast to an access point in the backbone network closest to the destination node, followed by its transfer to the local wireless network for delivery to the destination node. We propose a novel routing strategy which is based on distributing the messages in the network in such a way that the average queuing delay of the messages through the backbone network is minimized, and also the route discovery time at each router in the backbone network is drastically reduced. Also, multiple messages destined towards a particular destination router in the backbone network are packed together to form a mailbag, allowing further reductions in processing overheads at intermediate routers and pipelining of mailbag formation and route discovery operations in each router. The performance of the proposed approach green based on these ideas has been theoretically analyzed and then simulated using the ns-3 simulator. Our results show that the average end-to-end latency is less than 380 µs (with only 46-79 µs within the backbone network under varying traffic conditions) for a 1 KB packet size, when using a 500 Gbps optical fiber based backbone network laid over a 15 Km × 15 Km area, a 50 Mbps uplink channel from the source to the backbone network, and a 1 Gbps downlink channel from the backbone network to the destination. The significant reduction in end-to-end latency as compared to existing routing solutions clearly demonstrates the potential of our proposed routing strategy for meeting the ultra-low latency requirements of current 5G and future 6G networks, particularly for mobile edge computing (MEC) application scenarios.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
ERROR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS USING COOPERATIVE CONTENTION-BASED ROUTING IN WIRE...IJCSEIT Journal
In Wireless Ad hoc network, cooperation of nodes can be achieved by more interactions at higher protocol
layers, particularly the MAC (Medium Access Control) and network layers play vital role. MAC facilitates
a routing protocol based on position location of nodes at network layer specially known as Beacon-less
geographic routing (BLGR) using Contention-based selection process. This paper proposes two levels of
cross-layer framework -a MAC network cross-layer design for forwarder selection (or routing) and a
MAC-PHY for relay selection. Wireless networks suffers huge number of communication at the same time
leads to increase in collision and energy consumption; hence focused on new Contention access method
that uses a dynamical change of channel access probability which can reduce the number of contention
times and collisions. Simulation result demonstrates the best Relay selection and the comparative of direct
mode with the cooperative networks. And also demonstrates the Performance evaluation of contention
probability with Collision avoidance.
This document summarizes research on parameters for vertical handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks. It discusses several key parameters that influence vertical handoff decisions, including available bandwidth, received signal strength, cost, latency, and quality of service. The document reviews several existing approaches for vertical handoff that consider parameters like bandwidth, RSS, access fee, packet delay, available bandwidth, and network load. Overall, the document analyzes parameters that are important for designing efficient vertical handoff mechanisms in next-generation heterogeneous wireless networks.
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
This document summarizes research on resource allocation algorithms for quality of service (QoS) optimization in mobile WiMAX networks. It discusses the Swapping Min-Max (SWIM) algorithm and Cooperative Multicast Scheduling (CMS) technique. SWIM performs scheduling for real-time polling service to meet QoS criteria like optimal throughput, latency guarantees, minimal delay jitter and number of bursts. CMS enhances throughput for multicast video by dividing transmission bursts into two phases where selected stations retransmit to nearby members for cooperation. Simulation results show SWIM has less bursts, zero jitter and optimal throughput, while CMS further improves throughput for each multicast group member.
MULTI-CRITERIA HANDOVER DECISION FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS: CARRIER AGGREGAT...IJCNCJournal
Carrier aggregation and integration of heterogeneous networks allow the mobile user equipment to benefit from wider bandwidth and radio coverage of different access technologies. However, these technologies have increased handoff scenario probability through user equipment’s mobility, leading to high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is an important aspect of mobility management which allows users to migrate from one cell to another without losing connections. But no lone access technology meets the requirements of providing seamless communication without loss and delay. Therefore, high-quality service continuity and reliable user equipment access to network anywhere and at any time require the
design of an appropriate handover decision algorithm. In this paper, a multi-criteria based handover decision-making algorithm is proposed to evade loss of communication and provide better performance to the system. It adaptively makes handover decisions based on different decision criteria (load, availability of resources, and the handover scenario type) in addition to signal interference to noise ratio. The multicriteria handover decision making algorithm-based method chooses among the cells that satisfy the requirements for the handover. As compared to some existing handover decision algorithms, simulation result shows that this algorithm improves system performance in terms of handover failure by 93%, 72%,
and 58%; radio link failure reduction by 77%, 43%, and 22%; and handover ping–pong by 81%, 59%, and 36% over the conventional received signal strength, received wireless transmission line, and multiinfluence factor hand over decisions respectively.
This document summarizes research on improving the throughput of optical burst switching (OBS) networks. It describes three methods for improving OBS performance without significantly increasing complexity: 1) Adding fiber delay lines (FDLs) to compensate for control packet processing time; 2) Using random extra offset time to avoid priority effects from processing time variations; 3) Implementing window-based channel scheduling (WBS) to better schedule bursts. The research aims to understand how these methods can be combined to maximize throughput gains without advanced optical hardware requirements.
IRJET- Aggregate Signature Scheme and Secured ID for Wireless Sensor Netw...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a cross-layer resource allocation scheme over wireless relay networks to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in terms of delay. The scheme aims to maximize network throughput subject to a given delay constraint, characterized by a QoS exponent θ. Dynamic resource allocation algorithms are developed for amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay networks based on network channel state information and the QoS constraint. Simulations show the scheme efficiently supports diverse QoS requirements over wireless relay networks, and relay networks outperform direct transmissions under stringent delay constraints.
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
Hybrid networks is integrate MANETs and infrastructure wireless networks
It have proven to be a better network structure for the next generation networks
It can act Base station and Ad hoc according to the environment conditions
The widespread use of mobile devices the increasing demand for mobile multimedia streaming services
The future of real time need of high Quality of Service (QoS) support in wireless and mobile networking environments
The QoS support reduces end to end transmission delay and enhances throughput to guarantee the seamless communication between mobile devices and wireless infrastructures
Specifically, infrastructure networks improve the scalability of MANETs, while MANETs automatically establish self-organizing networks, extending the coverage of the infrastructure networks
A Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing Protocol To Improve QoS In Mobile Adhoc...IDES Editor
In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates
and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport
layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the
network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is
necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and
end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In
this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR)
protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot
weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link
quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In
order to validate load balancing and interference between the
links using the same channel, the individual link weights are
integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value
helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through
the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the
network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic
to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing
such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also
propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for
wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our
simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves
increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was
demonstrated.
A Low Control Overhead Cluster Maintenance Scheme for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks ...Narendra Singh Yadav
Clustering is an important research area for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) as it increases the capacity of network, reduces the routing overhead and makes the network more scalable in the presence of both high mobility and a large number of mobile nodes. In clustering the clusterhead manage and store recent routing information. However the frequent change of clusterhead leads to loss of routing information stored, changes the route between two nodes, affects the performance of the routing protocol and makes the cluster structure unstable. Communication overhead in terms of exchanging messages is needed to elect a new clusterhead. The goal then would be to keep the clusterhead change as least as possible to make cluster structure more stable, to prevent loss of routing information which in turn improve the performance of routing protocol based on clustering. This can be achieved by an efficient cluster maintenance scheme. In this work, a novel clustering algorithm, namely Incremental Maintenance Clustering Scheme (IMS) is proposed for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. The goals are yielding low number of clusterhead and clustermember changes, maintaining stable clusters, minimizing the number of clustering overhead. Through simulations the performance of IMS is compared with that of least cluster change (LCC) and maintenance scheme of Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) in terms of the number of clusterhead changes, number of cluster-member changes and clustering overhead by varying mobility and speed. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of IMS over LCC and
maintenance scheme of CBRP.
This document summarizes a research paper on QoS routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes a QoS routing protocol called QOSRGA that uses a genetic algorithm to find high-quality routes between nodes that meet multiple QoS constraints like bandwidth, delay, and connectivity. The protocol relies on cooperation between sub-protocols to discover multiple paths, monitor node states, and measure bandwidth. It also introduces a new metric called node connectivity index to evaluate path quality. Simulation results show that QOSRGA performs well in finding routes that meet constraints, even as node mobility increases.
IRJET- GMPLS based Multilayer Service Network ArchitectureIRJET Journal
1) GMPLS is an advanced protocol that automates provisioning of connections in multilayer networks including optical networks to improve efficiency.
2) GMPLS extends MPLS to support not just packet switching but also time-division multiplexing, fiber switching, and wavelength switching in optical networks.
3) The paper discusses applications of GMPLS technology for traffic engineering and provisioning connections to balance loads in multilayer networks including WDM optical networks.
Admission control for multihop wireless backhaul networks with qo sPfedya
This document proposes several schemes for admission control of connections with quality of service (QoS) requirements over a multihop wireless backhaul network. It first constructs tree topologies connecting wireless backhaul nodes to a wired gateway. It then admits either the best subset of connections while respecting their rate and delay requirements, or admits all connections with appropriate degradation of their QoS requirements. The key contributions are addressing both rate and delay requirements for connections, which has not been done before for wireless backhauls, and providing algorithms for admission control that deterministically guarantee delays.
The document contains 14 abstracts from IEEE 2012 papers related to networks and network security, wireless networks, mobile computing, wireless sensor networks, and knowledge and data mining. The abstracts summarize research on topics such as load balancing in content delivery networks, authentication protocols for ad-hoc networks, privacy and integrity in sensor networks, opportunistic routing in wireless networks, throughput maximization in wireless networks, and prediction of user web browsing behavior using Markov models.
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy and bandwidth constrained routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It presents an available bandwidth measurement algorithm that estimates available bandwidth more accurately by considering node capacity, link utilization, idle time synchronization, collision probability, and overhead from backoff mechanisms. It also proposes a probability-based overhearing method to reduce energy consumption from overhearing without affecting route quality. The techniques are evaluated using NS2 simulations to analyze network performance in terms of quality of service parameters.
Analysis of Link State Resource Reservation Protocol for Congestion Managemen...ijgca
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down
the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time
activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource
reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data
consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was
confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in
scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This
is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP)
which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual
behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP
connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using
selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput
response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a
previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance
of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows
fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop
effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about
0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec.
The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP
upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and
optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
A Novel Routing Strategy Towards Achieving Ultra-Low End-to-End Latency in 6G...IJCNCJournal
Compared to 5G, 6G networks will demand even more ambitious reduction in endto-end latency for packet communication. Recent attempts at breaking the barrier of end-to-end millisecond latencies have focused on re-engineering networks using a hybrid approach consisting of an optical-fiber based backbone network architecture coupled with high-speed wireless networks to connect end-devices to the backbone network. In our approach, a wide area network (WAN) is considered with a high-speed optical fiber grid network as its backbone. After messages from a source node enter the backbone network through a local wireless network, these are delivered very fast to an access point in the backbone network closest to the destination node, followed by its transfer to the local wireless network for delivery to the destination node. We propose a novel routing strategy which is based on distributing the messages in the network in such a way that the average queuing delay of the messages through the backbone network is minimized, and also the route discovery time at each router in the backbone network is drastically reduced. Also, multiple messages destined towards a particular destination router in the backbone network are packed together to form a mailbag, allowing further reductions in processing overheads at intermediate routers and pipelining of mailbag formation and route discovery operations in each router. The performance of the proposed approach green based on these ideas has been theoretically analyzed and then simulated using the ns-3 simulator. Our results show that the average end-to-end latency is less than 380 µs (with only 46-79 µs within the backbone network under varying traffic conditions) for a 1 KB packet size, when using a 500 Gbps optical fiber based backbone network laid over a 15 Km × 15 Km area, a 50 Mbps uplink channel from the source to the backbone network, and a 1 Gbps downlink channel from the backbone network to the destination. The significant reduction in end-to-end latency as compared to existing routing solutions clearly demonstrates the potential of our proposed routing strategy for meeting the ultra-low latency requirements of current 5G and future 6G networks, particularly for mobile edge computing (MEC) application scenarios.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTICAST ROUTING IN MANET ijac journal
In this paper, we have presented the Modified Multicasting through Time Reservation using Adaptive
Control for Excellent Energy efficiency (MMC-TRACE). It is a real time multicasting architecture for
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks to make their work an energy efficient one .MMC-TRACE is a cross layer design
where the network layer and medium access control layer functionality are done in a single integrated
layer design. The basic design of the architecture is to establish and maintain an active multicast tree
surrounded by a passive mesh within a mobile ad hoc network. Energy efficiency is maximized by enabling
the particular node from sleep to awake mode while the remaining nodes of the same path are maintained
at sleep mode. Energy efficiency too achieved by eliminating most of the redundant data receptions across
nodes. The performance of MMC-TRACE are evaluated with the help of ns-2 simulations and comparisons
are made with its predecessor such as MC-TRACE. The results show that the MMC-TRACE provides
superior energy efficiency, competitive QoS performance and bandwidth efficiency.
ERROR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS USING COOPERATIVE CONTENTION-BASED ROUTING IN WIRE...IJCSEIT Journal
In Wireless Ad hoc network, cooperation of nodes can be achieved by more interactions at higher protocol
layers, particularly the MAC (Medium Access Control) and network layers play vital role. MAC facilitates
a routing protocol based on position location of nodes at network layer specially known as Beacon-less
geographic routing (BLGR) using Contention-based selection process. This paper proposes two levels of
cross-layer framework -a MAC network cross-layer design for forwarder selection (or routing) and a
MAC-PHY for relay selection. Wireless networks suffers huge number of communication at the same time
leads to increase in collision and energy consumption; hence focused on new Contention access method
that uses a dynamical change of channel access probability which can reduce the number of contention
times and collisions. Simulation result demonstrates the best Relay selection and the comparative of direct
mode with the cooperative networks. And also demonstrates the Performance evaluation of contention
probability with Collision avoidance.
This document summarizes research on parameters for vertical handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks. It discusses several key parameters that influence vertical handoff decisions, including available bandwidth, received signal strength, cost, latency, and quality of service. The document reviews several existing approaches for vertical handoff that consider parameters like bandwidth, RSS, access fee, packet delay, available bandwidth, and network load. Overall, the document analyzes parameters that are important for designing efficient vertical handoff mechanisms in next-generation heterogeneous wireless networks.
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
This document summarizes research on resource allocation algorithms for quality of service (QoS) optimization in mobile WiMAX networks. It discusses the Swapping Min-Max (SWIM) algorithm and Cooperative Multicast Scheduling (CMS) technique. SWIM performs scheduling for real-time polling service to meet QoS criteria like optimal throughput, latency guarantees, minimal delay jitter and number of bursts. CMS enhances throughput for multicast video by dividing transmission bursts into two phases where selected stations retransmit to nearby members for cooperation. Simulation results show SWIM has less bursts, zero jitter and optimal throughput, while CMS further improves throughput for each multicast group member.
MULTI-CRITERIA HANDOVER DECISION FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS: CARRIER AGGREGAT...IJCNCJournal
Carrier aggregation and integration of heterogeneous networks allow the mobile user equipment to benefit from wider bandwidth and radio coverage of different access technologies. However, these technologies have increased handoff scenario probability through user equipment’s mobility, leading to high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is an important aspect of mobility management which allows users to migrate from one cell to another without losing connections. But no lone access technology meets the requirements of providing seamless communication without loss and delay. Therefore, high-quality service continuity and reliable user equipment access to network anywhere and at any time require the
design of an appropriate handover decision algorithm. In this paper, a multi-criteria based handover decision-making algorithm is proposed to evade loss of communication and provide better performance to the system. It adaptively makes handover decisions based on different decision criteria (load, availability of resources, and the handover scenario type) in addition to signal interference to noise ratio. The multicriteria handover decision making algorithm-based method chooses among the cells that satisfy the requirements for the handover. As compared to some existing handover decision algorithms, simulation result shows that this algorithm improves system performance in terms of handover failure by 93%, 72%,
and 58%; radio link failure reduction by 77%, 43%, and 22%; and handover ping–pong by 81%, 59%, and 36% over the conventional received signal strength, received wireless transmission line, and multiinfluence factor hand over decisions respectively.
This document summarizes research on improving the throughput of optical burst switching (OBS) networks. It describes three methods for improving OBS performance without significantly increasing complexity: 1) Adding fiber delay lines (FDLs) to compensate for control packet processing time; 2) Using random extra offset time to avoid priority effects from processing time variations; 3) Implementing window-based channel scheduling (WBS) to better schedule bursts. The research aims to understand how these methods can be combined to maximize throughput gains without advanced optical hardware requirements.
This document discusses automatic segmentation of white matter from brain fMRI images. It presents a 3-step solution: 1) preprocessing raw images using histogram-based double thresholding to remove noise, 2) estimating a threshold value for segmentation using Otsu's algorithm, and 3) performing binary segmentation of images based on the calculated threshold. Currently, white matter segmentation is done manually, which is time-consuming. The proposed automatic method could help address this issue.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
This document describes a new methodology for improving the accuracy of fingerprint verification systems. It proposes detecting singular points like core and delta points, and indexing templates based on the occurrence of delta points relative to the core point. Experiments on the FVC2006 database show the proposed method achieves higher recognition rates and lower false acceptance and rejection rates compared to existing minutiae-based matching techniques, especially for distorted images. It introduces a new way of storing templates as strings of numbers that encode singular point and minutiae information to enable faster matching.
This document summarizes research on vulnerabilities related to dynamic component loading in Windows. It discusses how DLL hijacking works by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as a legitimate one in a directory searched by an application during loading. It also describes other attacks like DLL preloading and load hijacking. The document reviews related work on detecting unsafe dynamic loading, analyzing Windows API calls to detect malware, and generating exploits for identified vulnerabilities. It concludes that the common component resolution strategy in Windows poses security risks if only file names are used during loading.
This document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing attacks and proposes a new approach called ASHA to secure the ARP cache and prevent ARP spoofing. ARP spoofing allows attackers to associate their own MAC address with the IP address of another host, intercepting traffic. ASHA uses public/private key cryptography and TCP packets to securely exchange IP-MAC pairs between hosts and maintain the ARP cache in static mode. Experiments show that systems using ASHA are protected from ARP attacks.
Regulavalasa S S Sriharsha is seeking a position as a software developer. He has a B.Tech in computer science and experience testing software at NHS ESR and TD Bank. His technical skills include Java, C#, .NET, HTML, and SQL. He has worked on projects like a campus selection system using Visual Studio and an online travel sharing application using PHP and MySQL. Sriharsha aims to enhance his knowledge and grow with an organization.
Laporan ini membincangkan proses penuaian, penggradan, dan pemasaran untuk dua tanaman komersial, yaitu cili dan jamur tiram. Ia menjelaskan bahwa penuaian cili dilakukan berdasarkan kematangan buah, sementara jamur dipetik pada waktu yang tepat untuk memastikan kualitas. Kedua tanaman kemudian digrading dan dibungkus sebelum dijual kepada pasar lokal seperti FAMA dan
Kuncha Bharath is seeking a position that utilizes his skills and experience to enhance productivity and reputation. He has a B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology & Science with 70% marks. His technical skills include C, Core Java, Advanced Java, and Electronic Devices and Circuits. He enjoys organizing events, listening to music, playing games and learning new things. He has experience presenting academic papers and serving as a class representative.
Network on Chip Architecture and Routing Techniques: A surveyIJRES Journal
This document summarizes research on Network on Chip (NOC) architecture and routing techniques. It discusses NOC topology options including mesh, torus, ring and irregular networks. It also reviews router architecture, switching techniques, virtual channels, buffering, error correction, quality of service implementations, and routing algorithms. Specific NOC implementations discussed include QNOC, Ethereal NOC, and SPIN NOC. The document provides an overview of research on improving performance and efficiency in NOC design.
Noise Tolerant and Faster On Chip Communication Using Binoc ModelIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Low power network on chip architectures: A surveyCSITiaesprime
Mostly communication now days is done through system on chip (SoC) models so, network on chip (NoC) architecture is most appropriate solution for better performance. However, one of major flaws in this architecture is power consumption. To gain high performance through this type of architecture it is necessary to confirm power consumption while designing this. Use of power should be diminished in every region of network chip architecture. Lasting power consumption can be lessened by reaching alterations in network routers and other devices used to form that network. This research mainly focusses on state-of-the-art methods for designing NoC architecture and techniques to reduce power consumption in those architectures like, network architecture, network links between nodes, network design, and routers.
MINIMALLY BUFFERED ROUTER USING WEIGHTED DEFLECTION ROUTING FOR MESH NETWORK ...VLSICS Design
The scalability, modularity and massive parallelism exhibited by Network on chip(NoC) interconnects
make them highly suitable for the inter core communication framework of multiprocessor system-on-chip
(MPSoC) designs. Routers play the most vital role in transferring flits through the network, hence efficient
microarchitecture and cost effective routing algorithms are highly essential for modern NoC routers.
Elimination of buffers and deflection routing help to achieve energy and area efficiency of these routers.
The advantages of bufferless and buffered designs can be combined by using a minimum number of side
buffers to store a fraction of deflection flits in the router. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm
based on weighted deflection of flits for minimally buffered deflection routers. Evaluations on 4x4 and 8x8
mesh NoC using synthetic workloads as well as benchmark applications demonstrate that deflection rate
and average network latency are significantly reduced in comparison with the state of the art NoC routers.
Performance analysis of the newly proposed algorithm shows that the network saturation point improves
by 26% compared to earlier designs in this domain
ANALYSIS OF LINK STATE RESOURCE RESERVATION PROTOCOL FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMEN...ijgca
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP) which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about 0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec. The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
Design and Performance Analysis of 8 x 8 Network on Chip RouterIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed and analyzed the performance of an 8x8 network-on-chip router. The researchers implemented a 2D mesh network-on-chip router with four ports connected in each of the four directions (north, south, east, west) and a fifth port connected to a local processing element. The goal was to improve quality-of-service by employing algorithms like wormhole routing, arbitration, and crossbar switching. The router architecture and modules were designed and synthesized using Xilinx ISE to optimize for lower power consumption while maintaining high throughput and quality-of-service.
A ULTRA-LOW POWER ROUTER DESIGN FOR NETWORK ON CHIPijaceeejournal
This document summarizes a research paper on designing an ultra-low power router for networks on chip (NoCs). The paper proposes a reconfigurable router architecture that allows dynamically adjusting the buffer sizes for each router channel based on traffic needs. This helps optimize resource usage and reduces power consumption compared to routers with fixed buffer sizes. The reconfigurable router architecture is evaluated in terms of area, speed, latency, power and energy efficiency, showing improvements over traditional router designs.
Optimizing the placement of cloud data center in virtualized environmentIJECEIAES
In cloud mobile networks, precise assessment for the position of the virtualization powered cloud center would improve the capacity limit, latency and energy efficiency (EEf). This paper utilized the Monte Carlo oriented particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) to first, obtain the optimal number of virtual machines (VMs) that maximize the EEf of the mobile cloud center, second, optimize the position of the mobile data center. To fulfil such examination, a power evaluation framework is proposed to shape the power utilization of a virtualized server while hosting an amount of VMs. In addition, the total power consumption of the network is examined, including data center and radio units (RUs). This evaluation is based on linear modelling of the network parameters, such as resource blocks, number of VMs, transmitted and received powers, and overhead power consumption. Finally, the EEf is constrained to many quality of service (QoS) metrics, including number of resource blocks, total latency and minimum user's data rate.
This document reviews Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures that prioritize selected data streams to reduce communication latency. It categorizes the architectures based on the effect of prioritization (per end-to-end connection, per router, or per path segment) and discusses their pros and cons. Architectures that prioritize at the core-to-core level provide the highest latency reduction by bypassing the NoC, while those prioritizing per router or path segment require redetermining priority at each hop.
Channel Capacity Maximization using NQHN Approach at Heterogeneous NetworkIJECEIAES
In present scenario, the high speed data transmission services has pushed limits for wireless communication network capacity, at same time multimedia transmission in real-time needs provision of QoS, therefore the network capacity and small cell coverage has comes with lots of challenges. Improving the channel capacity and coverage area within the available bandwidth is necessary to provide better QoS to users, and improved channel capacity for the FCUs and MCUs in network. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the user QoS and the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, we consider the real traffic scenario to check the performance of our proposed approach with respect to existing algorithm.
IRJET-A_AODV: A Modern Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
Ritu Parasher, Yogesh Rathi "A_AODV: A Modern Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous wireless network, deploy without any fixed infrastructure and assistance of base stations. Each node in network shares wireless link for interconnections and not only operates as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. Since the network nodes are mobile, can be move in any direction with varying paces that generate high dynamicity of network so the protocols that are developed for general ad hoc networks are unsuitable for such an environment. In addition, on-hand routing protocols performance decreases as size of network increased. In this context, to enhance the recitation of routing in MANETs, we propose a new approach in this paper, named Advanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (A_AODV). It is a modified version of traditional AODV routing protocol, shrink the active path whenever optimal pathway is available and switches the traffic on it. Simulation studies are conducted using NS2 to prove that proposed approach enhance network performance when network size, load or the mobility increases
Comparative performance evaluation of routing algorithm and topology size for...journalBEEI
Wireless Network-on-Chip or WiNoC is an alternative to traditional planar on-chip networks. On-chip wireless links are utilized to reduce latency between distant nodes due to its capability to communicate with far-away node within a single hop. This paper analyzes the impact of various routing schemes and the effect of WiNoC sizes on network traffic distributions compared to conventional mesh NoC. Radio hubs (4×4) are evenly placed on WiNoC to analyze global average delay, throughput, energy consumption and wireless utilization. For validation, three various network sizes (8×8, 16×16 and 32×32) of mesh NoC and WiNoC architectures are simulated on cycle-accurate Noxim simulator under numerous traffic load distributions. Simulation results show that WiNoC architecture with the 16×16 network size has better average speedup (∼1.2×) and improved network throughputs by 6.36% in non-uniform transpose traffic distribution. As the trade-off, WiNoC requires 63% higher energy consumption compared to the classical wired NoC mesh.
IRJET-Energy aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNS using GatewayIRJET Journal
The document proposes an energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol called M-GEAR for wireless sensor networks that uses a gateway node. The network is divided into four logical regions based on sensor node locations and a threshold distance. Sensor nodes closer to the base station or gateway node use direct communication, while nodes further away are organized into clusters with cluster heads. The gateway node aggregates data from cluster heads and nearby sensors to transmit to the base station, reducing energy consumption compared to existing protocols. Performance analysis shows M-GEAR improves network lifetime and energy efficiency.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WIRELESS MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKIJCNCJournal
The quality of service (QoS) component in a mobile ad-hoc network has an active role in the current
network scenario. In a dynamic mobile ad hoc network, ensuring optimum QoS with a scarce network
resource is a significant challenge. To achieve QoS, it is essential to adopt some effective and efficient
mechanisms. We have proposed an adaptive bandwidth manager model (ABMM) which uses a bandwidthsharing concept along with the flexible bandwidth reservation algorithm (FBRA) for an effective, quick and
authentic data transfer. During real-time data transfer, to make communication effective, we make use of
bandwidth-sharing network design problems and the concept of reserving bandwidth in high-performance
networks. In our proposed model we are concentrating on the maximum utilization of resources, and using
the scheduling concept to provide the minimum required bandwidth guarantee to QoS flows. Our goal is to
reduce the delay in data transfer and enhance the throughput while properly utilizing the system resources.
Our simulation result also shows that our model improves the network performance.
Adaptive Bandwidth Management Model for Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
The quality of service (QoS) component in a mobile ad-hoc network has an active role in the current network scenario. In a dynamic mobile ad hoc network, ensuring optimum QoS with a scarce network resource is a significant challenge. To achieve QoS, it is essential to adopt some effective and efficient mechanisms. We have proposed an adaptive bandwidth manager model (ABMM) which uses a bandwidthsharing concept along with the flexible bandwidth reservation algorithm (FBRA) for an effective, quick and authentic data transfer. During real-time data transfer, to make communication effective, we make use of bandwidth-sharing network design problems and the concept of reserving bandwidth in high-performance networks. In our proposed model we are concentrating on the maximum utilization of resources, and using the scheduling concept to provide the minimum required bandwidth guarantee to QoS flows. Our goal is to reduce the delay in data transfer and enhance the throughput while properly utilizing the system resources. Our simulation result also shows that our model improves the network performance.
A Virtual Grid-Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment (VGDRA) Scheme for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to conserve network energy while dynamically routing information towards the moving sink. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell header nodes. These cell header nodes participate in adjusting routes according to the latest location of the mobile sink, reducing communication costs and energy consumption compared to having all nodes participate. The VGDRA scheme balances energy expenditure of nodes and allows data to be efficiently disseminated to the mobile sink as it changes locations through dynamic routing reconstruction using the virtual grid structure.
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to minimize the energy consumed when sensor nodes adjust their routes to the sink's new location. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell headers. When the sink moves, only the cell headers participate in rerouting to the new location, reducing the communication cost compared to all nodes adjusting routes. The VGDRA scheme maintains nearly optimal routes to the mobile sink while minimizing the cost of route reconstruction as the sink moves.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
A Novel Resource Allocation Method For Multicasting Network Using Call Admiss...IJTET Journal
Abstract— WiMAX relay networks make resource allocation decisions once per frame. An IEEE 802.16j frame consists of a downlink sub frame and an uplink sub frame. This study focuses on the downlink multicast problems. The downlink sub frame can be divided into an access zone and a relay zone. In the access zone, the BS transmits the video data to its served RSs and SSs. In the relay zone, the RSs further relay the video data to their served SSs. To determine the data transmissions within each frame, the BS should make a scheduling decision at the beginning of each frame using an appropriate resource allocation scheme. WiMAX is generally used to reduce the delays and packet loss. It a wireless standard designed to provide data transfer. In this paper mainly focuses on implementing BGWA based algorithm in order to avoid unwanted intrusion occurrences in handoff time. The Mobile Motion Prediction algorithm generally keeps track of the positions of the mobile stations and their relevant connections. The task of motion prediction is to track the motion of the mobile station in different gateways. Then different prediction methods are applied according to the sensitivity of the range to gain high precision. CAC Approach can be used to the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a promising technology for last-mile Internet access, particularly in the areas where wired infrastructures are not available. Mainly this approach is used to transmitting the video/Audio sending from base station to relay station with transmitting or secretes code.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
This document provides a comparative study of two-way finite automata and Turing machines. Some key points:
- Two-way finite automata are similar to read-only Turing machines in that they have a finite tape that can be read in both directions, but cannot write to the tape.
- Turing machines have an infinite tape that can be read from and written to, allowing them to recognize recursively enumerable languages.
- Both models are examined in their ability to accept the regular language L={anbm|m,n>0}.
- The time complexity of a two-way finite automaton for this language is O(n2) due to making two passes over the
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
This document discusses the digital circuit layout problem and approaches to solving it using graph partitioning techniques. It begins by introducing the digital circuit layout problem and how it has become more complex with increasing circuit sizes. It then discusses how the problem can be decomposed into subproblems using graph partitioning to assign geometric coordinates to circuit components. The document reviews several traditional approaches to solve the problem, such as the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, and discusses their limitations for larger circuit sizes. It also discusses more recent approaches using evolutionary algorithms and concludes by analyzing the contributions of various approaches.
This document summarizes various data mining techniques that have been used for intrusion detection systems. It first describes the architecture of a data mining-based IDS, including sensors to collect data, detectors to evaluate the data using detection models, a data warehouse for storage, and a model generator. It then discusses supervised and unsupervised learning approaches that have been applied, including neural networks, support vector machines, K-means clustering, and self-organizing maps. Finally, it reviews several related works applying these techniques and compares their results, finding that combinations of approaches can improve detection rates while reducing false alarms.
This document provides an overview of speech recognition systems and recent progress in the field. It discusses different types of speech recognition including isolated word, connected word, continuous speech, and spontaneous speech. Various techniques used in speech recognition are also summarized, such as simulated evolutionary computation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, Kalman filters, and Hidden Markov Models. The document reviews several papers published between 2004-2012 that studied speech recognition methods including using dynamic spectral subband centroids, Kalman filters, biomimetic computing techniques, noise estimation, and modulation filtering. It concludes that Hidden Markov Models combined with MFCC features provide good recognition results for large vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition.
This document discusses integrating two assembly lines, Line A and Line B, based on lean line design concepts to reduce space and operators. It analyzes the current state of the lines using tools like takt time analysis and MTM/UAS studies. Improvements are identified to eliminate waste, including methods improvements, workplace rearrangement, ergonomic changes, and outsourcing. Paper kaizen is conducted and work elements are retimed. The goal is to integrate the lines to better utilize space and manpower while meeting manufacturing standards.
This document summarizes research on the exposure of microwaves from cellular networks. It describes how microwaves interact with biological systems and discusses measurement techniques and safety standards regarding microwave exposure. While some studies have alleged health hazards from microwaves, independent reviews by health organizations have found no evidence that exposure to microwaves below international safety limits causes harm. The document concludes that with precautions like limiting exposure time and using phones with lower SAR ratings, microwaves from cell phones pose minimal health risks.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of feature reduction in sentiment analysis of online reviews. It uses principle component analysis to reduce the number of features (product attributes) from a dataset of 500 camera reviews labeled as positive or negative. Two models are developed - one using the original set of 95 product attributes, and one using the reduced set. Support vector machines and naive Bayes classifiers are applied to both models and their performance is evaluated to determine if classification accuracy can be maintained while using fewer features. The results show it is possible to achieve similar accuracy levels with less features, improving computational efficiency.
This document provides a review of multispectral palm image fusion techniques. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and palm print identification. Different palm print images capture different spectral information about the palm. The document then reviews several pixel-level fusion methods for combining multispectral palm images, finding that Curvelet transform performs best at preserving discriminative patterns. It also discusses hardware for capturing multispectral palm images and the process of region of interest extraction and localization. Common fusion methods like wavelet transform and Curvelet transform are also summarized.
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system involves embedding an RFID chip in each vehicle that continuously transmits a unique identification signal. When a vehicle is stolen, the owner reports it to the police, who upload the vehicle's information to a central database. Police vehicles are equipped with RFID receivers. If a stolen vehicle passes within range of a receiver, the receiver detects the vehicle's ID signal and displays its details on a tablet. This allows police to quickly identify and recover stolen vehicles. The system aims to make it difficult for thieves to hide a vehicle's identity and allows vehicles to be tracked globally wherever the detection system is implemented.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for image denoising using wavelet transforms: Dual-Tree Complex DWT and Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT. Both techniques decompose an image corrupted by noise using filter banks, apply thresholding to the wavelet coefficients, and reconstruct the image. The Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT yields better denoising results than the Dual-Tree Complex DWT as it produces more directional wavelets and is less sensitive to shifts and noise variance. Experimental results on test images demonstrate that the Double-Density method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratios, especially at higher noise levels.
This document compares the k-means and grid density clustering algorithms. It summarizes that grid density clustering determines dense grids based on the densities of neighboring grids, and is able to handle different shaped clusters in multi-density environments. The grid density algorithm does not require distance computation and is not dependent on the number of clusters being known in advance like k-means. The document concludes that grid density clustering is better than k-means clustering as it can handle noise and outliers, find arbitrary shaped clusters, and has lower time complexity.
This document proposes a method for detecting, localizing, and extracting text from videos with complex backgrounds. It involves three main steps:
1. Text detection uses corner metric and Laplacian filtering techniques independently to detect text regions. Corner metric identifies regions with high curvature, while Laplacian filtering highlights intensity discontinuities. The results are combined through multiplication to reduce noise.
2. Text localization then determines the accurate boundaries of detected text strings.
3. Text binarization filters background pixels to extract text pixels for recognition. Thresholding techniques are used to convert localized text regions to binary images.
The method exploits different text properties to detect text using corner metric and Laplacian filtering. Combining the results improves
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using clock gating techniques. A variable block length carry skip adder is used in the arithmetic unit to reduce power consumption and improve performance. The ALU uses a clock gating circuit to selectively clock only the active arithmetic or logic unit, reducing dynamic power dissipation from unnecessary clock charging/discharging. The ALU was simulated in VHDL and synthesized for a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, achieving a maximum frequency of 65.19MHz at 1.98mW power dissipation, demonstrating improved performance over a conventional ALU design.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This document discusses implementing trust negotiations in multisession transactions. It proposes a framework that supports voluntary and unexpected interruptions, allowing negotiating parties to complete negotiations despite temporary unavailability of resources. The Trust-x protocol addresses issues related to validity, temporary loss of data, and extended unavailability of one negotiator. It allows a peer to suspend an ongoing negotiation and resume it with another authenticated peer. Negotiation portions and intermediate states can be safely and privately passed among peers to guarantee stability for continued suspended negotiations. An ontology is also proposed to provide formal specification of concepts and relationships, which is essential in complex web service environments for sharing credential information needed to establish trust.
This document discusses and compares various nature-inspired optimization algorithms for resolving the mixed pixel problem in remote sensing imagery, including Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It provides an overview of each algorithm, explaining key concepts like migration and mutation in BBO. The document aims to prove that BBO is the best algorithm for resolving the mixed pixel problem by comparing it to other evolutionary algorithms. It also includes figures illustrating concepts like the species model and habitat in BBO.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) for face recognition. It begins with an introduction to face recognition and PCA. PCA works by calculating eigenvectors from a set of face images, which represent the principal components that account for the most variance in the image data. These eigenvectors are called "eigenfaces" and can be used to reconstruct the face images. The document then discusses how the system is implemented, including preparing a face database, normalizing the training images, calculating the eigenfaces/principal components, projecting the face images into this reduced space, and recognizing faces by calculating distances between projected test images and training images.
This document summarizes research on using wireless sensor networks to detect mobile targets. It discusses two optimization problems: 1) maximizing the exposure of the least exposed path within a sensor budget, and 2) minimizing sensor installation costs while ensuring all paths have exposure above a threshold. It proposes using tabu search heuristics to provide near-optimal solutions. The research also addresses extending the models to consider wireless connectivity, heterogeneous sensors, and intrusion detection using a game theory approach. Experimental results show the proposed mobile replica detection scheme can rapidly detect replicas with no false positives or negatives.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
www.ijarcet.org
1420
Abstract— Network-on-Chip (NOC) has been proposed as an
attractive alternative to traditional dedicated wire to achieve
high performance and modularity. Power and Area efficiency is
the most important concern in NOC design. This paper
introduces a novel unified buffer structure, called the Dynamic
Reconfigure Virtual Channel Regulator, which dynamically
allocates Virtual Channels (VC) and buffer resources according
to network traffic conditions. It maximizes throughput by
dispensing a variable number of VCs on demand. Dynamic
Reconfigure Virtual Channels ability to provide similar
performance with half the buffer size of a generic router is of
paramount importance. This paper presents a VHDL based
cycle accurate register transfer level model for evaluating the,
Area of Dynamically self Reconfigurable BiNoC architectures.
We implemented a parameterized register transfer level design
of the BiNoC architecture elements. The design is parameterized
on (i) size of packets, (ii) length and width of physical links, (iii)
number, and depth of virtual channels, and (iv) switching
technique. The paper discusses in detail the architecture and
characterization of the various BiNoC components. The
characterized values were integrated into the VHDL based RTL
design to build the cycle accurate performance model.
Index Terms— Interconnection networks, multiprocessor,
systems-on-chip (MPSoCs), networks-on-chip (NoCs), on-chip
communication, reconfigurable architectures
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent technology advances in deep sub-micron
technology has enabled higher integration of functional
modules within a single chip. This state-of-art technology
introduced a new paradigm in chip design methodology and
many recent high performance chips are developed based on
such multi-core concepts [1]. While this has proven beneficial
in terms of overall performance, there are still many
challenges posed by this new technique mainly due to the
reduced feature size in deep sub-micron technologies.
Particularly, the interconnection between functional modules
(IP blocks) becomes problematic since on-chip traffic
increases dramatically and the traffic behavior becomes more
complicated as the number of IP blocks increases. As a result,
the on-chip interconnects turn into a critical bottleneck in
terms of performance and power consumption. A recent
Manuscript received April 2013
Mr. Ashish Khodwe, Department of Electronics Priyadarshini college of
Engineering ,RTMNU,Nagpur,India.
Prof.C.N.Bhoyar, Department of Electronic Priyadarshini College of
Engineering, RTMNU, Nagpur, India
study showed that up to 77% of the overall delay in a SoC chip
can come from the interconnect in the 65nm regime [2].
Traditional on-chip interconnects have been implemented
mostly using shared bus architecture but due to its limited
scalability, it becomes less suitable in meeting the
requirements of the future multi-core environment. As an
alternative, Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures have been
recently introduced, where a packet-based network
infrastructure provides interconnection among IP blocks,
allowing concurrent transfer in the network [3, 4]. However,
NoCs suffer from their inherent constraints such as limited
area and power budget. Such limitations also bound the
flexibility in network configuration such as routing
algorithms, buffer size, and arbitration logic. Many
researchers have focused on several aspects of the NoCs
proposing efficient router pipeline design [5-7], fault-tolerant
techniques [8, 9], deadlock-free routing algorithms [10-12],
and thermal-aware low-power designs [13-15], etc.
State-of-the-art NoC designs often use packet-switched
routers to support high bandwidth traffic. Under this model, it
often takes multiple hops for messages to reach their
destinations, and the energy/delay associated with packets
traversing through routers is the dominating factor. There
have been several proposals for reducing the performance
penalty, such as router bypassing [16]–[18] and enhancing
router pipeline design [5]–[19]. There also exists a large body
of work on reducing router energy consumption, which
corresponds to a large portion of NoC energy [20], [21].
This paper presents a VHDL based cycle accurate register
transfer level model for evaluating the dynamic, Area and
leakage power consumption of Dynamically self
Reconfigurable BiNoC architectures. We implemented a
parameterized register transfer level design of the BiNoC
architecture elements. The design is parameterized on (i) size
of packets, (ii) length and width of physical links, (iii)
number, and depth of virtual channels, and (iv) switching
technique. The paper discusses in detail the architecture and
characterization of the various BiNoC components. The
characterized values were integrated into the VHDL based
RTL design to build the cycle accurate performance model.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we
will discuss some of the background materials for NoC
architecture and prior related research. In section III,
Motivation. Further section IV, Baseline of NoC Router. a
bidirectional network on-chip (BiNoC) architecture will be
given in Section V. further section VI, router pipeline. in
section VII , Overview of a Virtual-Channel Router.
Finally, in Section VIII, experiment results comparing the
performance of the proposed BiNoC architecture against the
Design of Reconfigure Virtual Channel
Regulator for BiNoC Router
Mr. Ashish Khodwe , Prof. C.N. Bhoyar
2. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
1421
www.ijarcet.org
conventional NoC architecture are provided. In last section,
brief statements conclude this paper.
II. RELATED WORK
Importance of buffer size and organization
Buffer size and management are directly linked to the flow
control policy employed by the network; flow control, in turn,
affects network performance and resource utilization.
Whereas an efficient flow control policy enables a network to
reach 80% of its theoretical capacity, a poorly implemented
policy would result in a meager 30% [22]. Wormhole flow
control [23] was introduced to improve performance through
finer granularity buffer and channel control at the flit level
instead of the packet level (a flit is the smallest unit of flow
control; one packet is composed of a number of flits). This
technique relaxes the constraints on buffer size at each router,
allowing for a more efficient use of storage space than
store-and-forward and virtual cut through [24] switching.
However, the channel capacity is still poorly utilized; while
the buffers are allocated at the flit level, physical paths are still
allocated at the packet level. Hence, a blocked packet can
impede the progress of other packets waiting in line and may
also cause multi-node link blocking (a direct consequence of
the fact that the flits of a single packet are distributed across
several nodes in wormhole routers). To remedy this
predicament, Virtual Channel (VC) flow control [25] assigns
multiple virtual paths (each with its own associated buffer
queue) to the same physical channel. It has been shown that
VC routers can increase throughput by up to 40% over
wormhole routers without VCs [22].
As a side bonus, virtual channels can also help with deadlock
avoidance [26]. The work in this paper assumes, without loss
of generality, the use of VC-based flow control, which suits
the low buffer requirements of NoC routers. The way virtual
channels – and hence buffers – are organized within a router is
also instrumental in optimizing performance. The number of
VCs per physical channel and the VC depth are two
parameters that form an elaborate interplay between buffer
utilization, throughput and latency. Researchers in the
macro-network field have identified the decisive role of
virtual channel organization in overall system performance
[26, 27]. Detailed studies of the relation between virtual
channels and network latency indicate that for low traffic
intensity, a small number of VCs can suffice. In high traffic
rates, however, increasing the number of VCs is a more
effective way of improving performance than simply
increasing the buffer depth [28]. Under light network traffic,
the number of packets traveling through a router is small
enough to be accommodated by a limited number of VCs;
increasing the number of VCs yields no tangible benefits.
Under high traffic, many packets are contenting for router
resources; increasing VC depth will not alleviate this
contention because of Head-of-Line (HoL) blocking.
Increasing the number of VCs, though, will allow more
packets to share the physical channels. This dichotomy in VC
organization implies that routers with fixed buffer structures
will either be underutilized or will underperform under certain
traffic conditions. This objective function can only be
achieved through the use of efficient management techniques
which optimize buffer utilization. Since size and organization
are design-time decisions, they cannot be dynamically
changed during operation based on observed traffic patterns.
However, the use of a carefully designed buffer controller can
significantly affect the efficiency of storing and forwarding of
the flits. Therefore, the throughput of a switch can be
maximized through dynamic and real-time throttling of buffer
resources.
III. MOTIVATION
A. Virtual Channel
The design of a virtual channel (VC) is another important
aspect of NOC. A virtual channel splits a single channel into
two channels, virtually providing two paths for the packets to
be routed. There can be two to eight virtual channels. The use
of VCs reduces the network latency at the expense of area,
power consumption, and production cost of the NOC
implementation. However, there are various other added
advantages offered by VCs.
B. Network deadlock/livelock:
Since VCs provide more than one output path per channel
there is a lesser probability that the network will suffer from a
deadlock; the network livelock probability is eliminated.
C. Performance improvement:
A packet/flit waiting to be transmitted from an input/output
port of a router/switch will have to wait if that port of the
router/switch is busy. However, VCs can provide another
virtual path for the packets to be transmitted through that
route, thereby improving the performance of the network.
D. Supporting guaranteed traffic:
A VC may be reserved for the higher priority traffic, thereby
guaranteeing the low latency for high priority data flits [29],
[30].
E. Reduced wire cost:
In today’s technology the wire costs are almost the same as
that of the gates. It is likely that in the future the cost of wires
will dominate. Thus, it is important to use the wires
effectively, to reduce the cost of a system. A virtual channel
provides an alternative path for data traffic, thus it uses the
wires more effectively for data transmission. Therefore, we
can reduce the wire width on a system (number of parallel
wires for data transmission). For example, we may choose to
use 32 bits instead of 64 bits. Therefore, the cost of the wires
and the system will be reduced.
Bjerregaard and Sparso have proposed the design and
implementation of a virtual channel router using
asynchronous circuit techniques [29], [30].
F. Buffer Implementation
A higher buffer capacity and a larger number of virtual
channels in the buffer will reduce network contention, thereby
reducing latency. However, buffers are area hungry, and their
use needs to be carefully studied and optimized. Zimmer et al.
and Bolotin et al. proposed a simple implementation of a
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buffer architecture for NOC [32],[33]. Zimmer et al.
implemented buffers using 0.18 μm technology to estimate
the cost and area of buffers needed for NOC. The Proteo
implementation of a buffer architecture has been described in
[34]. Gupta et al. studied the trade-off between buffer size and
channel bandwidth to secure constant latency. They
concluded that increasing the channel bandwidth is preferable
to reducing the latency in NOC.
IV. BASELINE NOC ROUTER
Fig.1Typical four stage pipelined router design based on VC
flow control.
A typical NoC system consists of processing elements (PEs)
,network interfaces (NIs), routers and channels. The router
further contains switch and buffers. Buffers consume the
largest fraction of dynamic and leakage power of the NoC
node (router + link) [4] [3]. Storing a packet in buffer
consumes far more power as compared to its transmission
[35]. Thus, increasing the utilization of buffers and reduction
in number and size of buffers with efficient autonomic control
enhances the system performance and reduces the area and
power consumption. Wormhole flow control has been
proposed to reduce the buffer requirements and enhance the
system throughput. But on other hand, one packet may occupy
several intermediate switches at the same time. In typical NoC
architectures, when a packet occupies a buffer for a channel,
the physical channel cannot be used by other channels, even
when the original message is blocked [25]. This introduces
the problem of deadlock and livelock in wormhole scheme.
Virtual Channels (VCs) are used to avoid deadlock and
livelock. Fig.1 Typical four stage pipelined router design
based on VC flow control [37]. VC flow control exploits an
array of buffers at each input port. By allocating different
packets to each of these buffers, flits from multiple packets
may be sent in an interleaved manner over a single physical
channel. This improves the throughput and reduces the
average packet latency by allowing blocked packets to be
bypassed. By inserting the VC buffers, we increase the
physical channel utilization but utilization of inserted VC
buffers is not considered.
Router architecture illustrated in Fig.1 The router has P input
and P output channels/ports. In most implementations, P=5;
four inputs from the four cardinal directions (North, East,
South and West) and one from the local Processing Element
(PE). The Routing Computation unit, RC, is responsible for
directing the header flit of an incoming packet to the
appropriate output Physical Channel/port (PC) and dictating
valid Virtual Channels (VC) within the selected PC. The
routing is done based on destination information present in
each header flit, and can be deterministic or adaptive. The
Virtual channel Allocation unit (VA) arbitrates amongst all
packets requesting access to
the same VCs and decides on winners. The Switch Allocation
unit (SA) arbitrates amongst all VCs requesting access to the
crossbar and grants permission to the winning flits. The
winners are then able to traverse the crossbar and are placed
on the respective output links. So far, as a result of scarce area
and power resources and ultra-low latency requirements,
on-chip routers have relied on very simple buffer structures.
In the case of virtual channel-based NoC routers, these
structures consist of a specified number of FIFO buffers per
input port, with each FIFO corresponding to a virtual channel.
This is illustrated in Fig.1
Hence, each input port of an NoC router has v virtual
channels, each of which has a dedicated k-flit FIFO buffer.
Current on-chip routers have small buffers to minimize their
overhead; v and k are usually much smaller than in macro
networks [35]. The necessity for very low latency dictates the
use of a parallel FIFO implementation
V. BINOC ARCHITECTURE
Fig.2 Modified four-stage pipelined router architecture for
our proposed BiNoC router with VC flow-control technique.
Fig.1 shows the microarchitecture of A bidirectional channel
network-on-chip (BiNoC) virtual channel (VC) router is
modeled [43]. This section to enhance the performance of
on-chip communication. In a BiNoC, each communication
channel allows itself to be dynamically reconfigured to
transmit flits in either direction. This added flexibility
promises better bandwidth utilization, lower packet delivery
latency, and higher packet consumption rate. Novel on-chip
router architecture is developed to support dynamic
self-reconfiguration of the bidirectional traffic flow. The flow
direction at each channel is controlled by (CDC) a
channel-direction-control protocol [43]. Implemented with a
pair of finite state machines. This channel-direction-control
protocol is shown to be of high performance, free of deadlock,
and free of starvation.
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VI. ROUTER PIPELINE
A generic on-chip router consists of multiple atomic pipeline
stages shown in fig.3; Routing Computation (RC), Virtual
Channel Allocation (VA), Switch Allocation (SA), and
Switch Traversal (ST) as shown in Figure 2. Many
researchers have proposed router architectures that reduce the
router pipelines along the critical path by parallelizing some
of these stages, thereby achieving low latency routers [36, 37,
38].The BiNoC architecture assumed in this paper is a four
stage pipelined router which allows the RC, VA, and SA
stages to execute in parallel.
In such designs, each packet arriving at an ingress port is
immediately queued in a VC buffer, and forwarded via five
steps: route computation (RC), virtual channel allocation
(VCA), switch allocation (SA), and switch traversal (ST),
sometimes implemented as separate pipeline stages for
efficiency. All flits in a packet are forwarded contiguously, so
the first two stages (RC and VCA) only perform computation
for the head flit of each packet, returning cached results for
the remaining flits.
Fig.3 Typical four stage pipelined router design based on VC
flow control.
Fig4. Router Pipeline
On-chip designs need to adhere to tight budgets and low
router footprints. Every VC has its own private buffer and its
size can be specified at runtime. A head flit on arriving at an
input port, first gets decoded and gets buffered according to
its input VC in the buffer write (BW) pipeline stage shown in
fig 4. Every VC has its own private buffer. In the same cycle,
a request is sent to the route computation unit (RC)
simultaneously, and the output port for this packet is
calculated. The header then arbitrates for a VC corresponding
to its output port in the VC allocation (VA) stage. Upon
successful allocation of an output VC, it process to the switch
allocation (SA) stage where it arbitrates for the switch input
and output ports. On winning the switch, the flit moves to the
switch traversal (ST) stage, where it traverses the crossbar.
This is followed by link traversal (LT) to travel to the next
node. Body and tail flits follow a similar pipeline except that
they do not go through RC and VA stages, instead inheriting
the VC allocated by the head flit. The tail flit on leaving the
router, deallocates the VC reserved by the packet.
Keeping in mind on-chip area and energy considerations,
single-ported buffers and a single shared port into the crossbar
from each input were designed. Separable VC and switch
allocators as proposed in [3] were modeled. This was done
because these designs are fast and of low complexity, while
still providing reasonable throughput, making them suitable
for the high clock frequencies and tight area budgets of
on-chip networks. The individual allocators are round-robin
in nature.
VII. OVERVIEW OF A VIRTUAL-CHANNEL ROUTER
Fig.2 illustrates the major components of a BiNoC
virtual-channel router. The router has P input ports and
Output ports, supporting V virtual-channels (VCs) per port.
Virtual-channel flow control exploits an array of buffers at
each input port. By allocating different packets to each of
these buffers, flits from multiple packets may be sent in an
interleaved manner over a single physical channel. This
improves both throughput and latency by allowing blocked
packets to be bypassed. The basic steps undertaken by a
virtual-channel router are enumerated below:
a) Routing
The first flit of a new packet arrives at the router. The routing
field is examined and a set of valid output virtual-channels
upon which the packet can be routed is produced. The number
of output VCs produced by the routing logic will depend on
the routing function. Possibilities range from a single output
VC to a number of different VCs potentially at different
physical channels (i.e. adaptive routing). The selection of an
output VC can also be influenced by the class of the packet to
be routed. Packets from particular classes will often be
restricted to travelling on a subset of virtual-channels to avoid
message-dependent deadlock. A common practise is to
provide separate request and reply virtual-networks.
b) Virtual-Channel Allocation
An attempt is made to allocate an unused VC to the new
packet. A request is made for one of the virtual-channels
returned by the routing function. Allocation involves
arbitrating between all those packets requesting the same
output VC.
c) Switch Allocation
Each packet maintains state indicating the availability of
buffer space at their assigned output VC. When flits are
waiting to be sent, and buffer space is available, an input VC
will request access to the necessary output channel via the
router’s crossbar. On each cycle the switch allocation logic
matches these requests to output ports, generating the
required crossbar control signals.
d) Crossbar Traversal
Flits that have been granted passage on the crossbar are
passed to the appropriate output channel. The following
sections describe in more detail each of the router’s
components.
e) Input Buffer and Bypass
Each new incoming flit is stored in the VC buffer designated
by its VC identifier. This identifier is appended to every flit in
the previous router stage. If the VC buffer is empty and the flit
is able to access the crossbar immediately, a bypass path is
required to expedite its journey.
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f) Routing Logic
In order for virtual-channel and switch allocation to take place
the routing function must first be evaluated to determine
which virtual-channel(s) at which output port(s) the packet
may request. To ensure that this computation does not lie on
the router’s critical path, the computation may be performed
in the previous router in preparation for use in the next. The
idea that the route may be calculated one step by the SGI
routing chip [38] and is known as look-ahead routing.
g) Virtual-Channel Allocation
Peh and Dally detail the complexity of both virtual-channel
(VC) allocation and switch-allocation logic in [5]. The
following two sections provide a brief overview of these
schemes. The complexity of VC allocation is dependent on
the range of the routing function. In the simplest case, where
the routing function returns a single VC, the allocation
process simply consists of a single arbiter for each output VC.
As any of the input VCs may request any output VC, each
arbiter must support P x V inputs. If the router function
returns multiple output VCs restricted to a single physical
channel, an additional arbitration stage is required to reduce
the number of requests from each input VC to one. The
winning request at each virtual channel buffer then proceeds
to the second stage as described above. The complexity of
such a scheme is illustrated in Figure 3. The routing function
determines the output port and VCs that may be requested
prior to VC allocation. A VC which is free to be allocated is
then selected by the first stage of arbitration. The result of this
first stage of arbitration is a request for a single VC at a
particular output port. This request is subsequently sent to the
appropriate second stage arbiter. While this scheme does not
guarantee to allocate all free output VCs to potential waiting
input VCs in a single cycle, there is no performance penalty as
only one flit may be sent per cycle on an output channel. In the
most general case where the routing channel may return any of
P x V VCs, the number of inputs to the first stage of arbiters
must now be increased from V to P x V illustrated in fig 5 a).
In this case some performance degradation may be expected
as the scheme makes little effort to perform a good matching
of requests to free output VCs.
h) Switch Allocation
Individual flits arbitrate for access to physical channels via
the crossbar on each cycle. Arbitration may be performed in
two stages [5]. The first reflects the sharing of a single
crossbar port by V input virtual-channels, this requires a
V-input arbiter for each input port. The second stage must
arbitrate between winning requests from each input port (P
inputs) for each output channel. The scheme is illustrated in
Figure 5 b). The request for a particular output port is routed
from the VC which wins the first stage of arbitration. In order
to improve fairness, the state of the V-input the second stage
of arbitration.We assumes this organization wherever
multiple stages of arbitration are present. This switch
allocator organization may reduce the number of requests for
different output ports in the first stage of arbitration, resulting
in some wasted switch bandwidth.
Fig. 5 (a) VC allocator in a BiNoC router. (b) SA in a BiNoC
router.
i) Speculative Switch Arbitration
Virtual-channel flow control as discussed performs VC
allocation and switch allocation sequentially. This guarantees
that only packets that have successfully obtained an output
VC from the VC allocator can make requests for their desired
output channel. Peh and Dally [5] describe how this
dependency may be relaxed if we speculate that a waiting
packet will successfully be allocated an output VC. In this
way both VC and switch allocation can be performed in
parallel. To avoid a negative impact on performance the
switch allocator in the speculative design must priorities
non-speculative requests over speculative ones. This is
achieved by implementing two switch allocators, one
handling speculative requests (from packets that are also
requesting a VC be to allocated) and another for
non-speculative requests (from packets which have already
been allocated a VC). Only when no non-speculative requests
are granted for a particular output port are successful
speculative requests granted. In the case that a speculative
request is granted we must ensure that the VC has been
allocated and it is capable of receiving a new flit (has free
buffer space) before the flit is actually sent. Fortunately, such
checks may be performed in parallel with crossbar traversal.
j) Crossbar
In the architecture illustrated in Figure 2 each input port is
forced to share a single crossbar port even when multiple flits
could be sent from different virtual-channel buffers. This
restriction allows the crossbar size to be kept small and
independent of the number of virtual-channels. Dally [25] and
Chien [39] suggest that providing a single crossbar input for
each physical input port will have little impact on
performance as the data rate out of each input port is limited
by its input bandwidth.
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
a. Performance Evaluation
In this section, we present simulation-based performance
evaluation of our architecture, BiNoC router with VC
flow-control technique in terms of network latency, energy
consumption .We describe our experimental methodology,
and detail the procedure followed in the evaluation of these
architectures.
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b. Simulation Platform
A cycle-accurate NoC simulator was developed in order to
conduct a detailed evaluation of the router architectures. The
simulator operates at the granularity of individual
architectural components, accurately emulating the major
hardware components. The simulation test-bench models both
the routers and the interconnection links, conforming to the
implementation of various NoC architectures. The simulator
is fully parameterizable, allowing the user to specify
parameters such as network size, topology, switching
mechanism, routing algorithm, number of VCs per PC,
number of PCs, buffer depth, PE injection rate, injection
traffic-type, flit size, and number of flits per packet. The
simulator models each individual component within the router
architecture, allowing for detailed analysis of component
utilizations and flit flow through the network. The activity
factor of each component is used for analyzing power
consumption within the network. We assume that link
propagation happens within a single clock cycle. In addition
to the network-specific parameters, our simulator accepts
Hardware parameters such as power consumption (dynamic
and leakage) for each component and overall clock frequency.
These parameters are extracted from hardware synthesis tools
and back annotated into the simulator for power profile
analysis of the entire on-chip network.
c. Simulation setup
In this section the synthesis results will be presented, and a
cost analysis of area and power consumption will bemade
based on the synthesis results. The proposed BiNoC router
with VC flow-control technique 5 port router architecture
were implemented Is structural Register- Transfer Level
(RTL) VHDL. A Router with parametrable flit size and 4 flits
buffer depth and five ports have been modeled with VHD
language on RTL level. They were simulated and synthesized
respectively by using the ModelSim tool and ISE 13.1 tool.
d. Virtual Channel Functional Validation
The virtual channel was described in VHDL and validated by
functional simulation. Figure presents a functional simulation
for the most important signals and the simulation
steps are described below.
Fig .6 RTL simulation view of virtual channel
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Fig.7 virtual channel simulation
I. Comparison with Existing Architectures
Table I. Comparison with existing NoC router architecture [40]
e. Area
Measurement
NoC router architectures in terms of logic gate count and percentage calculated by synopsys design compiler [40].
II. Area breakdown of BiNoC_4VC
Table II shows Area breakdown of BiNoC_4VC [40]
Component buff.
Depth
BiNoC_4VC(16) 4 flits x 4
BiNoC_4VC Architectures Area (gate count) Area (gate count) (%)
Input buf. + buf. ctrl 18,722 46.84
Routing computation 669 1.67
VC allocation 12,295 30.76
Switch allocation 2,245 5.62
Switch traversal 4,402 11.01
Bidir. ch. ctrl 1,628 4.07
Total 39,960 100.00
IX.CONCLUSION
Network-on-Chip (NOC) has been proposed over the years as
an attractive alternative to traditional dedicated wire to
achieve high performance and modularity. Power and Area
efficiency is the most important concern in NOC design. We
have implemented an accurate hardware model for
reconfigurable virtual channel with VHDL and using it, have
measured the performance, Area and power of several routing
component. The effect of number of virtual channels on
power and performance of NoC has also been studied. We
also have synthesized this router on FPGA to estimate Area
and power of each router component.
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