This document summarizes research on parameters for vertical handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks. It discusses several key parameters that influence vertical handoff decisions, including available bandwidth, received signal strength, cost, latency, and quality of service. The document reviews several existing approaches for vertical handoff that consider parameters like bandwidth, RSS, access fee, packet delay, available bandwidth, and network load. Overall, the document analyzes parameters that are important for designing efficient vertical handoff mechanisms in next-generation heterogeneous wireless networks.
A vertical handover decision approaches in next generation wireless networks ...ijmnct
In next generation wireless network the most desirable feature is its ability to move seamlessly over various
access network regardless of the network infrastructure is used. The handover between these dissimilar
networks can be explored by using vertical handover algorithms. This paper focuses on the vertical
handover decision methods and algorithms effectiveness. Most of the algorithms which are based on RSS
values provide vertical handover with small delay at a lower rate of throughput. There are such algorithms
which provide significant improvements in throughput but at a cost of higher delays. As per the need for the
real time applications in next generation wireless networks there is a requirement of developing new
optimized algorithms that are able to produce high throughput and minimizing signalling cost and delay.
BIO-INSPIRED SEAMLESS VERTICAL HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSijwmn
One of the most important factors to implement VANET is by considering the variety of wireless networks available around the city as well as the vehicles traffic scenarios. However, by providing a diverse range of wireless access technologies, it is necessary to provide continuous network connectivity as well as selecting the most suitable network technology and performance. Many researchers have worked on building algorithms for selecting the best network to improve the handover process. However, with high-speed vehicles mobility, the vertical handover process became the most challenging task in order to achieve realtime network selection. This paper proposes a bio-inspired network selection algorithm influenced by insect's behaviour which combines Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is applied to process multi-criteria parameters to evaluate the best available network and then execute the handover process seamlessly. The results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed Multi-Criteria ABC-PSO method by reducing the handover decision delays by 25%. It gives the optimum performance in terms of network selections and reduces the handover latency by 14.5%. The proposed algorithm also reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by 48% for three different mobility scenarios based on traffic environments (highway, urban and traffic jam).
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
An Intelligent Approach for Handover Decision in Heterogeneous Wireless Envir...CSCJournals
Vertical handoff is the basic requirement of the convergence of different access technologies. It is also the key characteristic and technology of overlay wireless network with appropriate network interfaces. The integration of diverse but complementary cellular and wireless technologies in the next generation wireless networks requires the design of intelligent vertical handoff decision algorithms to enable mobile users equipped with contemporary multi-interfaced mobile terminals to seamlessly switch network access and experience uninterrupted service continuity anywhere and anytime. Most existing vertical handoff decision strategies are designed to meet individual needs that may not achieve a good system performance. In this paper an intelligent approach is used for vertical handover decision. The intelligence is based on the fuzzy logic approach. So here, fuzzy logic is used for network selection and decision making for vertical handover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
HANDOVER NECESSITY ESTIMATION FOR 4G HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKSijistjournal
One of the most challenges of 4G network is to have a unified network of heterogeneous wireless networks. To achieve seamless mobility in such a diverse environment, vertical hand off is still a challenging problem. In many situations handover failures and unnecessary handoffs are triggered causing degradation of services, reduction in throughput and increase the blocking probability and packet loss. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. we have proposed a multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm based on two parts: traveling time estimation and time threshold calculation. Our proposed methods are compared against two other methods: (a) the fixed RSS threshold based method, in which handovers between the cellular network and the WLAN are initiated when the RSS from the WLAN reaches a fixed threshold, and (b) the hysteresis based method, in which a hysteresis is introduced to prevent the ping-pong effect. Simulation results show that, this method reduced the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.
A vertical handover decision approaches in next generation wireless networks ...ijmnct
In next generation wireless network the most desirable feature is its ability to move seamlessly over various
access network regardless of the network infrastructure is used. The handover between these dissimilar
networks can be explored by using vertical handover algorithms. This paper focuses on the vertical
handover decision methods and algorithms effectiveness. Most of the algorithms which are based on RSS
values provide vertical handover with small delay at a lower rate of throughput. There are such algorithms
which provide significant improvements in throughput but at a cost of higher delays. As per the need for the
real time applications in next generation wireless networks there is a requirement of developing new
optimized algorithms that are able to produce high throughput and minimizing signalling cost and delay.
BIO-INSPIRED SEAMLESS VERTICAL HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSijwmn
One of the most important factors to implement VANET is by considering the variety of wireless networks available around the city as well as the vehicles traffic scenarios. However, by providing a diverse range of wireless access technologies, it is necessary to provide continuous network connectivity as well as selecting the most suitable network technology and performance. Many researchers have worked on building algorithms for selecting the best network to improve the handover process. However, with high-speed vehicles mobility, the vertical handover process became the most challenging task in order to achieve realtime network selection. This paper proposes a bio-inspired network selection algorithm influenced by insect's behaviour which combines Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is applied to process multi-criteria parameters to evaluate the best available network and then execute the handover process seamlessly. The results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed Multi-Criteria ABC-PSO method by reducing the handover decision delays by 25%. It gives the optimum performance in terms of network selections and reduces the handover latency by 14.5%. The proposed algorithm also reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by 48% for three different mobility scenarios based on traffic environments (highway, urban and traffic jam).
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
An Intelligent Approach for Handover Decision in Heterogeneous Wireless Envir...CSCJournals
Vertical handoff is the basic requirement of the convergence of different access technologies. It is also the key characteristic and technology of overlay wireless network with appropriate network interfaces. The integration of diverse but complementary cellular and wireless technologies in the next generation wireless networks requires the design of intelligent vertical handoff decision algorithms to enable mobile users equipped with contemporary multi-interfaced mobile terminals to seamlessly switch network access and experience uninterrupted service continuity anywhere and anytime. Most existing vertical handoff decision strategies are designed to meet individual needs that may not achieve a good system performance. In this paper an intelligent approach is used for vertical handover decision. The intelligence is based on the fuzzy logic approach. So here, fuzzy logic is used for network selection and decision making for vertical handover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
HANDOVER NECESSITY ESTIMATION FOR 4G HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKSijistjournal
One of the most challenges of 4G network is to have a unified network of heterogeneous wireless networks. To achieve seamless mobility in such a diverse environment, vertical hand off is still a challenging problem. In many situations handover failures and unnecessary handoffs are triggered causing degradation of services, reduction in throughput and increase the blocking probability and packet loss. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. we have proposed a multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm based on two parts: traveling time estimation and time threshold calculation. Our proposed methods are compared against two other methods: (a) the fixed RSS threshold based method, in which handovers between the cellular network and the WLAN are initiated when the RSS from the WLAN reaches a fixed threshold, and (b) the hysteresis based method, in which a hysteresis is introduced to prevent the ping-pong effect. Simulation results show that, this method reduced the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.
Intelligent Approach for Seamless Mobility in Multi Network EnvironmentIDES Editor
Seamless interoperability between two dissimilar
networks requires handoff from one network to the other.
Such handoffs are known as vertical handoffs. Vertical handoff
introduces a shift in the approach to handoffs. It deals with
handoffs between dissimilar networks, such as from an access
point to a base station or vice versa. The integration of diverse
but complementary cellular and wireless technologies in the
next generation of wireless communication systems requires
the design of intelligent vertical handoff decision algorithms
to enable mobile users to seamlessly switch network access
and experience uninterrupted service continuity anywhere
and anytime. This paper provides a vertical handoff decision
algorithm that enables wireless access network selection at a
mobile terminal. Example shows that our proposed vertical
handover algorithm is able to determine the best access
network.
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A wireless network consists of a set of wireless nodes forming the network. The bandwidth allocation scheme used in wireless networks should automatically adapt to the network’s environments, where issues such as mobility are highly variable. This paper proposes a method to distribute the bandwidth for wireless network nodes depending on dynamic methodology;this methodology uses intelligent clustering techniques that depend on the student’s distribution at the university campus, rather than the classical allocation methods. We propose a clustering-based approach to solve the dynamic bandwidth allocation problem in wireless networks, enabling wireless nodes to adapt their bandwidth allocation according to the changing number of expected users over time. The proposed solution allows the optimal online bandwidth allocation based on the data extracted from the lectures timetable, and fed to the wireless network control nodes, allowing them to adapt to their environment. The environment data is processed and clustered using the KMeans clustering algorithm to identify potential peak times for every wireless node. The proposed solution feasibility is tested by applying the approach to a case study, at the Arab American University campus wireless network.
Markovian Queueing Model for Throughput Maximization in D2D-Enabled Cellular ...IJECEIAES
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has been considered a key enabling technol- ogy that can facilitate spectrum sharing in 4G and 5G cellular networks. In order to meet the high data rate demands of these new generation cellular networks, this paper considers the optimization of available spectrum resource through dynamic spectrum access. The utilization of continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model for efficient spectrum access in D2D-enabled cellular networks is investigated for the purpose of determining the impact of this model on the capacity improvement of cellular networks. The paper considers the use of CTMC model with both queueing and non-queueing cases called 13-Q CTMC and 6-NQ CTMC respectively with the aim of improving the overall capacity of the cellular network under a fairness constraint among all users. The proposed strategy consequently ensures that spectrum access for cellular and D2D users is optimally coordinated by designing optimal spectrum access probabilities. Numerical simulations are performed to observe the impact of the proposed Markovian queueing model on spectrum access and consequently on the capacity of D2D-enabled cellular networks. Results showed that the proposed 13-Q CTMC provide a more spectrumefficient sharing scheme, thereby enabling better network performances and larger capabilities to accommodate more users.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN SOFTNET TOWARDS 5Gijwmn
Machine to Machine communication or M2M, refers to a model of communication where devices communicate directly with each other using the available wired or wireless channels. M2M is a new concept proposed under 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project); several research are working on providing solutions for M2M communication for the 5G networks. Challenges associated with M2M communication are the lack of standards, security, poor infrastructure, interoperability and diverse architecture. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called TM2M5G (The Machine to Machine for 5G) based on SOFTNET platform which results in support of 5G heterogeneous network. In this paper, we
propose the architecture for M2M communication based on SOFTNET and provide new features support like security algorithms for data transmission among devices and scheduling algorithm for seamless transmission of data packets over the network. Finallysimulation results ofthis algorithm based on a system level simulator, considering two different approaches for analyzing the parameters such as delay, throughput and bandwidth are presented.
Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for softwaredefined networks IJECEIAES
Servers in data center networks handle heterogeneous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm TAASLB-traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing to balance the flows to the servers in a data center network. It works based on two parameters, residual bandwidth, and server capacity. It detects the elephant flows and forwards them towards the optimal server where it can be processed quickly. It has been tested with the Mininet simulator and gave considerably better results compared to the existing server load balancing algorithms in the floodlight controller. After experimentation and analysis, it is understood that the method provides comparatively better results than the existing load balancing algorithms.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhancing qo s and qoe in ims enabled next generation networksgraphhoc
Managing network complexity, accommodating greater numbers of subscribers, improving coverage to support data services (e.g. email, video, and music downloads), keeping up to speed with fast-changing technology, and driving maximum value from existing networks – all while reducing CapEX and OpEX and ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) for the network and Quality of Experience (QoE) for the user. These are just some of the pressing business issues faced by mobileservice providers, summarized by the demand to “achieve more, for less.” The ultimate goal of optimization techniques at the network and application layer is to ensure End-user perceived QoS. The next generation networks (NGN), a composite environment of proven telecommunications and Internet-oriented mechanisms have become generally recognized as the telecommunications environment of the future. However, the nature of the NGN environment presents several complex issues regarding quality assurance that have not existed in the legacy environments (e.g., multi-network, multi-vendor, and multi-operator IP-based telecommunications environment, distributed intelligence, third-party provisioning, fixed-wireless and mobile access, etc.). In this Research Paper, a service aware policy-based approach to NGN quality assurance is presented, taking into account both perceptual quality of experience and technologydependant quality of service issues. The respective procedures, entities, mechanisms, and profiles are discussed. The purpose of the presented approach is in research, development, and discussion of pursuing the end-to-end controllability of the quality of the multimedia NGN-based communications in an environment that is best effort in its nature and promotes end user’s access agnosticism, service agility, and global mobility
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
A Comparative Analysis of Vertical Handover Decision Process Algorithms for N...Editor IJMTER
Increasing consumer demand for access to services anywhere and anytime is driving a
hastened technological progression towards the integration of a variety of wireless access
technologies. Therefore one of the chief interest points of Next Generation Wireless Networks
(NGWNs), refers to the capability to support wireless network access equipments to guarantee a high
rate of services between dissimilar wireless networks. To answer these problems it is essential to
have decision algorithms to decide for every user of mobile terminal, which is the most excellent
network at some point, for a service or a precise application that the user needs. Therefore to make
these things, many algorithms use the vertical handoff technique. A series of algorithms based on
vertical handoff technique with a categorization of the different existing vertical handoff decision
strategies, which tries to resolve these issues of wireless network selection at a specified time for a
specific application of an user has been discussed in this paper. Also few parameters that are to be
considered during vertical handover have been discussed briefly.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
Intelligent Approach for Seamless Mobility in Multi Network EnvironmentIDES Editor
Seamless interoperability between two dissimilar
networks requires handoff from one network to the other.
Such handoffs are known as vertical handoffs. Vertical handoff
introduces a shift in the approach to handoffs. It deals with
handoffs between dissimilar networks, such as from an access
point to a base station or vice versa. The integration of diverse
but complementary cellular and wireless technologies in the
next generation of wireless communication systems requires
the design of intelligent vertical handoff decision algorithms
to enable mobile users to seamlessly switch network access
and experience uninterrupted service continuity anywhere
and anytime. This paper provides a vertical handoff decision
algorithm that enables wireless access network selection at a
mobile terminal. Example shows that our proposed vertical
handover algorithm is able to determine the best access
network.
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A wireless network consists of a set of wireless nodes forming the network. The bandwidth allocation scheme used in wireless networks should automatically adapt to the network’s environments, where issues such as mobility are highly variable. This paper proposes a method to distribute the bandwidth for wireless network nodes depending on dynamic methodology;this methodology uses intelligent clustering techniques that depend on the student’s distribution at the university campus, rather than the classical allocation methods. We propose a clustering-based approach to solve the dynamic bandwidth allocation problem in wireless networks, enabling wireless nodes to adapt their bandwidth allocation according to the changing number of expected users over time. The proposed solution allows the optimal online bandwidth allocation based on the data extracted from the lectures timetable, and fed to the wireless network control nodes, allowing them to adapt to their environment. The environment data is processed and clustered using the KMeans clustering algorithm to identify potential peak times for every wireless node. The proposed solution feasibility is tested by applying the approach to a case study, at the Arab American University campus wireless network.
Markovian Queueing Model for Throughput Maximization in D2D-Enabled Cellular ...IJECEIAES
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has been considered a key enabling technol- ogy that can facilitate spectrum sharing in 4G and 5G cellular networks. In order to meet the high data rate demands of these new generation cellular networks, this paper considers the optimization of available spectrum resource through dynamic spectrum access. The utilization of continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model for efficient spectrum access in D2D-enabled cellular networks is investigated for the purpose of determining the impact of this model on the capacity improvement of cellular networks. The paper considers the use of CTMC model with both queueing and non-queueing cases called 13-Q CTMC and 6-NQ CTMC respectively with the aim of improving the overall capacity of the cellular network under a fairness constraint among all users. The proposed strategy consequently ensures that spectrum access for cellular and D2D users is optimally coordinated by designing optimal spectrum access probabilities. Numerical simulations are performed to observe the impact of the proposed Markovian queueing model on spectrum access and consequently on the capacity of D2D-enabled cellular networks. Results showed that the proposed 13-Q CTMC provide a more spectrumefficient sharing scheme, thereby enabling better network performances and larger capabilities to accommodate more users.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN SOFTNET TOWARDS 5Gijwmn
Machine to Machine communication or M2M, refers to a model of communication where devices communicate directly with each other using the available wired or wireless channels. M2M is a new concept proposed under 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project); several research are working on providing solutions for M2M communication for the 5G networks. Challenges associated with M2M communication are the lack of standards, security, poor infrastructure, interoperability and diverse architecture. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called TM2M5G (The Machine to Machine for 5G) based on SOFTNET platform which results in support of 5G heterogeneous network. In this paper, we
propose the architecture for M2M communication based on SOFTNET and provide new features support like security algorithms for data transmission among devices and scheduling algorithm for seamless transmission of data packets over the network. Finallysimulation results ofthis algorithm based on a system level simulator, considering two different approaches for analyzing the parameters such as delay, throughput and bandwidth are presented.
Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for softwaredefined networks IJECEIAES
Servers in data center networks handle heterogeneous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm TAASLB-traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing to balance the flows to the servers in a data center network. It works based on two parameters, residual bandwidth, and server capacity. It detects the elephant flows and forwards them towards the optimal server where it can be processed quickly. It has been tested with the Mininet simulator and gave considerably better results compared to the existing server load balancing algorithms in the floodlight controller. After experimentation and analysis, it is understood that the method provides comparatively better results than the existing load balancing algorithms.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhancing qo s and qoe in ims enabled next generation networksgraphhoc
Managing network complexity, accommodating greater numbers of subscribers, improving coverage to support data services (e.g. email, video, and music downloads), keeping up to speed with fast-changing technology, and driving maximum value from existing networks – all while reducing CapEX and OpEX and ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) for the network and Quality of Experience (QoE) for the user. These are just some of the pressing business issues faced by mobileservice providers, summarized by the demand to “achieve more, for less.” The ultimate goal of optimization techniques at the network and application layer is to ensure End-user perceived QoS. The next generation networks (NGN), a composite environment of proven telecommunications and Internet-oriented mechanisms have become generally recognized as the telecommunications environment of the future. However, the nature of the NGN environment presents several complex issues regarding quality assurance that have not existed in the legacy environments (e.g., multi-network, multi-vendor, and multi-operator IP-based telecommunications environment, distributed intelligence, third-party provisioning, fixed-wireless and mobile access, etc.). In this Research Paper, a service aware policy-based approach to NGN quality assurance is presented, taking into account both perceptual quality of experience and technologydependant quality of service issues. The respective procedures, entities, mechanisms, and profiles are discussed. The purpose of the presented approach is in research, development, and discussion of pursuing the end-to-end controllability of the quality of the multimedia NGN-based communications in an environment that is best effort in its nature and promotes end user’s access agnosticism, service agility, and global mobility
QoS Oriented Coding For Mobility Constraint in Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
A Comparative Analysis of Vertical Handover Decision Process Algorithms for N...Editor IJMTER
Increasing consumer demand for access to services anywhere and anytime is driving a
hastened technological progression towards the integration of a variety of wireless access
technologies. Therefore one of the chief interest points of Next Generation Wireless Networks
(NGWNs), refers to the capability to support wireless network access equipments to guarantee a high
rate of services between dissimilar wireless networks. To answer these problems it is essential to
have decision algorithms to decide for every user of mobile terminal, which is the most excellent
network at some point, for a service or a precise application that the user needs. Therefore to make
these things, many algorithms use the vertical handoff technique. A series of algorithms based on
vertical handoff technique with a categorization of the different existing vertical handoff decision
strategies, which tries to resolve these issues of wireless network selection at a specified time for a
specific application of an user has been discussed in this paper. Also few parameters that are to be
considered during vertical handover have been discussed briefly.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
HANDOVER NECESSITY ESTIMATION FOR 4G HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKSijistjournal
One of the most challenges of 4G network is to have a unified network of heterogeneous wireless networks. To achieve seamless mobility in such a diverse environment, vertical hand off is still a challenging problem. In many situations handover failures and unnecessary handoffs are triggered causing degradation of services, reduction in throughput and increase the blocking probability and packet loss. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. we have proposed a multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm based on two parts: traveling time estimation and time threshold calculation. Our proposed methods are compared against two other methods: (a) the fixed RSS threshold based method, in which handovers between the cellular network and the WLAN are initiated when the RSS from the WLAN reaches a fixed threshold, and (b) the hysteresis based method, in which a hysteresis is introduced to prevent the ping-pong effect. Simulation results show that, this method reduced the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.
Handover is the process of switching among the
available services without any interruption. Vertical handover is
a technique of switching from one type of a network to another
type of network (e.g., from WiFi to WiMAX). Seamless handover
between different access technologies is a great challenge as it
needs to obey different performance of QoS and security
constraints. Service users are becoming more demanding
regarding roaming capabilities across different networking
technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, and CDMA as they claim
service continuity with QoS requirement and good security
features. Vertical Handover Decision (VHD) algorithms need to
be designed to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) to a
wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming
among a number of access network technologies. This paper is
about the implementation of the VHD algorithms designed to
satisfy these requirements. A combination of 3 parameters i.e.
Data Rate, SINR and RSS are evaluated to take decision of the
best network among available.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
Abstract: The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Multi hop routing, six sigma, QoS
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
Adaptive Bandwidth Management Model for Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
The quality of service (QoS) component in a mobile ad-hoc network has an active role in the current network scenario. In a dynamic mobile ad hoc network, ensuring optimum QoS with a scarce network resource is a significant challenge. To achieve QoS, it is essential to adopt some effective and efficient mechanisms. We have proposed an adaptive bandwidth manager model (ABMM) which uses a bandwidthsharing concept along with the flexible bandwidth reservation algorithm (FBRA) for an effective, quick and authentic data transfer. During real-time data transfer, to make communication effective, we make use of bandwidth-sharing network design problems and the concept of reserving bandwidth in high-performance networks. In our proposed model we are concentrating on the maximum utilization of resources, and using the scheduling concept to provide the minimum required bandwidth guarantee to QoS flows. Our goal is to reduce the delay in data transfer and enhance the throughput while properly utilizing the system resources. Our simulation result also shows that our model improves the network performance.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WIRELESS MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKIJCNCJournal
The quality of service (QoS) component in a mobile ad-hoc network has an active role in the current
network scenario. In a dynamic mobile ad hoc network, ensuring optimum QoS with a scarce network
resource is a significant challenge. To achieve QoS, it is essential to adopt some effective and efficient
mechanisms. We have proposed an adaptive bandwidth manager model (ABMM) which uses a bandwidthsharing concept along with the flexible bandwidth reservation algorithm (FBRA) for an effective, quick and
authentic data transfer. During real-time data transfer, to make communication effective, we make use of
bandwidth-sharing network design problems and the concept of reserving bandwidth in high-performance
networks. In our proposed model we are concentrating on the maximum utilization of resources, and using
the scheduling concept to provide the minimum required bandwidth guarantee to QoS flows. Our goal is to
reduce the delay in data transfer and enhance the throughput while properly utilizing the system resources.
Our simulation result also shows that our model improves the network performance.
Analysis of back propagation and radial basis function neural networks for ha...IJECEIAES
In mobile systems, handoff is a vital process, referring to a process of allocating an ongoing call from one BS to another BS. The handover technique is very important to maintain the Quality of service. Handover algorithms, based on neural networks, fuzzy logic etc. can be used for the same purpose to keep Quality of service as high as possible. In this paper, it is proposed that back propagation networks and radial basis functions may be used for taking handover decision in wireless communication networks. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on the basis of neurons in hidden layer, training time and classification accuracy. The proposed approach shows that radial basis function neural network give better results for making handover decisions in wireless heterogeneous networks with classification accuracy of 90%.
A Novel Handoff Necessity Estimation Approach Based on Travelling DistanceIJAAS Team
Mobility management is one of the most important challenges in Next
Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) as it enables users to move across
geographic boundaries of wireless networks. Nowadays, mobile
communications have heterogeneous wireless networks offering variable
coverage and Quality of Service (QoS). The availability of alternatives
generates a problem of occurrence of unnecessary handoff that results in
wastage of network resources. To avoid this, an efficient algorithm needs to
be developed to minimize the unnecessary handoffs. Conventionally,
whenever Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connectivity is available,
the mobile node switch from cellular network to wireless local area network
to gain maximum use of high bandwidth and low cost of wireless local area
network as much as possible. But to maintain call quality and minimum
number of call failure, a considerable proportion of these handovers should
be determined. Our algorithm makes the handoff to wireless local area
network only when the Predicted Received Signal Strength (PRSS) falls
below a threshold value and travelling distance inside the wireless local area
network is larger than a threshold distance.Through MATLAB simulation,
we show that our algorithm is able to improve handover performance.
Quality of experience aware network selection model for service provisioning...IJECEIAES
Heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) are capable of integrating the different radio access technologies that make it possible to connect mobile users based on the performance parameters. Further quality of service (QoS) is one of the major topics for HWNs, moreover existing radio access technology (RAT) methodology are designed to provide network QoS criteria. However, limited work has been carried out for the RAT selection mechanism considering user QoS preference and existing models are developed based on the multi-mode terminal under a given minimal density network. For overcoming research issues this paper present quality of experience (QoE) RAT (QOE-RAT) selection methodology, incorporating both network performance criteria and user preference considering multiple call and multi-mode HWNs environment. First, this paper presents fuzzy preference aware weight (FPAW) and multi-mode terminal preference aware TOPSIS (MMTPA-TOPSIS) for choosing the best RAT for gaining multiservices. Experiment outcomes show the QOE-RAT selection method achieves much superior packet transmission outcomes when compared with state-of-art Rat selection methodologies.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
MULTI-CRITERIA HANDOVER DECISION FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS: CARRIER AGGREGAT...IJCNCJournal
Carrier aggregation and integration of heterogeneous networks allow the mobile user equipment to benefit from wider bandwidth and radio coverage of different access technologies. However, these technologies have increased handoff scenario probability through user equipment’s mobility, leading to high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is an important aspect of mobility management which allows users to migrate from one cell to another without losing connections. But no lone access technology meets the requirements of providing seamless communication without loss and delay. Therefore, high-quality service continuity and reliable user equipment access to network anywhere and at any time require the
design of an appropriate handover decision algorithm. In this paper, a multi-criteria based handover decision-making algorithm is proposed to evade loss of communication and provide better performance to the system. It adaptively makes handover decisions based on different decision criteria (load, availability of resources, and the handover scenario type) in addition to signal interference to noise ratio. The multicriteria handover decision making algorithm-based method chooses among the cells that satisfy the requirements for the handover. As compared to some existing handover decision algorithms, simulation result shows that this algorithm improves system performance in terms of handover failure by 93%, 72%,
and 58%; radio link failure reduction by 77%, 43%, and 22%; and handover ping–pong by 81%, 59%, and 36% over the conventional received signal strength, received wireless transmission line, and multiinfluence factor hand over decisions respectively.
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 9, Issue 4 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 10-17
www.iosrjournals.org
A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in
Next Generation Wireless Networks
1
Mrs.Jayasheela C S, 2Dr. Gowrishankar
1
Dept. of ISE, BIT, Bangalore, India,
2
HOD, Dept. of CSE, BMSCE, Bangalore, India
Abstract: The science and technology is developing day by day leading to expand and forcing to reshape our
living standards. The main aspects leading to deployment of a wide array of wireless and mobile networks are
advances in miniaturization, low power circuit design and development in radio access technologies and
increase in user demand for high speed internet access. The varying wireless technologies are driving today’s
wireless networks to become heterogeneous, ie., the network comprised of two or more different access network
technologies. Heterogeneous networks have created many challenges such as mobility management, handoff,
resource management, location management, providing QoS, security and pricing. Switching between
heterogeneous networks requires seamless vertical handoff. The selection of parameters plays an important role
in the decision of vertical handoff. The parameters like bandwidth, signal strength, velocity, power consumption,
throughput, cost, user preferences and network load are considered during vertical handoff. In this paper, the
vertical handoff parameters of the existing work are critically ascertained and presented in a tabular format for
identifying the important parameters. A dynamic, adaptive and efficient approach is required to implement the
vertical handoff mechanism in next generation heterogeneous wireless networks to produce an effective service
for the user by considering dynamic and non dynamic parameters.
Keywords: Heterogeneous networks, parameters, handoff
I. Introduction
Handoff management is one of the components of mobility management which controls the change of
mobile terminal’s point of attachment during active communication. Handoff is the process of changing the
channel connection when the call is in progress. Handoff can be divided into two different types – horizontal
and vertical. The switching between points of attachment or base stations that belong to the same network is
called Horizontal handoff and this is required in homogeneous networks.
1.1 Vertical handoff
The switching between points of attachment or base stations that belong to the different network
technologies is called Vertical handoff and this is required in heterogeneous networks. The process of Vertical
handoff [23] can be divided into three steps, namely system discovery, handoff decision and handoff execution.
During the system discovery, mobile terminal equipped with multiple interfaces have to determine which
networks can be used and what services are available in each network. During the handoff decision phase, the
mobile device determines which network it should connect to. During the handoff execution phase, connections
are needed to be re-routed from the existing network to the new network in a seamless manner. This requirement
refers to the Always Best Connected (ABC) concept, which includes the authentication, authorization as well as
the transfer of user’s context information. In heterogeneous networks, the need for vertical handoff can be
initiated for convenience rather than connectivity reasons.
II. Parameters For Vertical Handoff
The decision for vertical handoff may depend on various parameters like Bandwidth, Received Signal
Strength (RSS), Signal to inference ratio (SIR), cost, latency, security, velocity, battery power, user preferences,
service capacities and Quality of service (QoS). From the literature surveyed, different research scholars have
given different views and techniques to achieve vertical handoff. In order to design a Vertical Handoff (VHO)
mechanism for next generation wireless networks, it is essential to study the existing VHO mechanisms. The
study of existing mechanisms will assist in the identification of important parameters for VHO mechanism. As
of now, a few approaches for VHO have been found in the literature.
2.1 Available Bandwidth
Bandwidth is a measure of the width of a range of frequencies. It refers to the data rate supported by a
network connection or interface. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given
amount of time. In order to provide seamless handoff for Qos in wireless environment, there is a need to manage
bandwidth requirement of mobile node during movement. Bandwidth is generally known as the link capacity in
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2. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
a network. Higher offered bandwidth ensures lower call dropping and call blocking probabilities; hence higher
throughput. Bandwidth handling should be an integral part of any of the handoff technique.
A Novel Decision Scheme for Vertical Handoff in 4G Networks is introduced [1] and two Handoff
decision schemes for Heterogeneous networks are presented. In the first scheme they introduce a score function
to find the best network at best time from a set of neighboring networks. Score function uses Bandwidth, RSS
and Access fee as its parameters. Second scheme makes use of classic triangle problem to find the best network
from a set of neighboring networks. This problem considers three parameters Bandwidth, RSS and Access fee as
the three sides of a triangle. If an equilateral triangle is obtained with these parameters of a network then that
network will be the best among the set of networks. The best decision model meets the individual user needs but
also improve the whole system performance by reducing the unnecessary handoffs. Since the second algorithm
performs handoff only if the constraints are above the threshold value. The call dropping probability is reduced
and holding time is increased.
A novel framework to evaluate the VHO algorithm design impact on system resource utilization and
user perceived QoS is presented [2]. This framework can be used to compare the performance of different
vertical handoff algorithms. The results provide a quantitative means to evaluate the critical impact of the
handoff algorithm design on satisfying the active real-time application requirements while improving the overall
resource utilization.
A call flow for vertical handover procedure and a soft QoS scheme was proposed using Dynamic
Programming (DP) approach for an efficient radio resource management in an environment where several
different radio access networks (e.g.,WLAN and WCDMA) coexists [3]. The soft QoS scheme is compared with
hard QoS scheme for optimizing resource allocation using a Greedy and DP approach during upward vertical
handover. The proposed soft QoS scheme is more efficient in network utilization than existing hard QoS
scheme.
A seamless and proactive vertical handoff scheme was designed [4] based on the architecture that aims
to provide always the best QoS for users. Evaluation algorithms are derived to estimate the conditions of both
WiMAX and WLAN networks in terms of available bandwidth and packet delay. The results obtained prove the
feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
An access network selection algorithm was presented by extending the traditional Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) Multiple Criteria Decision making technique that suits the QoS requirements of applications [5].
The algorithm considers the criteria that include available bandwidth, end-to-end Delay, Jitter, Packet Loss,
Cost and security of the network and Wi -Fi, Wi -Max and CDMA networks as the alternatives.
The algorithm is simulated using Java and the pair-wise comparison matrices are stored in two dimensional
arrays. Applications that require three types of traffic classes namely voice traffic, video traffic and multimedia
traffic were considered. The matrices are checked for consistency and proven to be consistent. Composite
weights of the available networks are evaluated and the network that is having the highest composite weight is
selected as the target network. Since the algorithm is based on AHP, it gives both qualitative and quantitative
evaluation of the alternatives which means that it determines the optimal target network and also evaluates how
best the target network is suitable for a specific traffic class.
An intelligent approach for vertical handover decision was introduced [6]. A model is proposed which
gathers events from link layer, network layer and transport layer and takes decision based on fuzzy rules. The
model chooses different variables, i.e. Available Bandwidth, Signal Strength & Network load. System
Simulation is done using Sugeno Fuzzy Inference system and Fuzzy inference collects input values of selected
parameters from event collector as crisp inputs and then evaluates them according to rules. The composed and
aggregated output of rules evaluation is defuzzified and crisp output is obtained. The output of the fuzzy system
is handover decision and an intelligent decision will be taken based on output values.
An UMTS-WLAN integrated architecture was proposed [7] with dynamically updating database at
UMTS network which keep track of network condition such available bandwidth and designed algorithm for
handoff decision when Mobile Node (MN) need to switch to other network due to poor network service.
Whenever MN needs to switch to other network it takes the network condition information from database and
make decision of handoff. The proposed scheme is simulated and compared with existing RSS based handoff
scheme and the proposed scheme gave better performance in terms of Packet Delay Ratio(PDR), total number of
handoff, total time taken for handoff, total packet loss and channel utilization.
An architecture involving an external host based light-weight server Access Link Utilization Monitor
(ALUM) was proposed that disseminates the available end-to-end bandwidth to the mobile node to assist it in
making a decision to maintain end to-end service quality [8]. The information it provides can be used by any
VHO algorithm. A Fuzzy Logic Based Quantitative Decision Algorithm (FQDA) is presented and implemented
which takes available bandwidth provided by ALUM as a decision parameter. A uniform metric conversion
method is proposed to compare dissimilar (but related) parameters in the decision making.
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3. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
2.2 Speed
It is the speed at which the Mobile Terminal (MT) is moving. In vertical handoff algorithms, the speed
factor has a large and important decisions binding effect than traditional handoff decision algorithms horizontal
handoff. When the users travel at high speed within a network coverage area is discouraged the idea to initiate
vertical handoff process because after a short period of time the user will have to go back to the initial network
because it will get out from under cover network host.
A Fuzzy Logic-based Adaptive Handoff (FLAH) management protocol was developed [9] it was then
integrated with an existing cross layer handoff protocol. The fuzzy logic based system initiates handoff using
fuzzy logic; it uses mobile’s speed & distance as input and received signal strength as output. The algorithm
used is adaptive to velocity interference and distances, resulting in fewer dropped calls, better communication
quality, potentially lower MT transmit power requirements, give good performance at different MT speeds, and
decreases handoff failure probability. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the FLAH protocol
significantly enhances the performance of both intra and inter-system handoffs. It can estimate the right time to
initiate handoff more precisely. It also significantly reduces the cost associated with the false handoff initiation
because it achieves lower false handoff initiation probability than existing handoff protocols.
A dynamic decision model (DDMVH) to make the right vertical handoff decisions by determining the
“best“ network at “best” time among available networks based on, dynamic factors such as RSS of network and
velocity of mobile station simultaneously with static factors like Usage expense, Link capacity (offered
bandwidth) and power consumption is designed [10].
A handoff scheme (RBAHMS) which takes handoff decision adaptively based on the type of network it
presently resides and it also relies on the speed of the mobile terminal to make a decision of the handoff
initiation with RSS threshold value [11]. To enhance the handoff performance of mobile IP in wireless IP
networks, the false handoff probability in the NGWS handoff management protocol was reduced [12]. Based on
the information of false handoff probability, the effect on mobile speed and handoff signaling delay is analyzed.
The ability of Information Technology in 4G in Wireless Networks is demonstrated by proposing a
vertical handoff scheme and discusses its operation like handoff decision making, network selection and handoff
execution [13]. RSS and MN speed are the primary handoff metric. The MN speed is obtained by the GPS
system and RSS information is gathered from RSS measurement function. The vertical handoff system
influences the packet drop rate in tight and loose integration approach under different load conditions.
A Movement-Aware vertical (MAV) handover algorithm (MAVHWWi) between WLAN and Mobile
WiMAX for seamless ubiquitous access is addressed [14]. If a Mobile Station (MS)’s velocity is high and its
movement pattern is irregular, unnecessary handovers likely occur more frequently. Therefore, the MS velocity
and moving pattern are important factors for the handover decision procedure. To avoid unnecessary handovers,
the MAV handover algorithm adjusts the dwell time adaptively and predicts the residual time in the cell of
target Base Station (BS).
A novel handover algorithm (DSVHAVC) in heterogeneous radio network for intelligent transportation
system [15], a method decides the priority of radio access network that is most suitable for user’s application at
a particular vehicular speed in the constraint resource environment. This algorithm is specific to vehicular
communication system and hence variation in network selection with vehicle speed is presented. The results
show that the presented model not only realistically optimizes the best available network on the move but also
avoids unnecessary handovers.
2.3 Received Signal Strength (RSS)
RSS is the most widely used criterion because it is easy to measure and is directly related to the service
quality. Majority of existing horizontal handover algorithms use RSS as the main decision criterion, and RSS is
an important criterion for VHD algorithms as well, but it is not enough for a complete decision. It is the strength
of the signal received, as the RSS of the neighboring network rises above the threshold the Vertical Handoff is
feasible i.e. the handoff takes place if and only if RSS of the BS or Access Point (AP) is above the threshold.
A Novel Decision Scheme for Vertical Handoff in 4G Networks, which introduce a Score function
which makes use of Bandwidth, RSS and Access fee as its parameters to find out best network at best time from
a set of neighboring networks[1]. The scheme also makes use of classic triangle problem to find the best
network from a set of neighboring networks considering the above three parameters as the three sides of a
triangle. If an equilateral triangle is obtained with these parameters of a network then that network will be the
best among the set of networks.
A dynamic decision model is to make the right vertical handoff decisions by determining the
“best “network at “best” time among available networks [10]. The decision to decide best network is based
on static factors such as the bandwidth of each network (capacity), usage charges of each network, power
consumption of each network interface and battery level of mobile device and dynamic factors are considered in
handoff decisions for effective network usage. Dynamic factor like RSS can help in improving whole system
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4. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
performance; current user conditions, such as a mobile host’s moving speed can eliminate certain networks that
do not support mobility.
A realistic performance analysis framework upon addressing relevant factors that affect the
performance of a voice application within a heterogeneous network environment is presented [16]. An algorithm
is also introduced that takes into account the real-time packet error pattern along with RSS.
A dynamic decision model (QAVHMN) to make the accurate vertical handoff decisions by
determining the best network based on, dynamic factors such as RSS of network and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR), Link capacity(offered bandwidth) and power consumption[17]. This model not only meets the individual
user needs but also improves the whole system performance by reducing the unnecessary handoffs.
In [11], the different RSS threshold values for handoff is found depending on factors like the velocity
of the MT, the latency of the handoff process the type of network the MT is presently in and the type of network
with which the MT is trying to initiate handoff and the size of the CN/WLAN/HIPERLAN cell the MT is
presently residing. It ensures least amount of handoff failure probability, thus providing sufficient QoS for delay
sensitive and real time services
A location aided Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) architecture for vertical handoff in 4G networks
is designed [18]. For predicting the mobility of the nodes, a route prediction technique is presented. After
predicting the mobility, AP selection is done by the route prediction server considering load and round trip time
as decision parameters. In this technique, at frequent time intervals, mobile node transmits received signal
strength indicator (RSSI) of adjacent access points (AP) to a Route Prediction Server (RPS). Based on RSSI
threshold, RPS identifies the location of mobile nodes.
The Sugeno Fuzzy Inference system is used to find the decision for vertical handover [6]. The
inference use the crisp input values for network parameters such as available bandwidth, network load and
signal strength. The value of these network parameters are generated by event generator and are feed fuzzy
inference system. The output of the fuzzy system is handover decision.
A handoff decision process based on RSS, MN speed and Network traffic that offers seamless vertical
handoff to end users across 4G wireless networks [13]. Modifying the Client side Mobile IP is illustrated and
with this modification the handoff system is simple, scalable and cost effective. The handoff system influences
the packet drop rate in tight and loose integration approach under different load conditions.
An algorithm for handoff decision when MN need to switch to other network due to poor network
service [7], a handoff decision is done based on both RSS and available bandwidth detail which is collected in
database. The new scheme is compared with existing RSS based handoff scheme and it gives better performance
in terms of PDR, total number of handoff, total time taken for handoff, total packet loss and channel utilization.
A novel vertical handoff decision algorithm for overlay wireless networks (NFLVHADPM) consisting
of cellular and wireless local area networks (WLANs) is designed [20]. The target network is selected using a
fuzzy logic-based normalized quantitative decision algorithm which, in addition to usual parameters such as the
current RSS and the available bandwidth, also takes a prediction of the RSS into account, resulting in a more
accurate handoff.
A vertical handover algorithm for vehicular communication [15], uses (RSS), initial delay for
connection establishment, network traffic load and bandwidth offered, service context like usage cost, user
contexts like type of application and terminal context like speed of the vehicle as different attributes of this
algorithm. RSS is considered as the triggering factor, i.e, a network will be considered as an alternative only if
its RSS is above threshold.
2.4 Power Consumption
The wireless devices running on battery need to limit the power consumption. If the battery level
decreases, switching for a network to another network with low power consumption can provide a longer usage
time. The power requirement becomes a critical issue especially if the hand held battery is low. In such
situations, it is preferably transferred to an attachment point, and this will extend battery life. The attachment to
the closest AP or BS is known to consume the least power for individual mobile devices at a given instant. So if
battery level is low the MT must handoff to the closest AP or BS provided RSS is above threshold. The number
of users also increases the congestion and in turn even the nearest AP or BS consumes more power.
A dynamic decision model to make the right vertical handoff decisions is developed and this not only
meets the individual needs but also improves the whole system performance by reducing the unnecessary
handoff [17]. A service history-based VHO algorithm is introduced to reduce unnecessary handoffs and call
dropping probability in addition to QoS parameter considerations. Simulation results show that the proposed
VHO algorithm outperforms existing algorithms.
A VHO decision algorithm is developed that enables a wireless access network to not only balance the
overall load among all attachment points (e.g., base stations and access points) but also maximize the collective
battery lifetime of Mobile Nodes [21]. In addition, when ad hoc mode is applied to 3/4G wireless data networks,
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5. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
VANETs, and IEEE 802.11 WLANs for a more seamless integration of heterogeneous wireless networks, a
route-selection algorithm is devised for forwarding data packets to the most appropriate attachment point to
maximize collective battery lifetime and maintain load balancing.
SeaMo, a vertical handoff (VHIHWN) that considers various parameters like RSSI, link quality metric,
end-to-end available bandwidth, battery power, network usage costs etc., in making the VHO decision is
presented [19]. It has been tested in a realistic scenario with a 3G access network and multiple WLAN
segments. It has performed satisfactorily and handed off between 3G and WLAN. The operational usage of 3G
uses higher power than that for WLAN, the idle battery usage of WLAN is higher than that of 3G. Including
available battery power as a VHO decision parameter enables a faster handoff to WLAN, from 3G and delays
the handoff from 3G to WLAN.
A simple two step robust vertical handoff decision algorithm ( SRVHAHWMN) is presented [22]. The
first step describes the quick evaluation method for the pre-handoff decision. The second step presents the
handoff decision function for handoff execution. For resource-poor mobile nodes, vertical handoff decision
procedure only considers the first step. On the other hand, for resource-rich mobile nodes, vertical handoff
procedure would consider both steps. This approach can reduce energy consumption on mobile nodes,
especially on low energy mobile nodes.
2.5 Throughput
Network throughput refers to the average data rate of successful data or message delivery over a
specific communications link. Network throughput is measured in bits per second (bps). Maximum network
throughput equals the TCP window size divided by the round-trip time of communications data packets. As
network throughput is considered in dynamic metrics for making decision of VHO, it is one the important
requirement to be considered for the VHO.
A multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm ( MNHGAHWN) is presented which will select the
best available network with optimized parameter values [23]. In their model, they have taken into consideration
the following network parameters for vertical handoff decision function (i)bandwidth(B) (ii)latency(L) (iii)SNR
(iv)throughput(TH) (v)cost(C) (vi)power consumption(P) and the network with minimum latency, cost, SNR
and power consumption and maximum throughput will be selected, so that an appropriate QoS level can be
maintained and the number of handoff can be minimized for all the networks .
In [24], a decision function (EDHMHN) is presented in which the system considers all the available
network and user parameters (e.g., host velocity, battery status, Wi-Fi AP’s current load, and WiMAX BS QoS
guarantees), and performs technology selection such that an overall system performance metric is optimized. It
defines a new system-wise entity that is activated when a user is in an area with overlapping access technologies
and needs to decide the best technology to be used, where the entity performs technology selection in order to
optimize the overall system performance metric in terms of throughput and capacity limitation.
2.6 Network Load
Network load is to be considered during effective handoff. It is important to balance the network load
to avoid deterioration in quality of services. Variations in the traffic loads among cells will reduce the traffic-
carrying capacity. To provide a high quality communication service for mobile subscribers and to enhance a
high traffic-carrying capacity when there are variations in traffic, network load must be paid attention.
A model is developed that analyzes the case in which a vehicle is kept at different positions of a
highway, and the network ranking optimizes the “best” network in multiple constraint environments [15]. This
evaluation technique requires knowledge of vehicular speed, RSS, type of application (bandwidth requirements),
network traffic load, usage cost of service and initial delay for connection establishment.
The proposed methodology avoids unnecessary handovers and hence encounters “ping-pong effect”.
SeaMo[19], a vertical handoff that considers various parameters like RSSI, link quality metric, end-to-
end available bandwidth, battery power, network usage costs in making the VHO decision. It has been tested in
a realistic scenario with a 3G access network and multiple WLAN.
A novel vertical handoff decision algorithm for overlay wireless networks consisting of cellular and
WLANs is given [20]. It has performed satisfactorily and handed off between 3G and WLAN. To reduce system
load, a pre-decision method is employed before actual handoff decision to filter out users with high mobility or
low RSS from using the WLAN. Simulation results show that the given algorithm can reduce the call-dropping
probability as well as unnecessary handoffs in heterogeneous network environments.
In [11], a scheme in which the handoff decision will depend on the type of network the MT is presently
in and also the type of network it is attempting handoff to ensure least amount of handoff failure probability,
thus providing sufficient QoS for delay sensitive and real time services is presented. Effective handoff schemes
also ensure minimal false handoff initiation probability, which leads to congestion and hence dropping of calls.
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6. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
2.7 User Preferences
When handover happens, the users have more options for heterogeneous networks according to their
preferences and network performance parameters. The user preferences could be preferred networks, user
application requirements (real time, non-real time), service types (Voice, data, video), QoS (It is a set of
technologies for managing network traffic in a cost effective manner to enhance user experiences for wireless
environments) etc. User Preferences can also be considered for VHO in next generation wireless networks.
A novel handover algorithm is presented which uses AHP to solve decision problem in multiple
constraint environment and considers user preference in the algorithm [15]. The method decides the priority of
radio access network that is most suitable for user’s application at a particular vehicular speed in the constraint
resource environment. Sensitivity analysis is done to justify the design of the algorithm. It is well suited for
network selection in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
A vertical handoff scheme is presented in [19] which makes use of fuzzy logic approach to make
decisions. The decision attributes are the processed parameters obtained from Pre Handoff (PHE) module. They
are cost, user preference for the access network and battery power consumed by the access technology.
2.8 Cost
A multi criteria algorithm for handoff should also consider the network cost factor. The cost is to be
minimized during VHO in wireless networks. The new call arrival rates and handoff call arrival rates can be
analyzed using cost function. Next Generation heterogeneous networks can combine their respective advantages
on coverage and data rates, offering a high QoS to mobile users. In such environment, multi-interface terminals
should seamlessly switch from one network to another in order to obtain improved performance or at least to
maintain a continuous wireless connection. Therefore, network selection cost is important in handoff decisions.
A novel handover algorithm presented uses AHP and in the first level of AHP, “best network” selection
is made for seamless vehicular communication [15]. In order to reach this goal four criteria have been defined:
usage cost, speed of the vehicle (mobility), type of application (bandwidth), network traffic load and initial
delay to setup the communication link. If QoS is equivalent for two networks then user will always opt for a
network which offers low cost of service.
The vertical handoff scheme designed considers various parameters like RSSI, link quality metric, end-
to-end available bandwidth, battery power, network usage costs in making the VHO decision [19]. In Handoff
Decision Making & Trigger (HDT) module, a fuzzy logic approach is used to make a decision. The decision
attributes are the processed parameters obtained from PHE module. They are cost, user preference for the access
network and battery power consumed by the access technology.
A multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm presented which will select the best available
network with minimum latency, cost, SNR and power consumption and maximum throughput, so that an
appropriate QoS level can be maintained and the number of handoff can be minimized for all the networks [23].
Re-searchers Title of Handoff Mechanism
A Dynamic Decision Model for Vertical Handoffs across
Pramod Goyal, and S. K. Saxena
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (DDMVH)
Sourav Dhar, Amitava Ray, Design and Simulation of Vertical Handover Algorithm for Vehicular
Rabindranath Bera Communication (DSVHAVC)
Seema K, Gopi Krishna S Garge, A Vertical Handoff Implementation for Heterogeneous Wireless
Anand S V R, & Malati Hegde Networks (VHIHWN)
Liu Xia, Ling-ge Jiang and Chen A Novel Fuzzy Logic Vertical Handoff Algorithm with Aid of
He Differential Prediction and Pre-Decision Method ( NFLVHADPM)
Debabrata Sarddar, Shovan Maity, A RSS Based Adaptive Hand-Off Management Scheme In
Arnab Raha, Ramesh Jana, Utpal Heterogeneous Networks (RBAHMS)
Biswas, M.K. Naskar
Jayalakshmi.S , Kumari Khushboo,
Kirubhashri G.M. & M. L. Alphin A QoS Aware Vertical Handover In Mobile Network(QAVHMN)
Ezhil Manuel
Mrs.Chandralekha , Dr.Praffula Minimization of Number of Handoff using Genetic Algorithm in
Kumar Behera Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ( MNHGAHWN)
A. Dvir, R. Giladi, I. Kitroser, M. Efficient Decision Handoff Mechanism for Heterogeneous Networks
Segal (EDHMHN)
Wonjun Lee, Eunkyo Kim, Inkyu Movement-Aware Vertical Handoff of WLAN and Mobile WiMAX for
Lee, Choonhwa Lee et.al Seamless Ubiquitous Access (MAVHWWi)
Daojing He , Caixia Chi , Sammy A Simple and Robust Vertical Handoff Algorithm for Heterogeneous
Chan , Chun Chen, Jiajun Bu, Wireless Mobile Networks ( SRVHAHWMN)
Mingjian Yin
Table 1: Title of the existing handoff mechanisms with respect to Researchers
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7. A Comprehensive Parametric Analysis of Vertical Handoff in Next Generation Wireless Networks
Parameter criteria
Handoff mechanism User Network
RSS Bandwidth Power Speed Cost Throughput
Preference load
DDMVH [10] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
DSVHAVC [15] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
VHIHWN [19] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
NFLVHADPM [20] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
RBAHMS [11] ♦ ♦ ♦
QAVHMN [17] ♦ ♦ ♦
MNHGAHWN [23] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
EDHMHN [24] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
MAVHWWi [14] ♦ ♦ ♦
SRVHAHWMN [22] ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Table 2: Parameters used in the existing handoff mechanisms
III. Conclusion
Seamless vertical handoff is still a challenging issue due to switching of mobile nodes amongst next
generation heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we have highlighted some of the existing vertical handoff
mechanisms and decision algorithms in the literature. The next generation heterogeneous wireless network has
created still new challenges. In this paper, the important parameters for vertical handoff are discussed and some
of them are Bandwidth, velocity, RSS, speed, throughput, Network load, and cost and user preferences.
Selection of parameters for designing a vertical handoff mechanism is very crucial for the development of
vertical handoff mechanism in next generation heterogeneous wireless networks. In this paper the evaluation of
the existing vertical handoff mechanisms are done with respect to the parameters discussed. The evaluation
indicates the necessity to design a VHO mechanism for next generation heterogeneous wireless network that
satisfy multiple parameters. It is very difficult to select all the parameters during the decision of VHO
mechanism, but the main parameters of the existing work are bandwidth, signal strength, and the decision model
of VHO mechanism considering these parameters may yield better results.
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