This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Multi-User
MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems have been expected to
improve the channel capacity over a limited bandwidth of
existing networks.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...ijtsrd
This paper analyses the Carrier to Interference Ratio CIR and path Loss PL variation in downlink 3G FDD-UMTS mobile system. The evaluation was taken in urban, suburban and rural environments. Also, frequency band of 2110 Hz is used in this work. The received CIR analysis is based on comparative study of seven Path Loss propagation models COST- 231 Hata, COST-231 WIM Walfisch-Ikegami Model , SUI Stanford University Interim , FSM Free Space Model , PSM Standard propagation model , Ecricsson and ECC33 Electronic Communication Committee . Simulation results show that SUI and SPM models showed the lowest Path Loss for all environments. Also, we can show that received CIR is affected not only by the geometry of the UMTS base station location but also by the number of users presented in each cell. Mohamed Bechir DADI "Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink of 3G Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21497.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21497/performance-analysis-of-cir-and-path-loss-propagation-models-in-the-downlink-of-3g-systems/mohamed-bechir-dadi
Kinds of Propagation Models
Models of Different Types of Cells
Web Plot Digitizer Tool
Study of the parameters fc, d, hb, hm and Coverage Environments for each of OKUMURA, HATA and COST231
MATLAB Simulation
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing number of subscribers and their seemingly “greedy” demands for high-data-rate services, the next generation networks will have to provide global connectivity to ensure success. So the combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the data rates of next-generation wireless communication systems operating in frequency-selective fading environments. Therefore hybrid architecture between terrestrial and satellite networks based on MIMO-OFDM with frequency reuse is employed here. However, this frequency reuse introduces severe co-channel interference (CCI) at the satellite end. To mitigate CCI, we propose an OFDM based adaptive beamformer implemented on-board the satellite with pilot reallocation at the transmitter side. The system performance is simulated by using the software MATLAB, the experimental result shows that the MIMO-OFDM communication system has better performance when compared.
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In upcoming generations, wireless communication system requires a higher standard in order to provide high quality of services to customers. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique of forthcoming wireless systems which can be implemented easily. In this paper, an effort has been made to analyze how well an OFDM system can perform when a signal is transmitted over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel using 16 QAM modulation techniques. The performance of OFDM system with pulse shaping filters are also evaluated and results reveal that the pulse shaped OFDM improve the overall performance of the system in terms of BER. We use Different pulse shaping filters such asRaised cosine, FIR Nyquist and SQRT Raised Cosine for analyzingthe Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Index Terms: AWGN, ICI, OFDM, Bit Error Rate.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Multi-User
MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems have been expected to
improve the channel capacity over a limited bandwidth of
existing networks.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...ijtsrd
This paper analyses the Carrier to Interference Ratio CIR and path Loss PL variation in downlink 3G FDD-UMTS mobile system. The evaluation was taken in urban, suburban and rural environments. Also, frequency band of 2110 Hz is used in this work. The received CIR analysis is based on comparative study of seven Path Loss propagation models COST- 231 Hata, COST-231 WIM Walfisch-Ikegami Model , SUI Stanford University Interim , FSM Free Space Model , PSM Standard propagation model , Ecricsson and ECC33 Electronic Communication Committee . Simulation results show that SUI and SPM models showed the lowest Path Loss for all environments. Also, we can show that received CIR is affected not only by the geometry of the UMTS base station location but also by the number of users presented in each cell. Mohamed Bechir DADI "Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink of 3G Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21497.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21497/performance-analysis-of-cir-and-path-loss-propagation-models-in-the-downlink-of-3g-systems/mohamed-bechir-dadi
Kinds of Propagation Models
Models of Different Types of Cells
Web Plot Digitizer Tool
Study of the parameters fc, d, hb, hm and Coverage Environments for each of OKUMURA, HATA and COST231
MATLAB Simulation
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing number of subscribers and their seemingly “greedy” demands for high-data-rate services, the next generation networks will have to provide global connectivity to ensure success. So the combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the data rates of next-generation wireless communication systems operating in frequency-selective fading environments. Therefore hybrid architecture between terrestrial and satellite networks based on MIMO-OFDM with frequency reuse is employed here. However, this frequency reuse introduces severe co-channel interference (CCI) at the satellite end. To mitigate CCI, we propose an OFDM based adaptive beamformer implemented on-board the satellite with pilot reallocation at the transmitter side. The system performance is simulated by using the software MATLAB, the experimental result shows that the MIMO-OFDM communication system has better performance when compared.
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In upcoming generations, wireless communication system requires a higher standard in order to provide high quality of services to customers. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique of forthcoming wireless systems which can be implemented easily. In this paper, an effort has been made to analyze how well an OFDM system can perform when a signal is transmitted over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel using 16 QAM modulation techniques. The performance of OFDM system with pulse shaping filters are also evaluated and results reveal that the pulse shaped OFDM improve the overall performance of the system in terms of BER. We use Different pulse shaping filters such asRaised cosine, FIR Nyquist and SQRT Raised Cosine for analyzingthe Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Index Terms: AWGN, ICI, OFDM, Bit Error Rate.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile
cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,
respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space
model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The
observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density
region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at 2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Quantum Computing: Current Landscape and the Future Role of APIs
Volume 2-issue-6-2098-2101
1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2098
www.ijarcet.org
Abstract— In wireless communication systems, path loss
models are used to find out the path loss between transmitter
and receiver. In this paper, Okumura, Cost-231, Hata, ECC 33
and SUI propagation models are discussed. Path losses are
estimated using these models in urban, suburban and rural
areas. The signal strength are then estimated in all the three
environments and also compared with practical data.
Comparison is done to find the best model which shows the
closest value to the measured practical data.
Index Terms— Propagation path loss models, mobile
communication system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Path loss models illustrate the signal attenuation between a
transmitter and a receiver as a function of the propagation
distance and other parameters. Some models consider details
of the terrain profile to estimate the signal attenuation,
whereas others just consider carrier frequency and distance.
Antenna height is another essential parameter [1]. There is
large scale, medium scale shadowing and small scale fading
models on the variability of the signal strength. Large scale
propagation models predict the mean signal strength for an
uninformed transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance.
These models are also useful in estimating the radio coverage
area of a transmitter since they distinguish signal strength
over large T-R separation distance. The propagation models
that describe the rapid fluctuations of the received signal
strength over very short travel distances or short time
durations are called small scale models [2]. In this models
field strength variations occur if the antenna is displaced over
distances larger than a few tens or hundreds of meters are
known as medium scale shadowing models.
II. PRPAGATION MODELS FOR COMMUNICATION
Few popular and effective propagation models are
discussed below:
Tilotma Yadav1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody Institute of
Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar,
Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India.
Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2 Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody
Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh,
Dist. Sikar, Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India.
A. Okumura Model
The Okumura model is an empirical model which works at
several frequencies having the range of 150 MHz to 1920
MHz [2]. It is the most broadly used model in large urban
macro cell for signal prediction over distances of 1 km to 100
km and it is extrapolated up to 3000 MHz [3]. The range of
base station antenna heights is 30 m to1000 m and a mobile
antenna height of 5 m. Path loss is expressed as:
L50(dB) = Lf + Amu (f,d) – G(hte) – (hre) - Garea (1)
where L50 is the 50th
percentile value of propagation path loss.
Lf is the free space propagation loss and given by the formula:
Lf = 20*log (λ /4πd) (2)
Where, d is the distance between transmitter and receiver,
Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space, G(hte) is
the base station antenna height gain factor, G(hre) is the
mobile antenna height gain factor and Garea is the gain due to
the type of environment. To determine the path loss using
Okumura model, firstly free space path loss between the
points of interest is determined [4]. The values of Garea and
Amu are obtained from empirical plots. G(hte) and G(hre) are
given by the formula as below :
G(hte)= 20*log(hte/200) 1000 m > hte >30 m (3)
G(hre)=10*log(hre/3) hre < 3 m (4)
G(hre)=20*log(hre/3) 3 m < hre <10 m (5)
Furthermore, it is found by Okumura that G(hte) varies at a
rate of 20dB/decade and G(hre) varies at a rate of
10dB/decade for receiver antenna heights less than 3 m.
Correction factors concurrent to terrain are also
developed [4] that increase the model accuracy. Okumura
model has a 10-14 dB standard deviation between path loss
predicted by the model. This model is entirely based on the
measured data and does not give any analytical explanation.
This model served as a base for the Hata model. The major
negative aspect of this model is its slow response to quick
changes in terrain therefore the model is best in urban and
suburban areas, but not as good in rural areas.
Signal Strength Estimation and Comparison with
Measured Signal Strength for Mobile Cellular
Communication
Tilotma Yadav1
, Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2
2. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2099
www.ijarcet.org
B. Hata Model
Hata model is the tentative formulation of path loss data
provided by the Okumura model. It is based on the
Okumura’s test field results. It is generally liked in Europe
and North America and developed by the Y. Okumura and M.
Hata at Japan in 1968 [5]. This model is used up to the
frequency range of 150MHz to 1500 MHz. The standard
formula for median path loss is as follows in urban areas:
L50(urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc - 13.82 log hte - a(hre)
+(44.9-6.55 log hte)(log d) (6)
where, fc is the frequency in MHz from 150 MHz to 1500
MHz, hte is the effective transmitter (base station) antenna
height in meters in between 30 m to 200 m, hre is the effective
receiver (mobile) antenna height in meters ranging from 1m
to 10 m, d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver
in km and a(hre) is the correction factor for effective mobile
antenna height based on the coverage area size.
Hata equations for path loss are classified in three modes:
1. Rural area: open space and no tall buildings or obstacles
in path.
2. Suburban areas: village highway with trees and not very
congested, some obstacles around house.
3. Urban areas: built up city and large area with buildings
and houses [5].
Now the correction factor is given for different areas:
For small to medium sized city:
a(hre) = (1.1log fc - 0.7)hre - (1.56log fc - 0.8) dB (7)
For a large city it is defined for two frequency ranges.
For fc ≤ 300MHz, it is defined as
a(hre)= 8.29(log 1.54hre)2
-1.1 dB (8)
and
for fc ≥ 300MHz, it is given as
a(hre)= 3.2(log 11.75hre)2
- 4.97 dB (9)
The path loss is defined for two different areas as follows:
For suburban area, the path loss is given by
L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 2[log (fc/28)]2
-5.4 (10)
and for open rural areas, it is given by
L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 4.78(log fc)2
+18.33log fc - 40.9 (11)
Hata model gives the best results for first generation
cellular systems but not for personal communication system
It does not propagate well in cellular systems having
smaller size [6]. Hata’s model does not supply for any of the
path specific correction factors as available in Okumura
model [7].
C. Cost – 231 Model
It is the PCS extension to the Hata model which is
developed by the European cooperative for scientific and
technical research (EURO-COST) and extended Hata model
up to 2 GHz. It is mostly used for determining the path loss in
mobile wireless system in frequency range from 500 MHz to
2000 MHz. Although its frequency range is outside that of the
measurements, its simplicity and presence of correction
factors has been used for path loss prediction [8]. The path
loss equation is given as:
PL(dB)= L50(urban) = 46.3+33.9 log fc -13.82 log hte -
a(hre)+(44.9-6.55 log hte) log d +cm (12)
Where, a(hre) is defined for urban areas as:
a(hre) = 3.2(log 11.75 hre)2
- 4.97 dB (13)
f being the frequency in MHz between 1500 MHz to 2000
MHz, d is the separation between AP and CPE antennas in
km ranging from 1 km to 20 km, hte is the AP antenna height
above ground level in meters from 30 m to 200 m and hre is
the CPE antenna height in meters from 1 m to 10 m.
The parameter cm is defined for two environments as follows:
cm = 0 dB for suburban areas
= 3 dB for urban areas (14)
This model has a limitation that it requires the base station
antenna is higher than the all adjacent rooftops.
D. ECC-33 model
The model is developed from original measurements by
Okumura and given by the Electronic Communication
Committee is known as ECC-33 path loss model. In this its
assumptions are modified so that it closely represents a fixed
wireless access system [8]. The path loss for the model is
given as:
PL(dB) = Afs + Abm- Gt - Gr (15)
where Afs is the free space attenuation, Abm is the basic
median path loss, Gt is the base station antenna height gain
factor, Gr is the received antenna height gain factor.
These parameters are individually defined as,
Afs = 92.4+ 20 log (d) + 20 log (f) (16)
Abm = 20.41+ 9.83 log (d) + 7.894 log (f) + 9.56 [log f]
(17)
and
Gt = log (hb/200) [13.98+5.8 (log d)2
] (18)
For median city environments, Gr is given as
Gr = [42.57+13.7 log f] [log hm-0.585] (19)
Where, f is the frequency in GHz, d is the distance between
base station and mobile station in km, hb is the base station
3. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2100
www.ijarcet.org
antenna height and hm is the mobile station antenna height in
meters.
For European cities the medium city model is more
appropriate. It is to be noted that the predictions formed by
the ECC-33 model do not lie on straight lines when plotted
against distance having a log scale [8].
E. SUI Model
After developing the standards for fixed wireless
access systems by IEEE working group 802.16 at forefront
of developing technical standards for frequency bands above
11 GHz, they paid a little attention towards the frequency
bands below 11 GHz. They proposed the channel models for
frequency band below 11 GHz and the models are known as
SUI (Stanford University Interim) models as name indicates
that the models developed by the Stanford University [9].
These models are derived for Multipoint microwave
distribution system (MMSD) in the frequency range from 2.5
GHz to 2.7 GHz [3]. These SUI models are categorized into
three types of terrains namely terrain A, terrain B and terrain
C. Terrain A is the hilly area with medium to very large tree
densities in which the path loss is maximum. Terrain C is the
flat or open area with light tree densities having minimum
path loss category. Terrain B is categorized with either
mostly flat terrains with moderate to heavy tree densities or
hilly terrains with light tree densities [10]. The basic path loss
equation is given as:
PL= A+10 γ log10[d/d0] + Xf + Xh+ s for d > d0 (20)
Where, d is the distance between access points and customer
premises equipment antennas in metres, d0 is 100 m, s is a log
normally distributed factor that is used to account for the
shadow fading owing to trees and other clutter and has a
value between 8.2 dB and 10.6 dB. The other parameters are
as follows:
A= 20 log10 (4π d0 / λ) (21)
And
γ= a- bhb+ c/hb (22)
where, hb is the base station height above ground in meters
and the range is from 10 m to 80 m. The constants used for a,
b and c are given in table 1.
Table 1: Numerical values for SUI model parameters
Model parameter Terrain
A
Terrain
B
Terrain
C
A
b (m-1
)
c (m)
4.6
0.0075
12.6
4.0
0.0065
17.1
3.6
0.005
20
The correction factors for the operating frequency and for the
CPE antenna height for the model are given as:
Xf = 6.0 log 10(f/2000) (23)
and
Xh =-10.8 log10(hr/2000) for terrain types A and B (24)
= -20.0 log10 (hr/2000) for terrain type C (25)
Where, f is the frequency in MHz and hr is the CPE
antenna height above ground in meters. The SUI model is
suitable for determining the path loss in all three
environments namely rural, suburban and urban.
III. PATH LOSS ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON
WITH PRACTICAL DATA
Path loss are estimated at 950 MHz for different path loss
models like Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231 and SUI
models in urban, suburban and rural.
The transmitted power is considered as 43 dBm. The
measured data is taken from three different areas namely
Shakti Nagar, Rewari (urban), Kanina Town, Mohindergarh
(suburban) and Duloth Ahir, Mohindergarh (rural). The
practical received signals are taken upto 4.5 km. The antenna
heights are taken as 35 meters for rural area, 37 meters for
suburban area and 25 meters for urban area. Measured data
are taken with the help of TEMS software.
The signal strength obtained from the propagation models
are compared with practical data for all above environments.
The variation of signal strength with distance is shown in
figures below and comparison also shown.
From figure 1, it is shown that practical data has the
highest signal strength and Hata model lie near to it. There is
a slight variation of signal strength in between Hata and
Cost-231 model but Hata model has the highest signal
strength. So, it is concluded that in urban area, Hata model
gives best results nearest to the practical value.
Figure2 shows the signal strength comparison in rural area.
It is seen from the figure that Hata model has the highest
signal strength nearest to the practical data.
The signal strength comparison with practical data in
suburban area is shown in figure 3. It shows the highest signal
strength of Hata model closely to the practical data. So, it is
concluded that Hata model gives the best results.
4. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2101
www.ijarcet.org
Fig. 1 Signal Strength Comparison in Urban Area
Fig. 2 Signal Strength Comparison in Rural Area
Fig. 3 Signal Strength Comparison in Suburban Area
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, different path loss models are discussed. Path
loss and signal strength are estimated at 950 MHz and
compared with practical data. From the results, it can be
concluded that Hata model closely estimates practical data in
urban, rural and suburbanareas. So, it is the most suitable
model for signal strength prediction in all environments.
REFERENCES
[1] Chhaya Dalela, “Propagation Path Loss Modeling for Deployed
WiMax Network”, International Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2012.
[2] T.S Rappaport, “Wireless Communication-Principles and Practice”,
2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
[3] Manju Kumari et al, “Comparative Study of Path Loss Models in
Different Environments”, IJEST, Vol.3, No.4, Apr 2011.
[4] T. Okumura, E. Ohmori, and K. Fukuda, “Field Strength and its
Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Service”, Review
Electrical Communication Laboratory, Vol. 16, No. 9-10, pp.
825–873, Sept.-Oct. 1968.
[5] R. Mardeni and K.F. Kwan, “Optimization of Hata Propagation
Prediction Model in Suburban Area in Malaysia,” progress in
electromagnetics research in C, Vol. 13, 91-106, 2010.
[6] Dinesh Sharma, Purnima K Sharma, Vishal Gupta and R k Singh, “A
Survey on Path Loss Models Used in Wireless Communication
System Design”, IJRTET, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010.
[7] Purnima K Sharma, R.K Singh, “Comparative Analysis of
Propagation Path Loss Models with Field Measured Data”, IJEST,
Vol. 2(6) in 2010 at 2008-2013.
[8] Vivek Kamboj et al. ,“Comparison of Path Loss Models for WiMax in
Rural Environment at 3.5 GHz,” IJEST, Vol.3, No. 2, Feb 2011.
[9] V.S. Abhayawardhana, I.J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M.P. Sellars and M.G.
Brown, “Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for
Fixed Wireless Access Systems”, Vehicular Technology Conference,
2005, IEEE, Date: 30 May-1 ,June 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 73- 77, Vol. 1.
[10]Tilotma Yadav and Partha Pratim Bhattacharya, “Performance
Comparison of Path Loss Models for Different Wireless
Communication Systems”, International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Technologies (ICACCT-2012), Vol.3,
November 2012, pp. 232-235, ISBN: 978-93-82062-69-1.
Tilotma Yadav was born in India on June 5,
1990. She received her B.Tech. degree in
Electronics and Communication from D.A.V
College of Engineering and Technology, Kanina
(Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak), Haryana,
India in 2011 and currently is a M. Tech (Signal
Processing) student in Mody Institute of
Technology and Science (Deemed University),
Rajasthan, India.
Dr. Partha Pratim Bhattacharya was born in
India on January 3, 1971. He has 15 years of
experience in teaching and research. He served
many reputed educational Institutes In India in
various positions starting from Lecturer to
Professor and Principal. At present he is working
as Professor in Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering in the Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Mody Institute of
Technology and Science (Deemed University), Rajasthan, India. He worked
on Microwave devices and systems and mobile cellular communication
systems. He has published a good number of papers in refereed journals and
conferences. His present research interest includes mobile communication
and cognitive radio. Dr. Bhattacharya is a member of The Institution of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India and The Institution of
Engineers, India. He is the recipient of Young Scientist Award from
International Union of Radio Science in 2005. He is working as the chief
editor, editorial board member and reviewer in many reputed journals.
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